Study on the Effect of Different Modified Zeolite to Phosphorus Activation in Red Soil

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1 Journl of Environmentl Protection, 216, 7, ISSN Online: ISSN Print: Study on the Effect of Different Modified to Phosphorus Activtion in Red Soil Jing Shi 1,2, Niming Zhng 1,2*, Chengung Zhng 1,2, Boxin Wei 1,2 1 College of Resource nd Environment, Yunnn Agriculturl University, Kunming, Chin 2 Soil Fertiliztion nd Pollution Remedition Engineering Lbortory of Yunnn Province, Kunming, Chin How to cite this pper: Shi, J., Zhng, N.M., Zhng, C.G. nd Wei, B.X. (216) Study on the Effect of Different Modified to Phosphorus Activtion in Red Soil. Journl of Environmentl Protection, 7, Received: November 1, 216 Accepted: December 16, 216 Published: December 19, 216 Copyright 216 by uthors nd Scientific Reserch Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Cretive Commons Attribution Interntionl License (CC BY 4.). Open Access Abstrct The ctivtion of soil-fixed phosphorus is long-term concern in soil science. In order to enhnce the ctivtion effect to soil-fixed phosphorus in red soil, different modified, through physicl, chemicl method nd the ssocited both physics nd chemistry, ws used in this pper. The results showed s following: 1) the ctivted bility to soil-fixed phosphorus in red soil for modified ws higher thn the common one signlly. Order of the bility for ll kinds of modifiction in bsolute ctivtion mount nd ctivtion rte ws: Modified in high temperture mmonium sturted > > Modified in high temperture > Common. 2) The incresing rte of modified phosphorus in high temperture mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted hd decline trend with time postponed while tht for modified phosphorus in high temperture nd routine ws rising grdully with time postponed. For mmonium sturted, the incresing rte of phosphorus in low vilble phosphorus content red soil ws significntly fster thn tht in red soil with the higher content of vilble phosphorus. 3) The ctivtion rte for the sme modified showed difference in different phosphorus level soil. The order is: SP high > SP medium > SP low. Keywords Activtion, Phosphorus, Red Soil, 1. Introduction Phosphorus is one of the necessry nutritionl elements during plnt growth nd lso limiting fctor of wter eutrophiction [1]. Red soil is the min rble soil in Chin nd its phosphorus content is bundnt, but the content of vilble phosphorus is DOI: /jep December 19, 216

2 generlly low. Though the phosphorus needs for the crop cn be met by using phosphorus fertiliztion but it is still not n effective wy to solve the problem. For one reson, the sesonl crop utiliztion of phosphte is only 5% - 1% [2] [3]. Besides, most of the vilble P will be fixed in the soil in the form of fixed phosphorus. For one thing, phosphorus fertilizer is overused in order to ensure the yield nd food security. For nother, there exist different levels of eutrophiction in over 8% of lkes nd reservoirs [4] [5] [6]. Phosphte ppliction must be reduced in order to protect the environment nd prevent the eutrophiction. Menwhile, phosphte minerl is nonrenewble resource. Considering these fctors, to mke full use of the fixed stte of phosphorus in the soil, in order to blnce food production, wter environment protection nd phosphte minerl resource, hs become n inevitble choice. Therefore the reserch of cost-effective ctivtion method of the soil fixed phosphorus is meningful. Studies showed tht the ccumultion of insoluble phosphte in the soil cn be relesed by the nd therefore s source of supply of plnt vilble phosphorus [7] [8] [9] [1]. However, the existed methods were not idel to the ctivtion effect on soil fixed phosphorus. In order to improve the effect of phosphorus ctivtion using + further, the physicl method of high-temperture modifiction, sturted NH 4 + chemicl methods nd high-temperture modifiction with sturted NH 4 combintion of physicl nd chemicl methods were used in this reserch. Together with solubilizing simultion experiments in three phosphorus levels, it focused on finding the method tht cn be pplied in fixed phosphorus ctivtion of red soil. 2. Mterils nd Methods 2.1. Tested Soil nd Regionl Profiles Soil smples used in this study were tken from Yunlong Reservoir frmlnd soil which is the lrgest urbn centrlized drinking wter source of Kunming. Smpling depth ws 5-2 cm topsoil. The soil smples were ir-dried nd ground through sieve of 1mm perture nd stored in seled bg for use. The bsic properties of the soils re shown in Tble Design of Experiments Experiment Mterils Nturl is n luminum silicte minerl with bsic metl frme shpe. As it hs Tble 1. Experimentl soils bsic properties nd contents of phosphorus. Smple Numbers Soil types Avilble phosphorus (mg kg 1 ) Totl phosphorus (g kg 1 ) Orgnic mtter (g kg 1 ) ph SP high Red soil SP medium Red soil SP low Red soil

