Effect of Fertilization Practice on Nitrate Accumulation and Leaching in Vegetable Greenhouse System

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1 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 176, Issue 8, August 14, pp Sensors & Trnsducers 14 y IFSA Pulishing, S. L. Effect of Fertiliztion Prctice on Nitrte Accumultion nd Leching in Vegetle Greenhouse System 1, 2 Y.J. Zho, 1,* X. Chen, 1 Y. Shi 1 Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyng, , Chin 2 University of Chinese Acdemy of Sciences, Beijing , Chin 1 Tel.: , fx: E-mil: zhoyjie-05@163.com Received: 18 Mrch 14 /Accepted: 31 July 14 /Pulished: 31 August 14 Astrct: A leching experiment ws conducted on three level of totl N soils trnsplnted with lettuce in pcked soil columns. Nitrte content in the surfce soil lyer incresed to 52.6, 92.8 nd 92.1 mg kg -1 when 30 t h -1 poultry mnure ws used lone in the low, medium nd high level of totl N soils. Mesured lechte dt showed tht more nitrte ws leched in the chemicl fertilized soils in the low nd high level of totl N soils. In conclusion, the study clerly demonstrted tht the pproprite ppliction rte of poultry mnure nd chemicl fertilizer with minimized nitrte leching loss. Copyright 14 IFSA Pulishing, S. L. Keywords: Nitrte, Accumultion, Leching, Greenhouse soil, Chemicl fertilizer, Mnure. 1. Instruction Vegetle greenhouse systems in northern Chin contriute to vegetle yields nd economic returns ut my lso cuse ccumultion of nitrte in soils nd contmintion of groundwter ecuse vegetles re hevily fertilized to chieve high yields [1, 2]. Especilly in vegetle greenhouse soils with high levels of nutrient elements, the potentil risk of nitrte leching is even higher. In vegetle greenhouse griculture, the level of nitrte is high prtly due to long-term over fertiliztion prctice. Yun [3] conducted long-term field experiment nd reported tht the ccumultion of nitrte significntly incresed long with the increse of mnure ppliction. The concentrtion of nitrte in the cm soil lyer reched mg kg -1 in vegetle soil, due to lrge incorportion of poultry mnure [4]. In some dry lnd soil, the verge nitrte concentrtion reched 0 kg hm -2 nd peked kg hm -2 t the 90 cm depth of the soil in North Chin Plin [5]. Besides, the sttus of other nutritionl sustnces my lso ply n import role in soil ccumultion of nitrte. The vlues reflecting soil fertility such s totl N, orgnic mtter nd ville P nd K in the surfce lyer of greenhouse soils re in trend of grdul increse long with the yers of vegetle cultivtion [6]. Menwhile, the content of nitrte in the 0-0 cm lyer of greenhouse soil reched mg kg -1 within 10 yers. Similr incresing trends in content of nitrte in greenhouse soil long with the yer of vegetle cultivtion were lso reported y other reserchers [7-8]. The uild-up of nitrte due to excessive N fertiliztion nd soil fertility could increse the dnger of underground wter pollution with hevy irrigtion prctices [9]. Surfce wter nd groundwter pollution cused y leching loss of nitrte from intensive griculturl systems hs cused pulic concern [10, 11]. In northern Chin, nitrte-n concentrtions in shllow wells in the greenhouse vegetle systems rnged from 9 to 274 mg N L -1. Shllow groundwter ws prticulrly vulnerle to nitrte pollution in the 272

2 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 176, Issue 8, August 14, pp greenhouse systems [12]. High rtes of nitrte leched in greenhouse vegetle fields in southestern Chin s well [13]. Excess use of N fertilizer contriutes to susurfce wter contmintion [14, 15]. The significnt increse of nitrte content in vegetle greenhouse soil nd lechtes re ssocited with the increse of N fertiliztion nd soil fertility, ville dt is still limited out how to choose proper fertiliztion strtegy in vegetle greenhouse soils with different fertility levels. In this study, the influences soil fertility levels (specificlly soil totl N) nd pplictions of chemicl fertilizers nd orgnic mnure on minerl nitrogen ccumultion nd nitrte leching were investigted in greenhouse soil with different totl N levels, iming