NREM 407/507 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 NREM 407/507 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Please pick up Syllabus, Reading Material & Today s Lab on the Table in the Front Dick Schultz Instructor Sara Berges Teaching Assistant

2 January 13, Conduct Get To Know Each Other Exercises 2. Organize into Base Groups. 3. Review class syllabus. 4. Identify where water is located globally. 5. Determine how much water we use. 6. Discuss world water problems. 7. Begin discussion of hydrologic cycle 8. Please read pages 1-40 in Introduction-Weather-Climate Reading Material Handout and Chapters 1, 2, 3 in Rivers Run Dry

3 Activity 1 What did you do over Break? Take sheet with list of numerous activities & go around the room to find individuals who did them over break Have individuals sign the activity One person can sign your sheet only once Astana, Kazakhstan Shamsha Mashtaeva

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6 Eurasian National University

7 Why Kazakhstan? Study Abroad Trips Summer 2009 China/Yangtze 40 N 20 N Three Gorges Dam

8 2009 Study Abroad Uganda School Gardens Food Security

9 Activity 1 What did you do over Break? Take sheet with list of numerous activities & go around the room to find individuals who did them over break Have individuals sign the activity One person can sign your sheet only once

10 Organize into Groups - Seating Plan Front of Room 233 Group 1 Group 5 Group 9 Group 2 Group 6 Group 10 Door Group 3 Group 4 Group 7 Group 8 Group 11 Group 12 Door

11 Activity 2 Team Tower Building You have 6 large marsh mellows, a cup of small ones and 20 toothpicks to build a tower. This is a nonverbal activity (no talking among team members or between teams will be allowed) Team members can move around the room to look at other team s creations but the whole exercise will only last 12 minutes. The team that builds the best tower will win the exercise. The whole class will vote on the best tower based on the following criteria: height, strength, beauty and creativity

12 Activity 2 Team Tower Building WOW! 2008 FIRST PLACE WINNERS

13 Activity 3 Three Facts and a Lie Team Building We would like each of you to share 4 things about yourself with you team members (things that they probably do not know) 3 should be truthful and 1 should be a lie Please write these on a piece of paper Then have a group go-around with each person sharing their four items and the others guessing which item is a lie Keep track of who correctly identifies the lies

14 Water Movement - The Hydrologic Cycle

15 How Much Precipitation Ends Up As Evaporation/Transpiration & Streamflow? Streamflow = Precipitation Evaporation/Transpiration + Soil Water Storage How much Precipitation in Iowa? ~ 34 in How much Evaporation/Transpriation? 2/3 P = 23 inches How much Streamflow? = 11 inches

16 Precipitation In Iowa 34 inches per year (38 inches in SE to 26 inches in NW) - Ave snowfall = 32 inches per year (40 in NE to 20 in in SE) Cold Arctic Air Mass Warm Air Mass 8 pm Last Night

17 How does water move through the landscape? 1 1 Watershed the land area that contributes water to a given point in a stream or river Watersheds vary in size depending on the size of stream. Stream orders The Small Order Streams Are In Closest Contact With The Land Most Influenced By Land Uses

18 Most watersheds are part of larger watersheds College Creek Squaw Creek Skunk River Mississippi River

19 Page 18 & 19 Introduction Global Cycle 97% in Oceans 3% Fresh Water Where is all the water on the planet? Team Activity Organize the list of fresh water sources from largest to smallest & make an estimate of the % of fresh water in each. Of the Fresh Water (100%) Largest Atmosphere Glaciers Rivers Soil Moisture Groundwater Lakes Biosphere (plants & animals) Smallest

20 Where is all the fresh water on the planet? Global Cycle 97% in Oceans 3% Fresh Water Of the Fresh Water (100%) 0.06% Soil Moisture 69% Glaciers 0.04% Atmosphere 30% Groundwater 0.006% Rivers 0.3% Lakes 0.003% Biosphere (plants & animals)

21 NREM 407/507 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Laboratory Review Syllabus Brief review of class discussion Hydrologic Cycle Terms, pathways & sinks Dick Schultz Instructor Sara Berges Teaching Assistant

22 Water Movement - The Hydrologic Cycle

23 How Much Precipitation Ends Up As Evaporation/Transpiration & Streamflow? Streamflow = Precipitation Evaporation/Transpiration + Soil Water Storage How much Precipitation in Iowa? ~ 34 in How much Evaporation/Transpriation? 2/3 P = 23 inches How much Streamflow? = 11 inches

24 Precipitation In Iowa 34 inches per year (38 inches in SE to 26 inches in NW) - Ave snowfall = 32 inches per year (40 in NE to 20 in in SE) Cold Arctic Air Mass Warm Air Mass 8 pm Last Night

25 How does water move through the landscape? 1 1 Watershed the land area that contributes water to a given point in a stream or river Watersheds vary in size depending on the size of stream. Stream orders The Small Order Streams Are In Closest Contact With The Land Most Influenced By Land Uses