3 mny internl cvities nd chnnels, it is strong in ction exchnge nd selective dsorption performnce, s well s its rich dsorption cpcity. used in this study collected from Yunnn nd its min components re clinoptilolite. Ction exchnge cpcity is 89.3cmol/kg. Moleculr formul is (SiO 2 ) (Al 2 O 3 ). Its weight is nd chemicl formul is (CN 2 ) Al 2 Si 7 O 6H 2 O The Experimentl Design This experiment set up 4 tretments with 3 replictions. 4 tretments re: Tretment 1 ws common tretment; Tretment 2 ws high temperture modified ; Tretment 3 ws mmonium sturted nd Tretment 4 ws high-temperture modifiction of mmonium sturted. The proportion rtio of modified is 1:1 nd three red soil smples with SP high, the SP medium nd SP low were dded ccording to this rtio. Soil smple ws tken every 1 d with totl of 4 times. The vilble phosphorus content ws determined every time, the bsolute mount of the ctivtion of phosphorus ws clculted by subtrcting the vilble phosphorus content in CK tretment from the vilble phosphorus content of ech ctivtion tretment; the incresing rte of vilble phosphorus ws clculted by dividing incresing mount of bsolute vilble phosphorus by vilble phosphorus content in CK then multiplied by 1%. By subtrcting the incresing rte of previous vilble phosphorus from the lst vilble phosphorus, clculting the dynmic increse rte of vilble Phosphorus, the ctivtion rte of Phosphorus ws clculted from dividing the increse rte of bsolute vilble phosphorus by totl phosphorus in CK soil then multiplied by 1% The Method of Determining Index Soil vilble phosphorus ws mesured by sodium bicrbonte extrction-molybdenum ntimony nti-colorimetric determintion method. Totl phosphorus in soil use NOH-molten molybdenum, ntimony nti-colorimetric determintion method. ph vlue ws tested by the precision ph meter with PHS-3C; the soil orgnic mtter uses externl heting potssium dichromte oxidtion method for determintion. 3. Results nd Discussion 3.1. Effect nd Vrince Anlysis of Different Modifiction to Activte Red Soil Phosphorus Effect of Different Modifiction to Activte Red Soil Phosphorus It showed tht the bsolute increment of vilble phosphorus with high-temperture modifiction of mmonium sturted ws the highest between the four modified s (Tble 2). The bsolute increments of vilble phosphorus were mg kg 1, 15.1 mg kg 1 nd 7.92 mg kg 1. Solubilizing effect of the mmonium sturted ws lso evident, the bsolute increments of its vilble phosphorus were 2.3 mg kg 1, mg kg 1 nd 6.13 mg kg 1. Solubilizing effect of the high-temperture modified ws better thn the, nd the bsolute increments of its vilble phosphorus were 7.2 mg kg 1, 6.9 mg kg 1 nd 3.49 mg kg 1. The bsolute increments 238

