Overview of the Surface Hydrology of Hawai i Watersheds. Ali Fares Associate Professor of Hydrology NREM-CTAHR
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1 Overview of the Surface Hydrology of Hawai i Watersheds Ali Fares Associate Professor of Hydrology NREM-CTAHR 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 1
2 What is Hydrology? Hydrology is the water science that is concerned with the origin, circulation, distribution and properties of water. There are different branches of hydrology, i.e., surface hydrology, groundwater hydrology, subsurface hydrology, etc 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 2
3 Water Cycle 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 3
4 What is surface hydrology? Surface hydrology is the branch of hydrology dealing with surface water Surface Water is water that is on the Earth's surface, such as in a stream, lake, or reservoir. 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 4
5 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 5
6 Stream flow separation Total flow Baseflow Streamflow (m -3 s) /1/03 5/1/03 8/29/03 12/27/03 4/25/04 8/23/04 12/21/04 Base flow and direct runoff were 62% 38% of total stream flow, respectively. 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 6
7 Geology of Hawaii Hawaiian island chain consist of one or more shield volcanoes which are primarily composed of extremely permeable, thin basaltic lava flows. 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 7
8 Intermittent stream hydrology Dike impounded system 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 8
9 Natural Stream & Ditch Systems 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 9
10 Effect of Spatio-temporal variation of Rain at the Island and Watershed Scales 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 10
11 Orographic Precipitation 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 11
12 Elevation and Rain Distribution 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 12
13 Spatial rain-runoff variability 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 13
14 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 14
15 Rainfall variability: monthly total 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 15
16 Rainfall variability: monthly total Ewa (leeward) Koolau (windward) 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 16
17 Runoff variability: monthly stream discharge 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 17
18 Runoff variability: instantaneous stream discharge 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 18
19 Rain, and Total & Base Flow, Makaha Total Flow Base Flow Rainfall /1/03 2/1/03 3/1/03 4/1/03 5/1/03 6/1/03 7/1/03 8/1/03 9/1/03 10/1/03 11/1/03 12/1/03 1/1/04 2/1/04 3/1/04 4/1/04 5/1/04 6/1/04 7/1/04 8/1/04 9/1/04 Total Flow and Base Flow(cfs) Rainfall(in) Time(day) 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 19
20 Rain, and Total & Base Flow, Hanalei Total Flow Base Flow Rainfall (in) /1/03 2/1/03 3/1/03 4/1/03 5/1/03 6/1/03 7/1/03 8/1/03 9/1/03 10/1/03 11/1/03 12/1/03 1/1/04 2/1/04 3/1/04 4/1/04 5/1/04 6/1/04 7/1/04 8/1/04 9/1/04 10/1/04 11/1/04 12/1/04 Total Flow and Base Flow for Hanalei(cfs) Rainfall (inch) Time(day) 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 20
21 Rain- Overland Flow, Makaha Strm Netflow Poly. (Netflow) y = x x R 2 = Netflow(cfs) Rainfall(in) 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 21
22 Rain-Overland Flow, Hanalei Strm Netflow Poly. (Netflow) 700 y = x x R 2 = Netflow(cfs) Rainfall(in) 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 22
23 Long-Term Trends of Stream Flow in Hawaii 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 23
24 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 24
25 Trends in Streamflow Characteristics in HI 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 25
26 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 26
27 USGS stream-gaging stations in HI 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 27
28 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology Evaluation of the Effects of Alien Plant Species, Groundwater Extraction, and Long-term Weather Patterns on Mākaha Valley s Stream Flow O'ahu Mākaha Valley 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 28
29 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology Objectives Produce detailed vegetation maps (Miura) Assess spatial-temporal variation of hydrologic cycle Calibrate and validate a watershed model Evaluate effect(s) of changing vegetation, weather patterns, and groundwater pumping 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 29
30 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology Long term observed data Streamflow-Rainfall-Pumping Rainfall (mm) Streamflow & Groundwater Pumping (mm) Water Year (Oct - Sept) 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 30
31 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology Long term observed data Dry Stream Conditions Pre-Pumping Pre-Pumping ( ) Ave Streamflow = 322 mm Ave Rainfall = 1899 mm Ave Dry Stream = 8 days Pumping Dry Stream (days/year) Pumping ( ) Ave Streamflow = 181 mm Ave Rainfall = 1641 mm Ave Dry Stream = 127 days Ave Pumping = 130 mm /23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Year (Oct - Sept) Lab
32 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology Hypotheses for Streamflow Reduction 1. Caused by reduction in rainfall. 2. Caused by increases in evapotranspiration due to: 1. atmospheric demand. 2. changes in vegetation. 3. Caused by pumping of groundwater. 4. Caused by a combination of two or more of the above. 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 32
33 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 33
34 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 34
35 Case study: Makaha valley hydrology Station Configuration Rainfall Rain gage/ weather station Soil moisture sensors 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 35
36 Rainfall (mm/day) Streamflow (mm/day) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Rain Gage 844 Rain Gage Stream Gage /23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 36
37 Rainfall Spatial Distribution Gross Precipitation (mm) Aug 2005 Sep 2005 Oct 2005 Oct /23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 37
38 Pre-Post Pumping Rainfall a 1600 Mean Gross Precipitation (mm) Pre Post 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 38
39 Effect of rainfall spatial distribution on surface water and sediment 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 39
40 Scenario 1 PRIZM model Scenario 2 Giambelluca, /23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 40
41 Introduction - Objectives - Methods - RESULTS - Conclusions Resulting spatial distribution of runoff Scenario 1 Scenario 2 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 41
42 Resulting spatial distribution of sediment yield Scenario 1 Scenario 2 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 42
43 Multidisciplinary Approach! 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 43
44 Additional Readings 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 44
45 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 45
46 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab. 46
47 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 47
48 Urbanization effects 5/23/2008 NREM 662 Watershed Hydrology Fall 05 48
49
50 Rainfall-Runoff: CN Method Q = runoff, P = rain, S = potential maximum retention after runoff begins (in) and Ia = initial abstraction = 0.2*S Q = (P 0.2* S) (P + 0.8* S) 1000 S = 10 CN 2
51 What s a Watershed? WATERSHED, or CATCHMENT, is a topographic area that is drained by a stream, that is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point. The watershed is often used as a planning or management unit. Natural environment unit. 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 51
52 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 52
53 Oahu s Watersheds 5/23/2008 Watershed Hydrology Lab 53
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