to lower the uild-up of nitrte in soil. 2. Mteril nd Methods The experimentl site of the pcked soil column locted t Shenyng Experimentl Sttion (41 31 N nd E), Chinese Acdemy of Sciences. Soils used in the vegetle greenhouse cultivtion were of the sme type (Mollisols in US Soil Txonomy) differed in totl nitrogen, phosphorus nd cron levels, rnging from the low to high levels (Tle 1). The pcked soil columns were 50-cm high mde of plexigls, with n inner dimeter of 24 cm. There were three wter outlets t the ottom of the column for lechte collection. All the soils were sieved through 2-mm sieve nd mixed thoroughly prior to eing pcked into the columns. Altogether, 45 columns were pcked with the sieved soil t ulk density of 1.3 g cm -3. The ottom lyer ws filled with soils from to 40 cm soil lyer, nd the top lyer of the column ws pcked with surfce soil (0- cm). The leching experiment ws crried out in April 11. The column ws sturted with wter for dy efore the lettuce ws trnsplnted in the column. Then the column ws leched with 3 L distilled wter ech every three dys. The lechtes were collected with plstic ottle nd were stored t - C efore nlysis for NO 3- -N. The leching experiment lsted for 49 dys. Tle 1. Properties of 0- cm tested greenhouse soil with different nutrient sttus. Tested Totl C Totl N Totl P Soil (g kg -1 ) (g kg -1 ) (g kg -1 ) L soil c 1.35 c 1.26 c M soil H soil Different letters men significnt difference t P < L represents the low level of totl N soil; M represents the medium level of totl N soil. H represents the high level of totl N soil. Experimentl design: 1) A control with no fertiliztion pplied (CK); 2) ppliction of complex chemicl fertilizer (NPK, 150 kg N h -1, 65 kg P h -1 nd 124 kg K h -1 ); 3) ppliction of 30 t h -1 of poultry mnure (M, stndrd locl ppliction rte, 502 kg N h -1 ; 4) comintion of poultry mnure nd compound chemicl fertilizer (M+NPK, 652 kg N h -1 ; nd 5) decresed comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer (2/3 (M+NPK), 435 kg N h -1 ). Poultry mnure contined 95.9 g kg -1 totl cron, 16.7 g kg -1 totl nitrogen nd 6.8 g kg -1 totl phosphorus. Ech tretment ws repeted three times. The soils smples were smpled from the soil column t two depths 0- cm nd -40 cm t hrvest mturity of lettuce. The soils were extrcted with 100 ml 2 mol L -1 KCl for hlf n hour. Amounts of nitrte (NO 3- -N) were determined in the extrct y MgO-Devrd lloy distilltion method [16]. The lechtes from the soil columns were stored t - C prior of nlysis of NO 3- -N concentrtions. Contents of NO 3- -N were mesured y MgO-Devrd lloy distilltion method. The loss mount of NO 3- -N t ech smpling dte is clculted s: - C NO3 -N (mg kg -1 C V soil) = t t, m where C NO3 - -N represents the content (mg kg -1 soil) of NO 3- -N t ech smpling dte; Ct represents the concentrtion (mg/l) of NO 3- -N in lechte t ech smpling dte. V t is the volume (L) of the wter leched out of every pcked soil column. m represents the dry weight (kg) of soil smples in the pcked leching column. All sttisticl nlyses were performed with SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., 16.0). Significnt differences were nlyzed using ANOVA, followed y the lest significnt difference test (LSD, P < 0.05). 3. Results nd Discussion 3.1. Nitrte-N Distriution in the 0- cm nd -40 cm Depth The concentrtions of NO 3- -N in the top surfce soil (0- cm depth) were in the rnge of 18.4 to 92.1 mg kg -1 (Fig. 1). With the incresing ppliction of complex fertilizer or poultry mnure, the content of NO 3- -N in the surfce soil lyer incresed to 52.6, 92.8 nd 92.1 mg kg -1 in the low, medium nd high level of totl N soil. The level of NO 3- -N under the ppliction of 30 h -1 poultry mnure ws significntly higher compred with other fertiliztion tretments (P < 0.05). However, NO 3- -N content hd not lwys een proportionte to the incresed ppliction of fertilizer. NO 3- -N concentrtion dropped to 33.2, 65.2 nd 71.9 mg kg -1 under the ppliction of M+NPK tretment in these three levels of totl N soils. Fertiliztion rte significntly ffect the level of nitrte in the soil. The content of nitrte ws highest with the ppliction rte reching 273