4 Tble 2. The bsolute ctivtion mount of different modifiction to ctivte red soil phosphorus. SP h SP m SP l Modifiction tretment Absolute increments of Avilble phosphorus(mg kg 1 ) (verge ± Stndrd devition) Ordinry 1.1 ±.2c 2.11 ± 1.5c.35 ±.4c Modified in high temperture 7.2 ± 2.b 6.9 ± 2.6b 3.49 ± 2.2bc 2.3 ± ± ± 3.2b High temperture modified mmonium sturted ± ± ± 4.1 of ordinry were 1.1 mg kg 1, 2.11 mg kg 1 nd.35 mg kg 1. It follows tht the ordinry could ctivte the fixed stte phosphorus in the soil but its ctivtion effect ws not obvious. + Overll, the combintion of nd sturted NH 4 cn significntly improve the + solubilizing phosphorus mount of. The min reson is to dd sturted NH 4 cn increse the ction exchnge cpcity of. So tht the exchnge bsorption mount of to free stte metl ctions in the soil (of Fe 2+, of Al 3+, of C 2+ ) ws effectively incresed nd the fixtion to phosphte ion ws reduced [11]. Menwhile soluble phosphorus ws relesed through the ction exchnge interction of C 2+ from insoluble clcium phosphte [12]. The exchnge cpcity order of different bsorption ion to C 2+ ws s follows [13]: H + > N + + > of NH 4 > K + > Mg 2+ > B 2+. It follows tht different ction hs gret difference in selective exchnge to C 2 +. The min reson tht the high temperture modified hs better solubilizing phosphorus effect thn ordinry is the dsorption in the voids with certin mount of orgnic mtter. The solubilizing effect of the is hindered by the reltively stble nture of orgnic mtter, for there is no rection with insoluble phosphte by the ction exchnge role, nd lso the occuption of the orgnic mtter to in dsorption cpcity. burning cn effectively remove the orgnic mtter dsorbed on the voids nd thus increse the dsorption bility nd dsorption cpcity of the, nd its phosphte solubilizing cpcity will be significntly better thn the without the high-temperture burning. The solubilizing effect of untreted is not obvious, it hs the resons: Firstly, the tested soil is red soil with strong cid, nd this soil hs secondry phosphorus fixtion which mke the secondry fixtion of ctivted phosphte ion [14]; Secondly, low ppliction mount of mke its ction exchnge nd dsorption cpcity reltively smller, which is similr with the reserch result of Li [1] Vrince of Different Modifiction to Activte Red Soil Phosphorus It shows in Figure 1() tht there ws no significnt difference between high-temperture modified of mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted in solubilizing phosphorus effect, but their solubilizing phosphorus effect ws highly 239

5 The incresement mount of vilble phosphorus(mg/kg) Different ctivtion phosphorus method modified modifiction of mmonium sturted () The incresement mount of vilble phosphorus(mg/kg) Different ctivtion phosphorus method (b) modified modifiction of mmonium sturted The incresement mount of vilble phosphorus(mg/kg) Different ctivtion phosphorus method modified modifiction of mmonium sturted (c) Figure 1. () The difference of (PS high) phosphorus ctivtion effect in different modifiction tretment ; (b) The difference of (PS medium) phosphorus ctivtion effect in different modifiction tretment ; (c) The difference of (PS low) phosphorus ctivtion effect in different modifiction tretment. 24

6 different with the high-temperture-modified ; Solubilizing phosphorus effect of the high-temperture modified ws lso significntly different with ordinry. Regrding the red soil with high SP, the solubilizing effect order of from four different tretments re: high-temperture modified mmonium sturted > mmonium sturted > high temperture modified >. Figure 1(b) shows tht modified mmonium sturted hs no big difference with mmonium sturted bout solubilizing effect; their solubilizing effects re highly different with high temperture modified. It lso hs significnt difference between high-temperture modified s nd. The solubilizing effect of for the red soil with medium level SP ws: high temperture modifiction of mmonium sturted > mmonium sturted > high temperture modified >. Figure 1(c) shows tht there is no significnt difference between high-temperture modified mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted, but it hs no common with high temperture modified in solubilizing effect; The solubilizing effect of the mmonium sturted hs no gret difference with high temperture modified but different with ; The difference ws not vitl between high temperture modified nd. The solubilizing effect order of four tretments with low SP red soil ws: high-temperture modified mmonium sturted > mmonium sturted > high temperture modified > Influence of Different Modified on the Dynmic Incresing Rte of Avilble Phosphorus in Red Soil It cn be seen tht in the sme period, the incresing rtes of vilble phosphorus in red soil re different for the with different tretments (Figures 2()-(c)). The dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus from 3 soil smples in the - 1 d period of high-temperture modified mmonium sturted were 19.61%, 22.5% nd 26.53%, which were higher thn the other three periods. Within the - 1 d of mmonium sturted, the dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus from 3 soil smples were 17.17%, 18.6% nd 3.34%, which were significntly higher thn the results from other three periods. And the dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus with these two treted showed descending trends. In ddition, in the - 1 d for high temperture modified, the dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus from three soil smples ws 2.35%, 3.54% nd 5.15%, which were lower thn the results of other three periods, nd their dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus showed scending trends. And the lso hs the similr pttern. The reson tht the dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus from hightemperture modified mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted showing descending trends is tht bsorbed sturted NH + 4 in extremely rich content, which enhnce the ction exchnge bility nd mount of, nd the ctivted phosphorus mount ws lso rised through ction exchnge, but over time, 241

