IMPACT 2002+: User Guide

Transcription

1 IMPACT 2002+: User Guide Draft fr versin Q2.2 (versin adapted by Quantis) Prepared by: Sébastien Humbert 1 * An De Schryver 1 Manuele Margni 2 Olivier Jlliet 3 * Crrespnding authr (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.cm, inf@impactmdeling.rg) 1 Life Cycle Assessment Expert, Quantis, Lausanne, Switzerland 2 CIRAIG, Écle Plytechnique de Mntréal, Mntréal QC, Canada 3 Center fr Risk Science and Cmmunicatin, Department f Envirnmental Health Sciences, Schl f Public Health, University f Michigan, Ann Arbr MI, USA IMPACT is a methdlgy that was riginally develped at the Swiss Federal Institute f Technlgy Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. It is nw maintained and further develped by The IMPACT Mdeling Team. March 25, 2012 Nte: The difference between the versins Q2.2 (updated by Quantis) and 2.1 are mainly that water turbined, water withdrawal and water cnsumptin are added, and that aquatic acidificatin, aquatic eutrphicatin and water turbined are brught t the damage categry ecsystem quality. Furthermre, climate change CFs are adapted with GWP fr 100 year time hrizn. The differences between the versins v2.1 and v2.0 are minr. They cncern mainly 1 adaptatin reflecting the update f the DALY used per case f cancer and nn-cancer (respectively 13 and 1.3 instead f 6.7 and 0.67) and 2 sme frmat update (typs crrected, addresses updated, fnt imprved, references updated, etc.). i

2 A user guide fr the Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methdlgy IMPACT (Jlliet et al. 2003c) The paper (Jlliet et al. 2003c) and characterizatin factrs (IMPACT2002+_vQ2.2_CF_1a.xls) can be dwnladed at The supprting paper (Jlliet et al. 2003c) and (Penningtn et al. 2005) can be btained via the Internatinal Jurnal f Life Cycle Assessment ( r and the Envirnmental Science and Technlgy ( websites respectively. This user guide is intended fr supprting users t apply and interpret the LCIA methdlgy IMPACT versin Q2.2. Why a versin adapted by Quantis and what has been adapted? The riginal IMPACT versin 2.1 is nt bringing all pssible impact categries t an endpint and neglects sme impact categries which are increasingly demanded by industry. We see it necessary t create an adapted versin Q2.2 fr the fllwing reasns: 1. There is a strng demand f cmpanies fr analyzing climate change using IPCC 100 year instead f 500 year time hrizn 2. Issues relating t water withdrawal, cnsumptin and turbine are increasingly demanded by cmpanies and shuld be cnsidered 3. Eutrphicatin and acidificatin shuld be brught t endpint level t add capacity t interpret results f ecsystem quality at endpint withut neglecting these imprtant categries The fllwing adaptatins are made in vq2.2: 1. Climate change CFs are adapted a 100 year time hrizn 2. Water withdrawal, water cnsumptin and water turbined are added 3. Aquatic acidificatin, aquatic eutrphicatin and water turbined are added at endpint t the damage categry ecsystem quality 4. Nrmalizatin factrs are updated ii

3 CONTENT ABSTRACT... 1 KEYWORDS INTRODUCTION STRUCTURE OF LCA PRINCIPLES OF LCIA IMPACT 2002+: GENERAL CONCEPT IMPACT 2002+: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS UNITS MIDPOINT CATEGORIES Human txicity (carcingenic and nn-carcingenic effects) Respiratry effects (caused by inrganics) Inizing radiatin Ozne layer depletin Phtchemical xidatin Aquatic ectxicity Terrestrial ectxicity Aquatic acidificatin Aquatic eutrphicatin Terrestrial acidificatin & nutrificatin Land ccupatin Water turbined Glbal warming Nn-renewable energy Mineral extractin Water withdrawal Water cnsumptin DAMAGE CATEGORIES Human health Ecsystem quality Transfrmatin f units Climate change Resurces NORMALIZATION CAUTIONS, LIMITATIONS AND INTERPRETATION LINK BETWEEN LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY AND LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT Sme relevant pints t be aware f Implementatin in different types f sftware HOW TO CHECK AND INTERPRET RESULTS? UNCERTAINTIES WEIGHTING ABBREVIATIONS AND NUMERICAL HYPOTHESIS ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY NUMERICAL HYPOTHESIS iii