3 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 176, Issue 8, August 14, pp kg N h -1, more ppliction of fertilizer decresed the level of nitrte in the soil. In the susoil (-40 cm soil depth), there ws similr vrition of NO 3- -N under the fertilizer tretments. NO 3- -N content ws significntly higher under the ppliction of 30 t h -1 poultry mnure compred with other fertiliztion prctices in the low nd high level of totl N soils (P < 0.05). Younie [19] reported tht ccumultion of inorgnic N ws mjor determinnt of the potentil N lost from the system vi voltiliztion, denitrifiction or leching. A high nitrte concentrtion in the root zone ws one of the mjor concerns in extensively irrigted res. There ws potentil for nitrte leching with ccumultive nitrte concentrtion in soil solution nd high mount of leching wter []. Concentrtion of NO3 - -N (mg kg -1 ) CK NPK 2/3(M+NPK) M M+NPK c c c c c 0-cm c -40cm c c c Low level of totl N soil Medium level of totl N soil High level of totl N soil Fig. 1. Concentrtion of NO3 - -N in top surfce soil nd susoil pplied with 30 t h -1 poultry mnure (M), complex fertilizer (NPK), comintion of poultry mnure (M+NPK), decresed comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer (2/3(M+NPK)) nd no fertilizer pplied control (CK). Greenhouse vegetle cultivtion is n intensive griculturl production system with high inputs of fertilizer. The continuous nd excessive ppliction of fertilizer leds to nutrients ccumultion in greenhouse soil [9, 17, 18]. Totl N, orgnic mtter nd ville P nd K in the surfce soil lyers of greenhouse soil tended to increse with the extension of using time, leding to the increse of soil fertility [6]. The results presented showed tht pplictions of excessive fertilizer incresed the level of NO 3- -N in greenhouse soil (Tle 2). In the low level of totl N soil, the ppliction of 30 t h -1 mnure hd significnt effect on incresing the content of nitrte in the soil. The highest content of NO 3- -N reched 52.6 mg kg -1 under the ppliction of 30 t h -1 poultry mnure, with 46.9 % much more thn the ckground level in the medium level of totl N soil. In the medium level of totl N soil, NO 3- - N content in the soil with ppliction of 30 t h -1 poultry mnure ws significntly higher thn tht in the ckground of the high level of totl N soil (Tle 3). There might e leching potentil for NO 3- -N when mssive of N ccumulted in soil. Tle 2. Comprison of content of NO3 - -N from different fertiliztion prctices in the low level of totl N soil with the content of NO3 - -N in the ckground level of the medium level of totl N soil. Fertiliztion prctices 0- cm L NPK L 2/3(M+NPK) L M+NPK M CK L M -40cm L NPK L M+NPK L 2/3(M+NPK) M CK L M NO3 - -N (mg kg -1 ) L represents the low level of totl N soil; M represents the medium level of totl N soil. Different letters men significnt difference t P < Tle 3. Comprison of content of NO3 - -N from different fertiliztion prctices in the medium level of totl N soil with the content of NO3 - -N in the ckground level of the high level of totl N soil. Fertiliztion prctices 0- cm M NPK M 2/3(M+NPK) H CK M M+NPK M M -40cm M NPK H CK M 2/3(M+NPK) M M M M+NPK NO3 - -N (mg kg -1 ) 28.4 c 47.8 c c 18.8 c 23.8 c M represents the medium level of totl N soil; H represents the high level of totl N soil. Different letters men significnt difference t P < Dynmic of NO 3 - -N Content Through Leching As shown in Fig. 2, the content of NO 3- -N in the lechtes ws initilly similr under ll the 274