7 Quick-impct phosphorus rte of increse (%) ~1 1~2 2~3 3~4 modified modifiction of mmonium sturted -1 Smpling time period(d) () Quick-impct phosphorus rte of increse(%) ~1 1~2 2~3 3~4 Smpling time period(d) modified modifiction of mmonium sturted (b) Quick-impct phosphorus rte of increse(%) ~1 1~2 2~3 3~4 Smpling time period(d) modified modifiction of mmonium sturted (c) Figure 2. () (PS high) dynmic incresing rte of phosphorus in different modifiction tretment ; (b) (PS medium) dynmic incresing rte of phosphorus in different modifiction tretment ; (c) (PS low) dynmic incresing rte of phosphorus in different modifiction tretment. 242

8 grdully the sturted NH + 4 ws consumed nd ction exchnge mount ws reduced, so tht the dynmic incresing rte of vilble P ws declined. The dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus of high temperture modified nd the ordinry showing scending trends is becuse tht their solubilizing mechnism ws slow rection process, nd t the beginning need to bsorb the ions K + nd NH 4+ tht hs ction exchnge bility in soil, then by ction exchnges to rect with the metl ction of insoluble phosphorus in soil, the phosphte ion will be relesed slowly [15]. It is just s the existence of this time difference tht there hve been followed by n upwrd trend of the dynmic incresing rte of vilble phosphorus, nd lso precisely s this phenomenon, the cnnot ply the role of ctivting soil phosphorus nd even mke negtive effect. This could be the reson in the erly stge tht showed negtive vlue Effect of Different Modified on the Activtion Rte of Phosphorus in Red Soil Figures 3()-(c) showed tht the different treted hs vrible ctivtion phosphorus rtes to the sme soil smple. The modified mmonium sturted hs the highest ctivtion rte of phosphorus, nd the phosphorus ctivtion rtes in three soil smples with high SP, medium SP, nd low SP re 1.93%, 1.53% nd.77%. It follows from tht the phosphorus ctivted mode of high-temperture modified mmonium sturted hs the best effect in high SP. It ws seen in Figure 3() tht there ws no significnt difference of phosphorus ctivtion rte between high-temperture modified mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted, the difference re significnt between mmonium sturted nd high-temperture modified, nd lso between high temperture modified nd ordinry. It ws seen in Figure 3(b) tht there ws no significnt difference of phosphorus ctivtion rte between high-temperture modified mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted, nd big difference between mmonium sturted nd high-temperture modified, nd lso big difference between high temperture modified nd ordinry. Figure 3(c) showed tht high-temperture modified mmonium sturted hd no difference with mmonium sturted, but it hd vitl difference with high temperture modified ; Ammonium sturted hd no difference with high temperture modified, but it hd highly difference with ordinry ; nd lso big difference between high temperture modified nd ordinry. As the different mechnisms of ctivting phosphorus between different processed, there ws big difference for phosphorus ctivtion effect of the sme soil. modified mmonium sturted hs the best ctivting phosphorus effect in the four processed becuse the soil orgnic mtter bsorbed in the voids ws removed by high temperture, nd the bsorption cpcity of ws enlrged nd ction exchnge cpcity of ws lso incresed through combintion with sturted NH + 4. This combined physicl nd chemicl method cn 243

9 Phosphorus ctivtion rte(%) c b Different ctivtion of phosphorus () modified modifiction of mmonium sturted Phosphorus ctivtion rte(%) c b Different ctivtion of phosphorus modified modifiction of mmonium sturted (b) Phosphorus ctivtion rte(%) c Different ctivtion of phosphorus (c) modified modifiction of mmonium sturted Figure 3. () The difference between ctivtion rte of phosphorus in different modifiction tretment (PS high); (b) The difference between ctivtion rte of phosphorus in different modifiction tretment (PS medium); (c) The difference between ctivtion rte of phosphorus in different modifiction tretment (PS low). 244