4 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SOURCES REFERENCES INTERNET LINKS AND DOWNLOADABLE FILES ANNEXES ANNEX 1: NORMALIZATION FACTORS FOR THE MIDPOINT CATEGORIES ANNEX 2: THE MIXING TRIANGLE ANNEX 3: HOW TO USE IMPACT IN DIFFERENT SOFTWARE? ANNEX 4: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF IMPACT iv

5 Abstract The life cycle impact assessment methdlgy IMPACT vq2.2 (versin adapted by Quantis) prpses a feasible implementatin f a cmbined midpint/damage apprach, linking all types f life cycle inventry results (elementary flws and ther interventins) via several midpint categries t several damage categries. Fr IMPACT vq2.2 new cncepts and methds have been develped, especially fr the cmparative assessment f human txicity and ectxicity as well as inclusin f impacts frm turbined water and assessment f water withdrawal and cnsumptin. IMPACT vq2.2 cnsiders several midpint categries, namely human txicity carcingenic effects, human txicity nn-carcingenic effects (these tw categries are smetimes gruped in ne categry: human txicity), respiratry effects (due t inrganics), inizing radiatin, zne layer depletin, phtchemical xidatin, aquatic ectxicity, terrestrial ectxicity, aquatic acidificatin, aquatic eutrphicatin, terrestrial acidificatin/nutrificatin 1, land ccupatin, water turbined, glbal warming, nn-renewable energy cnsumptin, mineral extractin, water withdrawal and water cnsumptin. All midpint scres are expressed in units f a reference substance and related t the fur damage categries human health, ecsystem quality, climate change, and resurces. These fur damage categries are expressed respectively in DALY, PDF m 2 y, kg CO 2 -eq, and MJ. Nrmalizatin can be perfrmed either at midpint r at damage level. The IMPACT methdlgy presently prvides midpint characterizatin factrs, damage factrs, nrmalized midpint characterizatin factrs and nrmalized damage factrs fr almst 1500 different life cycle inventry results, which can be dwnladed at (IMPACT v2.1) r (IMPACT vq2.2, versin adapted by Quantis, presented in the current dcument). Keywrds IMPACT 2002+; life cycle assessment; life cycle impact assessment; midpint/damage apprach; characterizatin/damage/nrmalizatin factrs; human txicity; carcingenic; nn-carcingenic; respiratry effects; inizing radiatin; zne layer depletin; phtchemical xidatin; aquatic ectxicity; terrestrial ectxicity; aquatic acidificatin; aquatic eutrphicatin; terrestrial acidificatin/nutrificatin; land ccupatin; water turbined; glbal warming; nn-renewable energy cnsumptin; mineral extractin; water withdrawal; water cnsumptin; human health; ecsystem quality; climate change; resurces. 1 Nte that sme dcuments use the term nitrificatin instead f nutrificatin. Because the methd Ec-indicatr 99 uses the term nutrificatin we decided t use the same fr simplificatin reasns. 1