4 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 176, Issue 8, August 14, pp fertiliztion prctices. In the low level of totl N soil, the content of NO 3- -N incresed significnt on April 25 th in the tretment with no fertilizer pplied control. In the NPK nd M+NPK tretments, the contents of NO 3- -N significntly incresed nd peked on My 1 st. In the 2/3 (M+NPK) tretment, there ws significnt increse of NO 3- -N on April 25 th nd peking vlue ws showed on April 28 th. In the M tretment, the content of NO 3- -N showed fluctute pttern nd peked on My 1 st. The content of NO 3- -N decresed to low level fter My 10 th with the extension of leching time. In the medium level of totl N soil, intensity fluctutions of the concentrtion of NO 3- -N were oserved in the lechtes since the eginning of leching experiment. NO 3- -N concentrtion significntly incresed on April 25 th, with decrese on April 28 th nd peked on My 1 st significntly. The content of NO 3- -N dropped significntly on My 4 th (P < 0.05). NO 3- -N concentrtion in the tretments with fertilizer showed grdul decline trend fter My 4 th. With the extension of leching time, the content of NO 3- -N decresed to 0.2 mg L -1 vergely on June 9 th. While in the high level of totl N soil, the content of NO 3- -N in the lechte from CK tretment incresed on April 28 th nd peked significntly on My 1 st (P < 0.05). Under the ppliction of NPK, NO 3- -N concentrtion significntly incresed nd peked on My 4 th (P < 0.05). NO 3- -N concentrtion showed significnt increse nd peked on Apr. 28 th (P < 0.05) for the 2/3 (M+NPK) nd M tretments. In the M+NPK tretment, the content of NO 3- -N ws highest (39.4 mg L -1 ) on April 25 th nd the leching concentrtion of NO 3- -N decresed grdully to very low levels on June 9 th. The NO 3- -N concentrtions in lechtes fluctuted etween 0.1 nd 71.2 mg L -1 in the low level of totl N soil, etween 0.1 nd 64.0 mg L -1 in the medium level of totl N soil, nd etween 0.2 nd 61.1 mg L -1 in the high level of totl N soil. Averge content of NO 3- -N in lechtes for the different fertiliztion prctices minly exceeded 50 mg NO 3 - L -1 recommended y the World Helth Orgniztion etween April 25 th nd My 4 th. High NO 3- -N losses through leching might e illustrted y long term of excessive N ppliction with intensive irrigtion prctice. There ws environmentl risk under high inputs in intensively mnged griculturl systems, such s soil degrdtion, eutrophiction nd pollution of groundwter [21]. The fertiliztion tretment in present study ws reltively common in intensively cultivted greenhouse soil (three or more cycles of vegetle plnting in yer). Chemicl fertilizer ws pplied s sl in the NPK, 2/3(M+NPK) nd M+NPK tretments, nd poultry mnure ws pplied s sl in the M, 2/3(M+NPK) nd M+NPK tretments. According to the result reported y Med [22], intensive utiliztion of swine compost, coted ure or mmonium fertilizer for seven yers cn cuse the leching loss of nitrte rnging from 30 to 60 mg L -1 in soil wter. Content of NO 3 - -N (mg L -1 ) Low level of totl N soil Medium level of totl N soil High level of totl N soil Dte (Dy/month) CK NPK 2/3(M+NPK) M M+NPK 22/Apr 25/Apr 28/Apr 1/My 4/My 7/My 10/My 25/My 9/Jun Fig. 2. Men mesured NO3 - -N concentrtion in lechtes from tretments pplied with 30 t h -1 poultry mnure (M), complex fertilizer (NPK), comintion of poultry mnure (M+NPK), decresed comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer (2/3(M+NPK)) nd no fertilizer pplied control (CK) Accumultive Leching Loss of NO 3 - -N The 49-dys ccumultive leching loss of NO 3- -N mong the different fertilized soils rnged widely from 11.6 to 21.0 mg kg -1 for the five corresponding fertiliztion strtegy (Fig. 3). In the low level of totl N soil, the leching loss of NO 3- -N rnged from 15.7 to 21.0 mg kg -1. In the medium level totl N soil, the leching loss of NO 3- -N from the columns treted with 30 t h -1 poultry mnure ws significntly higher thn tht from the no fertilizer 275

5 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 176, Issue 8, August 14, pp pplied control or NPK tretment (P < 0.05). In the high level of totl N soil, the leching losses of NO 3- -N ws significntly higher under the tretment of NPK compred with CK control (P < 0.05). Concentrtion of NO 3 - -N (m g kg -1 ) Low level of totl N soil Medium level of totl N soil High level of totl N soil CK NPK 2/3 (M+NPK) M M+NPK Fig. 3 Mss of NO3 - -N leched from columns pplied with 30 t h -1 poultry mnure (M), complex fertilizer (NPK), comintion of poultry mnure (M+NPK), decresed comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer (2/3(M+NPK)) nd no fertilizer pplied control (CK). The utiliztion of orgnic mnure incresed the risk of nitrte leching in diry frming systems [23]. The ppliction of poultry mnure lso incresed the leching potentil of NO 3- -N in vegetle greenhouse soil. Mnure contins mostly orgnic nd mmonium nitrogen. Some soil microorgnisms convert these compounds to nitrte, the esily moile form of nitrogen in soils. Under some conditions, nitrte my lech elow the root zone nd eventully rech ground wter. This result my e due to the enhncement of iologicl ctivities cused y orgnic mnure, which including lrge mount of living microorgnisms nd redily-utilizle cron source on which microorgnisms lived [24]. In ddition, mnure contins gret del of orgnic mtter, with the decomposition of which cn dd solule N to the soil, incresing the mount of soil nitrte ville to e leched [25]. The effect of incresing leching loss ws not significnt under the comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer. Report reflected tht orgnic mnure could reduce the leching of NO 3- -N from KNO 3 ddition in soil lechte [26]. However, mnure ppliction rtes should not exceed the nitrogen requirement of the crop considering the risk of wter environment cused y over ccumultion of nitrte-n [27-29]. Therefore, it is importnt to quntify the pproprite ppliction rte of orgnic fertilizer in vegetle greenhouse soil. 4. Conclusions Incresed inputs of chemicl fertilizer nd poultry mnure to griculture soil cn led to nitrte leching to groundwter. The leching loss potentil of significnt mounts of NO 3- -N in vegetle greenhouse hs een enhnced under locl common fertiliztion prctice. Hevy leching of NO 3- -N ws oserved fter ppliction of commercil fertilizer nd poultry mnure under intensive irrigtion. Bsed on the findings, we recommended tht comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer (M+NPK) ws pproprite fertiliztion prctice in the low level of totl N soil. While in the medium nd high level of totl N soil, the tretment of decresed comintion of poultry mnure nd complex fertilizer (2/3(M+NPK)) ws recommendle to decrese the ccumultion of nitrte. In conclusion, it is importnt to use fertilizers t moderte quntity sed on soil fertility tested in vegetle greenhouse. Additionlly, irrigtion frequency nd rte should e tken into ccount ccording to the criticl period when NO 3- -N loss is expected. Acknowledgements This work ws finncilly supported y Ntionl Nture Science Foundtion of Chin (No , ) nd Lioning Science nd Technology Project ( ). References [1]. Z. Y. Zhou, M. J. Wng, J. S. Wng, Nitrte nd nitrite contmintion in vegetles in Chin, Food Reviews Interntionl, Vol. 16, No. 1, 00, pp [2]. X. Ju, X. Liu, F. Zhng, M. Roelcke, Nitrogen fertiliztion, soil nitrte ccumultion, nd policy recommendtions in severl griculturl regions of Chin, AMBIO: Journl of the Humn Environment, Vol. 33, No. 6, 04, pp [3]. X. M. Yun, Y. A. Tong, X. Y. Yng, X. L. Li, F. S. Zhng, Effect of orgnic mnure on soil nitrte nitrogen ccumultion, Soil Environmentl Science, Vol. 9, No. 3, 00, pp [4]. L. X. Yo, X. C. Zhou, Impct of orgnic mnure on the environment nd its corresponding preventive reserches, Chinese Journl of Eco-Agriculture, Vol. 13, No. 2, 05, pp [5]. Z. L. Zhu, Reserch on soil nitrogen in Chin, Act Pedologic Sinic, Vol. 45, No. 5, 08, pp [6]. Q. Chen, X. Z. Zhng, H. Y. Zhng, P. Christie, X. L. Li, D. Horlcher, H. P. Lieig, Evlution of current fertilizer prctice nd soil fertility in vegetle production in the Beijing region, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Vol. 69, Issue 1, 04, pp [7]. L. J.Yun, X. Ju, L. J. Zhng, Y. Wng, Z. X. Yng, NPK Accumultion in greenhouse soil nd its effect on groundwter, Chinese Journl of Eco-Agriculture, Vol. 18, No. 1, 10, pp [8]. Q. F. Liu, J. L. Lv, S. L. Li, H. Y. Sheng, N. Li, Y. P. Wng, J. M. Wng, C. L. Zhu, The Sptiotemporl vrition of nitric nitrogen in protected vegetle soils in different yers of cultivtion, Agriculturl Reserch in the Arid Ares, Vol. 29, No. 2, 11, pp

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