Electrical Networks and Integration of Wind Energy

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1 Electrical Networks and Content: 1. Wind energy in Germany Dr. Boris Valov Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik - ISET Division Engineering and Power Electronics 2. Change in operation of electrical network due to Integration of Renewable 3. Experience of Kassel University and ISET in giving solutions to the integration problems 4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt 1/28

1. Wind energy in Germany Wind turbines in Germany Status as of 30.06.07: Number of WT 19.024 Installed capacity 21.283 MW Source: DEWI Magazin Aug.

2 1. Wind energy in Germany Wind turbines in Germany Status as of : Number of WT Installed capacity MW Source: DEWI Magazin Aug Installed capacity of WTG, GW Onshore and Offshore Onshore only Year Source : Deutsches Windenergie - Institut GmbH 2/28

3 1. Wind energy in Germany Definition: What is On- and Offshore? Offshore Wind farm Sea platforms Coast line 3/28

4 1. Wind energy in Germany or The meaning of 5 MW of wind turbine generator or 1 WTG = ca private homes or The trend today - large wind turbines. 4 WTGs = ca. 1 x ICE Train 1 WTG = ca. 18 x Mercedes SLK 55 á 265 kw Important: The higher the turbine power, the better the economic efficiency! 4/28

5 2. Change in operation of electrical network due to Integration of Renewable Conventional structure of a power system without renewable energy units Power plant Power system kv None bottlenecks! kv kv P ij > 1 kv Load flow mono directional: from power plants to loads Loads 5/28

6 2. Change in operation of electrical network due to Integration of Renewable New structure of a power system with renewable energy units Power plant Power system Wind energy can create bottlenecks! kv kv Load flow bi-directional: from and to power plants kv > 1 kv Fuel cell H 2 O2 Other renewable energy sources Micro- turbinies = Loads Pij CHP Ladge-scale windplants Smole-scale windplants PV-Facilities = Battery = 6/28

Source: Project for a French Island Important: 1.

7 Topic 1: Investigation of grid operation concerning integration of wind parks Calculation of value and direction of load flow for active and reactive power Source: Project for a French Island Important: 1. Load flow can change directions of active and reactive power. 2. Some equipment will become additional load till bottlenecks. 7/28

8 Topic 1: Investigation of grid operation concerning integration of wind parks Calculation of short-circuit power, current, angles etc. Important: A feed-in of wind power creates additional short-circuit power at all points of grid 8/28

start of asynchronous generator Important: In a

9 Topic 1: Investigation of grid operation concerning integration of wind parks Impedance-Frequency-Characteristic Assessment of possibility of resonance Levels of harmonics at start of asynchronous generator Important: In a grid with asynchronous generators and capacitors resonances are possible 9/28

10 Topic 1: Investigation of grid operation concerning integration of wind parks Calculation of voltage variations Grid GP REU CCP Load Connection PCC without REU with REU Important: A feed-in of power creates increase in voltage level 10/28

11 Topic 1: Investigation of grid operation concerning integration of wind parks Calculation of voltage variations due to switching effects Important: A feed-in of power creates voltage variations (dips and jumps) 11/28

12 Topic 1: Investigation of grid operation concerning integration of wind parks Assessment of flicker due to wind turbines capabilities In Egypt:? In French: P lt (max)=0,25 Important: A feed-in of power creates a flicker 12/28

13 Topic 2: Planning of interconnection of wind parks into electrical networks Offshore wind parks New overhead lines Onshore wind parks Important: A feed-in of power needs a reinforcement of power transmission systems 13/28

Topic 2: Planning of interconnection of wind parks into electrical networks Example: Interconnection of Offshore wind parks in North Sea into electrical networks of Germany See map: www.bsh.

14 Topic 2: Planning of interconnection of wind parks into electrical networks Example: Interconnection of Offshore wind parks in North Sea into electrical networks of Germany See map: Design of network: B. Valov Problem: 24 wind parks can be interconnected with up to 157 cables. Therefore it is necessary to lay about 471 cables on sea. (157 cable systems x 3 single phase cable)! 14/28

into electrical networks of Germany Wind farms Multimedia Gas Petrol See

The possible errors in the planning of future Offshore wind parks are

15 Topic 2: Planning of interconnection of wind parks into electrical networks Example: Interconnection of Offshore wind parks in North Sea into electrical networks of Germany Wind farms Multimedia Gas Petrol See map: Graphic of grid: B. Valov Important: 1. The possible errors in the planning of future Offshore wind parks are expansive (Cost of each project 1-10 Mrd. ). 2. To correct them later can be more expensive! 15/28

16 Topic 2: Planning of interconnection of wind parks into electrical networks Proposal from Kassel: Instead of about 24 - only 5 sea cable routes Problem solutions 471sea cables are necessary Result ov investigations instead of ca. 471 only 177 sea cables are necessary! (59 cable systems x 3 single phase cable) 177 sea cables (only) 16/28

17 Topic 3: Investigation of different interconnection systems Wind park 1 RPBU German's Integrated transmission system Wind park n Wind park 1 Wind park n RPBU AC- Transmission Offshore Station Power substation Wind park 1 Wind park n RPBU RPBU - Reactive power balancing unit RPBU 380kV 220 kv 17/28