10 mostly ctivte the fixed phosphorus in red soil. However, the phosphorus ctivtion rte of high temperture modified mmonium sturted ws quite different between three soil smples. The resons re: firstly, totl phosphorus content is different in these three soil smples. Secondly, vilble phosphorus content in the soil smple with high SP re the highest, which mkes the free ction content tht cn fix vilble + phosphorus reltively less, thus sturted NH 4 bsorbed on high temperture modified could hve ction exchnge rection with metl ction in insoluble phosphte, nd the ctivtion rte of phosphorus cn be mximized. 4. Conclusions The bility of in ctivting phosphorus of the red soil with different modified tretment ws significntly higher thn the ordinry unmodified one, nd the tretment with high temperture modified nd sturted with mmonium ion hs the highest phosphorus ctivtion mount. The bsolute mount of ctivting phosphorus with different tretments hs the order s follows: high-temperture modified mmonium sturted > mmonium sturted > high-temperture modified > ordinry. For the tested soil smples with high, middle nd low levels of rpid vilble phosphorus content, the incresing rte of soil phosphorus ctivtion with different tretments hs the sme generl trend. The incresing rte of modified phosphorus in high temperture mmonium sturted nd mmonium sturted hd decline trend with time postponed while tht for modified in high temperture nd routine were rising grdully with time postponed. For mmonium sturted, the incresing rte of phosphorus in low vilble phosphorus content red soil ws significntly fster thn tht in red soil with the higher content of vilble phosphorus. All these re relted with their different ctivtion mechnisms. The four tretments by the usge in the soil with high, middle nd low vilble phosphorus content hve the sme order of ctivtion rte to phosphorus: high-temperture modified mmonium sturted > mmonium sturted > high temperture modified > ordinry, but the ctivtion rte for the sme modified showed difference in different phosphorus level soil. The order is: SP high > SP medium > SP low. Acknowledgements Project supported by the science nd technology innovtion tlent pln of Yunnn Province (No. 215HC18); ntionl wter pollution prevention nd tretment of mjor projects (No. 212ZX712-3). References [1] Schindler, D.W. (1997) The Evolution of Phosphorus Limittion in Lkes. Science, 195, [2] He, Z.L., Yun, K.N. nd Zhu, Z.X. (199) The Effect of Orgnic Anions on Phosphte Ad- 245

11 sorption. Act Pedologic Sinic, 27, (In Chinese) [3] Skih, T. (1991) Secretion of Acid Phosphtse by the Roots of Severl Crop Species under Phosphorus-Deficient Conditions. Soil Science nd Plnt Nutrition, 37, [4] Pomeioy, L.R., Simith, E.E. nd Crnt, C.M. (1965) The Exchnge of Phosphorus between Esturine Wter nd Sediments. Limnology nd Ocenogrphy, 1, [5] Zhng, Y., Zheng, B.H., Liu, H.L., et l. (25) The Trits Anlysis of Nitrogen nd Phosphorus Nutrients fter Gorges Reservoir Impounding. Wter Resource Protection, 21, (In Chinese) [6] Xu, D.X., Qin, Y.W. nd Zhng, L. (29) Phosphorus Forms nd Its Distribution Chrcteristics in Sediments nd Soils of Wter Level Fluctuting Zone of the Bckwter Rech from Input River of Three Gorges Reservoir. Environmentl Science, 5, (In Chinese) [7] Brbrick, L., Li, T.M. nd Eberl, D.D. (199) Exchnge Fertilizer (Phosphte Rock Plus Ammonium-) Effects on Sorghum-Sudngrss. Soil Science Society Americn Journl, 54, [8] Ando, H. nd Mihr, C. (1996) The Fte of Ammonium Nitrogen Applied to Flooded Rice s Affected by Addition. Soil Science, 42, [9] Li, L.J. (1995) Ammoni Sturted Incresed the Yield of the Effect nd the Influence of the Fertilizer Utiliztion Rtio. Soils, 3, (In Chinese) [1] Li, L.J. nd Zhng, L. (1996) Exchnge Sex NH 4+ to Improve Soil p Force Reserch. Soil Science Society of Americ Journl, 27, [11] Zorps, A.A., Constntinides, T., Vlysside, A.G., et l. (2) Hevy Metl Uptke by Nturl nd Metls Prtitioning in Sewge Sludge Compost. Bioresource Technology, 72, [12] Gun, L.Z. nd Li, H.Z. (1992) The Effect of Increse of Nturl nd Nitrogen nd Phosphorus Nutrients nd Some Fertility Regultion Mechnism of Nture. Chinese Journl of Soil Science, 23, (In Chinese) [13] Li, L.J. nd Yin, X. (1999) Ammonium Sturted -Aptite Soil Phosphorus Relese the Role nd Appliction. Interntionl Chinese Agriculture Science nd Technology Annul Meeting. [14] Bogumil, K. nd Brbr, G. (21) Mechnochemicl Activtion of Phosphte Rock in Presence of s. Premysl Chemiczny, 89, [15] Abd-All, M.H. (1994) Use of Orgnic Phosphorus by Rhizobium Leguminosrum Biovr Vicee Phosphtses. Biology nd Fertility of Soils, 18,

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