6 0. Intrductin 0.1. Structure f LCA Accrding t ISO life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methd fr assessing the envirnmental aspects and ptential impacts assciated with a gd r a service delivered, by: cmpiling an inventry f relevant input and utput f a prduct system [i.e., the life cycle inventry (LCI)], evaluating the ptential envirnmental impacts assciated with thse inputs and utputs [i.e., the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)] thrugh the use f characterizatin factrs (CFs), and interpreting the results f the inventry analysis and impacts assessment phases in relatin t the bjective f the study Principles f LCIA Accrding t ISO and ISO 14044, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methd fr assessing the envirnmental aspects and ptential impacts assciated with a gd r a service delivered by the fllwing: identify prduct system imprvement pprtunities and assist the priritizatin f them, characterize r benchmark a prduct system and its unit prcesses ver time, make relative cmparisns amng prduct systems based n selected categry indicatrs, r indicate envirnmental issues fr which ther techniques can prvide cmplementary envirnmental data and infrmatin useful t decisin-makers. Thus LCIA methdlgies aim t cnnect, as far as pssible and desired, each LCI result (elementary flw r ther interventin) t the crrespnding envirnmental impacts by using CFs. Accrding t ISO 14044, LCI results are classified int impact categries, each with a categry indicatr. The categry indicatr can be lcated at any pint between the LCI results and the damage categry (where the envirnmental effect ccurs) in the cause-effect chain. Within this framewrk, tw main schls f methdlgies have evlved: a) Classical impact assessment methdlgies [e.g., CML (Guinée et al. 2002) and EDIP (Hauschild and Wenzel 1998)] restrict quantitative mdeling t relatively early stages in the cause-effect chain and, classify and characterize LCI results in s-called midpint categries by quantifying midpint CFs. Themes are cmmn mechanisms (e.g., climate change) r cmmnly accepted gruping (e.g., aquatic ectxicity). b) Damage riented methdlgies such as ReCiPe (Gedkp et al. 2008), Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000) r EPS (Steen 1999) try t mdel the cause-effect chain up t the damage and quantify endpint CFs. The definitin study f the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative suggests utilizing the advantages f bth appraches by gruping similar categry endpints int a structured set f damage categries. In additin, the cncept als wrks with midpint categries, each midpint categry relating t ne r several damage categries. IMPACT addresses this new challenge by presenting an implementatin wrking bth at midpint and damage. 2

7 1. IMPACT 2002+: general cncept Midpint categries Human txicity Respiratry effects Inizing radiatin Damage categries Human health Ozne layer depletin Phtchemical xidatin Aquatic ectxicity Ecsystem quality Terrestrial ectxicity LCI results Aquatic acidificatin Aquatic eutrphicatin Terrestrial acid/nutr Land ccupatin Water turbined Glbal warming Nn-renewable energy Mineral extractin Water withdrawal Water cnsumptin Climate change (Life Supprt System) Resurces Figure 1-1: Overall scheme f the IMPACT vq2.2 framewrk 2, linking LCI results via the midpint categries t damage categries, based n Jlliet et al. (2003a). As shwn in Figure 1-1, LCI results with similar impact pathways (e.g., all elementary flws influencing the stratspheric zne cncentratin) are allcated t impact categries at midpint level, als called midpint categries. A midpint indicatr characterizes the elementary flws and ther envirnmental interventins that cntribute t the same impact. The term midpint expresses the fact that this pint is lcated smewhere n an intermediate psitin between the LCI results and the damage n the impact pathway. In cnsequence, a further step may allcate these midpint categries t ne r mre damage categries, the latter representing quality changes f the envirnment. A damage indicatr result is the quantified representatin f this quality change and calculated by multiplying the damage factr with the inventry data. The damage indicatr result is ften als named damage impact scre r simply damage categry. Mre infrmatin n the general cncept f such a methdlgical LCIA framewrk can be fund in Jlliet et al. (2003a). 2 Nte that, water turbined, water withdrawal and water cnsumptin are nt prper midpint categries, but rather inventry indicatrs that Quantis decided t use within the default midpint prfiles as a prxy until better mdels are available. 3