18 Topic 3: Investigation of different interconnection systems Rectifier Basic technology: Thyristors Inverter German's Integrated transmission system P Ein Q Ein RPBU DC-Transmission RPBU P DV Power substation Rectifier Inverter Basic technology: IGB - Transistors P Ein RPBU RPBU P DV Q Ein RPBU 380kV 18/28

Output: P Out (t) U PCC (t) ±Q Out (t) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t P Out (t) ±Q Out (t) Wirkleistung ±Q Ein (t) P Ein (t) P Inc (t) forecast (ISET) ΔP(t), ± ΔQ(t), ΔU(t) 18 P Load (t) - forecast

19 Topic 4: Development of new types of software for networks calculations Offshore Wind farm 1. OFFWIND (Offshore-windpark) - grid calculation with fluctuating feed-in-power of wind farms based on wind forecasts W(m/sec) Wirkleistung Input: P Inc (t) forecast (ISET) Output: P Out (t) U PCC (t) ±Q Out (t) t P Out (t) ±Q Out (t) Wirkleistung ±Q Ein (t) P Ein (t) P Inc (t) forecast (ISET) ΔP(t), ± ΔQ(t), ΔU(t) 18 P Load (t) - forecast Wirkleistung W(m/sec) P(t) Wirkleistung P(t) t t t P Load (t) - forecast P(t) Wirkleistung Offshore Wind farm Limit Bottlen ec ks! P Load (t) - forecast t Graphic: B. Valov 19/28

20 Topic 4: Development of new types of software for networks calculations 1. OFFWIND (Offshore-windpark) - grid calculation with fluctuating feed-in-power of wind farms based on wind forecasts P Inc (t) - forecast Wirkleistung W(m/sec) t P Out (t) ±Q Out (t) W(m/sec) Wirkleistung t P Inc (t) - forecast Power flow Ufor 22 (t) stationary power operations Power flow for quasi - stationary power operations Control and service Windfarm Start mask of software 20/28

Topic 4: Development of new types of software for networks calculations 2.

factors (in Germany) Documents for limits for power connection factors: Germany:

into networks International (examples only): EN 50160 Voltage characteristics in public

Wind turbine generators GOST 13109-97 Standard of electrical power quality (Russia) in

21 Topic 4: Development of new types of software for networks calculations 2. INTEGRID (integration into grid) - software for complete calculation of all connection factors (in Germany) Documents for limits for power connection factors: Germany: GridCode Guidelines for a connection and parallel operation of energy generation units into networks International (examples only): EN Voltage characteristics in public (Europe) electricity supply systems IEC Electromagnetic compatibility IEC Wind turbine generators GOST Standard of electrical power quality (Russia) in public lectricity supply systems ( Question: Are there similar documents in Egypt? 21/28

22 Topic 4: Development of new types of software for networks calculations 2. INTEGRID (integration into grid) - software for complete calculation of all connection factors (in Germany) Power flow Operation of Voltage variations Short circuit power WTGs Switch-Voltage variations Start mask of software Loads type Load type Flicker Short circuit current Impedance- Frequency- Characteristic 22/28

23 Topic 4: Development of new types of software for networks calculations 3. egrid (calculation of electrical grid and connection) - a new module for the commercial software for design of wind parks WindPro2 Module egrid in wind plant design software WinPRO 2 23/28

4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt Sources: 1.

) of wind energy on the Red Sea coastline about 250 km south of Cairo. 2. DEWI-Magazin, Aug.

Article Wind Atlas for Egypt installed 145 MW (1% electrocity consumption).

speed in Egypt Quelle: Wind Atlas for Egypt. Niels G.

24 4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt Sources: 1. Egypt installed 30 MW (0,2%?) of wind energy on the Red Sea coastline about 250 km south of Cairo. 2. DEWI-Magazin, Aug. 2007: Installed / saled 85 WTG. 3. Article Wind Atlas for Egypt installed 145 MW (1% electrocity consumption) MW in 2010 (3%) and 2750 MW in 2020 (6%) Onshore wind parks and wind speed in Egypt Quelle: Wind Atlas for Egypt. Niels G. Mortensen1, Usama Said Said2 and Jake Badger1, 1Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark 2New and Renewable Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt 24/28

25 4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt Egypt have got a high potential for Offshore - Wind energy Quelle: Wind Atlas for Egypt. Niels G. Mortensen1, Usama Said Said2 and Jake Badger1, 1Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark 2New and Renewable Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt 25/28

26 4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt Similarities of problems of grid integration of wind energy between Germany and Egypt Export-Import Export-Import L= ca km 380 kv power transmission system? Asuan hydro power plant 2,1 GW (15%) 1. Transmission system is loaded due to Export Import - Energy transfer, because Egypt is located between many countries.. 2. Necessity for energy transport over long distance -> bottlenecks. 26/28

4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt Outlook in the future offshore wind plants in Germany and in Egypt Energy Export Advantages of cross interconnection in electrical network: -

27 4. Some ideas about integration of wind energy in Egypt Outlook in the future offshore wind plants in Germany and in Egypt Energy Export Advantages of cross interconnection in electrical network: - Enhancement of grid stability, security etc. - None necessity for energy transport over long distance (Sinai peninsula is a consumer for wind- and hydro power energy) - More flexibility in controlling of load flows in power transmission system 27/28

28 Thank you for attention 28/28

Renewable Energy in Power Systems

Renewable Energy in Power Systems Leon Freris Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST), Loughborough University, UK David Infield Institute of Energy and Environment, University of Strathclyde,