26 Most watersheds are part of larger watersheds College Creek Squaw Creek Skunk River Mississippi River

27 Where is all the fresh water on the planet? Global Cycle 97% in Oceans 3% Fresh Water Of the Fresh Water (100%) 0.06% Soil Moisture 69% Glaciers 0.04% Atmosphere 30% Groundwater 0.006% Rivers 0.3% Lakes 0.003% Biosphere (plants & animals)

28 Page 17 Introduction Handout

29 Today s Laboratory Exercise How Does Water Move Through a Watershed? What pathways does it follow? What are the major storage sinks for water? Be able to use hydrologic & watershed terms to describe pathways & sinks for water Give reasonable definitions for 50% of terms by the end of today & all terms by the end of two weeks. Work comfortably & supportively with your team North Platte River Wyoming

30 What paths can a raindrop take before reaching a stream?

31 Pathways Above the Soil Through Watersheds Precipitation Canopy Interception Throughfall Stemflow Litter Interception Water Entering Soil Channel Interception Plant material protects the soil! (Living or Dead)

32 Corn transpires 4,000 gal/acre/day 140 day growing season ~ 500,000 gal/ac/year Forest transpires 200,000 1 million gallons/acre/year Water lost from forests in US = 3 X the amount of water used by people This water critical to producing rainfall to redistribute water around the globe

33 Forests of US receive ½ of precip & produce 2/3 of streamflow (90% in west)

34 If soil is exposed no perennial plants (forest/prairie) or litter layer Water erosion & transport can occur Streams carry excess sediment reduced water quality & disturbed aquatic habitat

35 Infiltration vs Runoff Infiltration rates crop fields: inches/hr Natural prairies & forests: 3 5 inches/hr

36 Movement of Water to Streams

37 ET Atmospheric Sink (Storage) Input (Rain, Snow, Condensation) Sinks/Sources Pathways WT Losing Stream Plant Storage Bed Load Plant Canopy Storage Suspended Load Healthy Watershed Hydrologic Cycle Gaining Stream Surface Interception Surface/Depression Storage Return flow Soil Water Storage Detention/Retention Capillary Fringe Water Table Sheet, rill Gully flow Infiltration Groundwater Storage Seepage Percolation Liquid Watershed Output Subsurface Flow Subsurface Storm flow Stream Channel Storage Bank Storage Page 36 Reading

38 Group I precipitation interception interception storage (identify sink) depression storage surface storage (identify sink) channel interception channel storage(identify sink) Group 2 stemflow throughfall infiltration Percolation Group 3 surface runoff /overland flow sheet flow rill flow gully flow suspended sediment Sedimentation Group 4 plant uptake plant storage (identify sink) transpiration evaporation Evapotranspiration Page 6 of Lab Team Vocabulary Responsibilities Be prepared to describe & discuss assigned terms Terms described starting page 3 of Reading Guide Group 5 subsurface flow/interflow soil macro/micropores detention storage (identify sink) retention storage (identify sink) Group 6 soil water storage (identify sink) antecedent soil moisture return flow /exfiltration saturated overland flow subsurface stormflow Group 7 water table capillary fringe shallow groundwater storage (identify sink) unconfined aquifer confined aquifer Group 8 ephemeral channel intermittent channel perennial channel Group 9 bank storage (identify sink) influent (losing) stream (be able to draw) effluent (gaining) stream (be able to draw) Group 10 dissolved load suspended load bed load stormflow baseflow Group 11 vadose zone interflow hyphoreic zone NPSP TSS Invertebrates Group 12 watershed sub-watershed ecosystem riparian area

39 Sinks/Sources Pathways Lab Action 1 Fill in the blanks & learn what is going on Healthy Watershed Hydrologic Cycle Liquid Watershed Output

40 ET Atmospheric Sink (Storage) Input (Rain, Snow, Condensation) Sinks/Sources Pathways WT Losing Stream Plant Storage Bed Load Plant Canopy Storage Suspended Load Surface Interception Surface/Depression Storage Return flow Soil Water Storage Detention/Retention Capillary Fringe Water Table Sheet, rill Gully flow Infiltration Groundwater Storage Seepage Percolation Liquid Watershed Output Subsurface Flow Subsurface Storm flow Stream Channel Storage Bank Storage Page 36 Introduction Handout

41 Compare Water Movement Between Disturbed & Undisturbed Watersheds

42 Water Movement In Disturbed & Undisturbed Watersheds Crop Field Native Forest or Prairie Precipitation Interception Precipitation Interception Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Stemflow Throughfall Stemflow Throughfall Infiltration Infiltration Percolation Water Table Unconfined Aquifer Surface Runoff Groundwater Plant Uptake Subsurface flow Confined Aquifer Surface Runoff Plant Uptake Groundwater Percolation Water Table

43 Water Movement In Disturbed & Undisturbed Watersheds Crop Field Native Forest or Prairie Precipitation Interception Precipitation Interception Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Stemflow Throughfall Stemflow Throughfall Infiltration Infiltration Percolation Water Table Unconfined Aquifer Surface Runoff Groundwater Plant Uptake Subsurface flow Confined Aquifer Surface Runoff Plant Uptake Groundwater Percolation Water Table