8 1.1. IMPACT 2002+: general characteristics The LCIA methdlgy IMPACT vq2.2 prpses a feasible implementatin f the afrementined cmbined midpint/damage-riented apprach. Figure 1-1 shws the verall scheme f the IMPACT vq2.2 framewrk, linking all types f LCI results via several midpint categries [human txicity carcingenic effects, human txicity nn-carcingenic effects (these bth categries are smetimes gruped in ne categry: human txicity), respiratry effects (due t inrganics), inizing radiatin, zne layer depletin, phtchemical xidatin, aquatic ectxicity, terrestrial ectxicity, aquatic acidificatin, aquatic eutrphicatin, terrestrial acidificatin/nutrificatin, land ccupatin, water turbined, glbal warming, nnrenewable energy cnsumptin, mineral extractin, water withdrawal, and water cnsumptin] t fur damage categries (human health, ecsystem quality, climate change, and resurces). An arrw symblizes that a relevant impact pathway is knwn and quantitatively mdeled. Impact pathways between midpint and damage levels that are assumed t exist, but that are nt mdeled quantitatively due t missing knwledge r that are in develpment r that are duble cunting are represented by dtted arrws. New cncepts and methds fr the cmparative assessment f human txicity and ectxicity were develped fr the IMPACT methdlgy 3. Fr ther categries, methds have been transferred r adapted mainly frm the Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000), the CML 2002 (Guinée et al. 2002) methdlgy, the IPCC list (IPCC 2001), the USEPA ODP list (EPA), the ecinvent database (Frischknecht et al. 2003), and Maendly and Humbert (2011) fr water turbined. The fllwing sectins shrtly describe the main assessment characteristics fr midpint and damage categries, as well as related nrmalizatin factrs, and explain hw t apply the methdlgy IMPACT (versin Q2.2). Table 1-1 shws a summary f IMPACT (versin Q2.2) characteristics. Table 1-1: Main surces fr characterizatin factrs, reference substances, and damage units used in IMPACT (versin Q2.2). [surce] Midpint categry Midpint reference substance 4 Damage categry Damage unit Nrmalized damage unit [a] Human txicity (carcingens + nn-carcingens) kg Chlrethylene int air -eq Human health [b] [b] [USEPA and b] Respiratry (inrganics) Inizing radiatins Ozne layer depletin kg PM 2.5 int air -eq Bq Carbn-14 int air -eq kg CFC-11 int air - eq Human health Human health Human health DALY pint [b] Phtchemical xidatin (= Respiratry (rganics) fr human health) kg Ethylene int air - eq Human health Ecsystem quality n/a n/a 3 Human Damage Factrs are calculated fr carcingens and nn-carcingens, emplying intake fractins, best estimates f dserespnse slpe factrs, as well as severities. The transfer f cntaminants int the human fd is n mre based n cnsumptin surveys, but accunts fr agricultural and livestck prductin levels. Indr and utdr air emissins can be cmpared and the intermittent character f rainfall is cnsidered. Bth human txicity and ectxicity effect factrs are based n mean respnses rather than n cnservative assumptins. 4 The cnditins t decide which substance will be used as a midpint reference substance are the fllwing: a clear example substance (with prven effects) fr the cnsidered categry, substance with prven effects (e.g., CFC-11 fr zne layer depletin), a generally accepted reference substance (e.g., CO 2 fr glbal warming) and a substance with relatively lw uncertainties in the fate, expsure and effect mdelisatin (e.g., chlrethylene int air fr human txicity: this substance has a dminant intake pathway thrugh inhalatin and inhalatin is the pathway where the lwest uncertainties ccur). 4

9 kg Triethylene [a] Aquatic ectxicity Ecsystem quality glycl int water -eq Terrestrial kg Triethylene [a] Ecsystem quality ectxicity glycl int sil -eq Terrestrial [b] acidificatin/nutrific kg SO 2 int air -eq Ecsystem quality atin PDF m 2 y pint Aquatic [c] kg SO acidificatin 2 int air -eq Ecsystem quality Aquatic kg PO 3- [c] 4 int water - Ecsystem quality eutrphicatin eq m 2 Organic arable [b] Land ccupatin Ecsystem quality land -eq y Water turbined inventry in m 3 Ecsystem quality Climate change (life [IPCC] Glbal warming kg CO 2 int air -eq kg CO supprt system) 2 int air -eq pint [d] Nn-renewable MJ r kg Crude il - energy eq (860 kg/m 3 Resurces ) MJ pint MJ [b] Mineral extractin Resurces r kg Irn -eq (in re) Water withdrawal inventry in m 3 n/a n/a n/a Human health (DALY) (pint) Water cnsumptin inventry in m 3 Ecsystem quality (PDF m 2 y) (pint) Resurces (MJ) (pint) Nte that the water impact scre is currently under develpment. Surces: [a] IMPACT 2002 (Penningtn et al. 2005, 2006), [b] Ecindicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000), [c] CML 2002 (Guinée et al. 2002), [d] ecinvent (Frischknecht et al. 2003), [IPCC] (IPCC 2001), and [USEPA] (EPA). DALY= Disability-Adjusted Life Years; PDF= Ptentially Disappeared Fractin f species; -eq= equivalents; y= year. The updated midpint CFs fr the substances indicated in Table 1-1 can be dwnladed frm the internet at Units Different types f units are used in IMPACT At midpint level: kg substance s -eq ( kg equivalent f a reference substance s ) expresses the amunt f a reference substance s that equals the impact f the cnsidered pllutant within the midpint categry studies (e.g., the Glbal Warming Ptential n a 100-y scale f fssil based methane is times higher than CO 2, thus its CF is kg CO 2-eq ). At damage level: DALY ( Disability-Adjusted Life Years ) characterizes the disease severity, accunting fr bth mrtality (years f life lst due t premature death) and mrbidity (the time f life with lwer quality due t an illness, e.g., at hspital). Default DALY values f 13 and 1.3 [years/incidence] are adpted fr mst carcingenic and nn-carcingenic effects, respectively (Keller 2005). Nte that these values replace the values f 6.7 and 0.67 calculated by Crettaz et al. (2002) and used in the previus versins f IMPACT (v1.0, v1.1 and v2.0). Fr example, a prduct having a human health scre f 3 DALYs implies the lss f three years f life ver the verall ppulatin years f life lst distributed ver the verall ppulatin and NOT per persn! 5

10 PDF m 2 y ( Ptentially Disappeared Fractin f species ver a certain amunt f m 2 during a certain amunt f year ) is the unit t measure the impacts n ecsystems. The PDF m 2 y represents the fractin f species disappeared n 1 m 2 f earth surface during ne year. Fr example, a prduct having an ecsystem quality scre f 0.2 PDF m 2 y implies the lss f 20% f species n 1 m 2 f earth surface during ne year. MJ ( Mega Jules ) measures the amunt f energy extracted r needed t extract the resurce. At nrmalized damage level: pints are equal t pers y. A pint represents the average impact in a specific categry caused by a persn during ne year in Eurpe 6. In a first apprximatin 7, fr human health, it als represents the average impact n a persn during ne year (i.e., an impact f 3 pints in ecsystem quality represents the average annual impact f 3 Eurpeans. This last interpretatin is als valid fr climate change and resurces.) It is calculated as the ttal yearly damage scre due t emissins and extractins in Eurpe divided by the ttal Eurpean ppulatin. 6 This average impact caused by a persn per year in Eurpe is the ttal impact f the specific categry divided by the ttal Eurpean ppulatin. The ttal impact is the sum f the prduct between all Eurpean emissins and the respective factrs (see chapter 1.5 fr details abut nrmalizatin). 7 Withut taking int accunt intergeneratinal and transbundary impacts. 6

11 1.3. Midpint categries Human txicity (carcingenic and nn-carcingenic effects) Human txicity represents all effects n human health, except fr respiratry effects caused by inrganics, inizing radiatin effects, zne layer depletin effects and phtchemical xidatin effects that are cnsidered separately. This is mainly due because their evaluatin is based n different appraches. CFs fr chrnic txiclgical effects n human health, termed human txicity ptentials at midpint- and human damage factrs at damage level, prvide estimates f the cumulative txiclgical risk and ptential impacts assciated with a specified mass (kg) f a chemical emitted int the envirnment. These are determined with the IMPACT 2002 mdel (IMPact Assessment f Chemical Txics), which mdels risks and ptential impacts per emissin fr several thusand chemicals (Penningtn et al. 2005, 2006). IMPACT 2002 dentes the multimedia fate & multipathway expsure and effects mdel assessing txic emissin n human txicity and ectxicity. The damage CFs are expressed in DALY/kg. Fr the midpint CFs the reference substance is chlrethylene emitted int air and the CFs are expressed in kg chlrethylene int air - eq/kg. Figure 1-2 represents the general scheme f impact pathway fr human txicity and ectxicity used in the tl IMPACT Emissins in cmpartment m Fate factr Effect factr Cncentratin - respnse Severity Fractin transferred t n Time integrated cncentratin in n Species expsure - intake Ptentiall affected fractin f species Time and space integrated damage n ecsystems Dse taken in Risk f affected persns Damage n human health Chemical fate Human expsure Ptency (Dse - respnse) Severity Intake fractin if Effect factr Figure 1-2: General scheme f the impact pathway fr human txicity and ectxicity (Jlliet et al. 2003b) Basic characteristics fr human txicity are the fllwing: Generic factrs are calculated at a cntinental level fr Western Eurpe nested in a Wrld bx. CFs are given fr emissins int air, water, sil and agricultural sils [ sil (agr.) ]. N CFs are yet available fr cean, undergrund water and stratspheric emissins. Fr stratspheric emissins, the CFs fr zne depletin ptential and climate change can be cnsidered valid. Hwever, CFs fr ther midpint categries can be neglected because f the assumptin that the pllutants will be degraded befre reaching the grund and thus will nt have ther effects n human health and ecsystems. 7

12 Human txicity thrugh emissin int agricultural sil [ sil (agr.) ] is derived frm an emissin int average sil with sme mdificatins. The impact thrugh fd pathways is multiplied by a factr f 4.6. Because 22% (1/4.6) f the Eurpean sil is used as agricultural sil, the intake thrugh fd pathway - except fr the ne due t animal breathing - is 4.6 times higher than if the emissins wuld have been released n the entire Eurpean sil area. Human txicity CFs fr heavy metals nly apply fr metals emitted in disslved frm (ins). Currently, the state f the art in human txicity assessment enables a precisin f abut a factr f 100 (tw rders f magnitude) cmpared t an verall variatin f abut 12 rders f magnitude (Rsenbaum et al. 2008). Thus all flws that have an impact ver 1% f the ttal scre shuld be cnsidered as ptentially imprtant. A new CF has been included in vq2.2 fr C10-C50 hydrcarbns (excluding benzene and PAH) emitted int water (Sanscartier et al. 2010): midpint CF = chlrethylene int air -eq /kg, damage CF = 4.21E-9 DALY/kg. Additinal CFs fr human txicity. A user interested in calculating human txicity CFs fr further pllutants can always use the mdel IMPACT 2002 dwnladable at Respiratry effects (caused by inrganics) This impact categry refers t respiratry effects which are caused by inrganic substances. The CFs are given fr emissins int air nly (as it is nt very likely that these pllutants will be emitted int sil r water). Damage CFs are expressed in DALY/kg and taken directly frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). These are based n the wrk f Hfstetter (1998) using epidemilgical studies t evaluate effect factrs. The midpint CFs are expressed in kg PM 2.5 int air -eq /kg and btained by dividing the damage factr f the cnsidered substance by the damage factr f the reference substance (PM 2.5 int air). Particulate matter (PM) can be classified based n their particle size. PM 2.5 cvers all particles < 2.5 m, PM 10 cvers all particles < 10 m and PM tt cvers all particles < 100 m. Cautin shuld be taken t avid duble cunting. This is especially valid fr PM 10 and PM 2.5 (the latter is already cunted in PM 10 ) and fr NO x and NO 2 (the latter is already cunted in NO x ). Therefre, nly ne f the three CFs (PM 2.5, PM 10 r PM tt ) shuld be applied t the inventry. Carcingenic effects f PM are directly included in epidemilgic studies. Accrding t Dckery and Ppe (1994) particles abve 2.5 µm have n adverse effects, because they cannt enter the lung. Thus respiratry effects are nly due t the fractin f particles <2.5 m. Hwever, as in many inventry studies data are given fr PM 10, i.e., including all particulates < 10µm, the CF fr PM 10 is the factr fr PM 2.5 multiplied by a crrectin factr f 0.6, which accrding t Dckery and Ppe (1994) represents the mass rati f PM 2.5 /PM 10 measured in the air. Similarly fr PM tt inventry flws, the CF fr PM tt is the CF fr PM 2.5 multiplied by a crrectin factr f 0.33, which accrding t Dckery and Ppe (1994) represents the mass rati f PM 2.5 /PM tt. Nte that an extensive review and recmmendatin f intake fractins and CFs fr CO, primary PM 10 and PM 2.5, and secndary PM frm SO 2, NO x and NH 3 has been cnducted between 2008 and 2010 by sme f the authrs f IMPACT 2002+, resulting in updated intake factrs and CFs fr the categry respiratry inrganics (see Humbert 2009, Humbert et al. 2011b). Hwever, fr cnsistency reasns with earlier 8

13 assessment using IMPACT 2002+, the versin Q2.2 f IMPACT keeps using the riginal versin f the CF. Factrs frm Humbert (2009) and Humbert et al. (2011b) can be used in sensitivity analysis if needed and will be incrprated in the IMPACT Wrld+ mdel Inizing radiatin Fr the impact categry inizing radiatin the CFs are given fr emissins int air and water. N CFs are currently available fr emissins int sil. Damage CFs are expressed in DALY/Bq and taken directly frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). Midpint CFs are expressed in Bq Carbn-14 int air -eq / Bq and btained by dividing the damage factr f the cnsidered substance by the damage factr f the reference substance (Carbn-14 int air) Ozne layer depletin The CFs f zne layer depletin are given fr emissins int air nly, as it is nt very likely that the cnsidered pllutants will be emitted int sil r water. The midpint CFs are expressed in kg CFC-11 int air -eq / kg and btained frm the US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency Ozne Depletin Ptential List (EPA). Damage CFs are expressed in DALY/kg and fr the midpint reference substance (CFC-11= Trichlrflurmethane) directly taken frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). The damage CFs fr ther substances are btained by multiplying the midpints (in kg CFC-11 int air -eq / kg) with the CFC-11 damage CF Phtchemical xidatin The CFs f phtchemical xidatin are given fr emissins int air nly, as it is nt very likely that the cnsidered pllutants will be emitted int sil r water. Impact n human health: The Impact f phtchemical xidatin n human health is smetimes named Respiratry effects frm rganics. Damage CFs are expressed in DALY/kg and taken directly frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). The midpint CFs are expressed in kg Ethylene int air -eq / kg and are btained by dividing the damage factr f the substance cnsidered by the damage factr f the reference substance (Ethylene int air). Impact n ecsystem quality: Phtchemical xidatin is knwn t have an impact n the grwth f plants (a reductin f yield in Eurpe between 10% and 20%). Hwever, currently n available studies supprt calculatins f the damage n ecsystem quality due t phtchemical xidatin. Nte that Ethylene is als knwn as Ethene Aquatic ectxicity The CFs f aquatic ectxicity are given fr emissins int air, water and sil and quantify the ectxicity effects n (surface) fresh water (referring t streams and lakes). N CFs are available fr emissins int grundwater, stratsphere and ceans. The aquatic ectxicity CFs fr heavy metals nly apply fr metals emitted in disslved frm (ins). The damage CFs are expressed in PDF m 2 y/kg and determined with the IMPACT 2002 mdel (Penningtn et al. 2005, 2006; see Figure 1-2). The midpint CFs are expressed in kg 9

14 Triethylene glycl int water -eq / kg and btained by dividing the damage CF f the substance cnsidered by the damage CF f the reference substance (Triethylene glycl int water). Currently, the state f the art in aquatic ectxicity assessment enables a precisin f abut a factr f 100 (tw rders f magnitude) cmpared t an verall variatin f abut 12 rders f magnitude (Rsenbaum et al. 2008). Thus, all flws that have an impact ver 1% f the ttal scre shuld be cnsidered as ptentially imprtant. A new CF has been included in vq2.2 fr C10-C50 hydrcarbns (excluding benzene and PAH) emitted int water (Sanscartier et al. 2010): midpint CF = kg Triethylene glycl int water -eq / kg, damage CF = 6.53E-7 PDF m 2 y/kg. Additinal CFs fr aquatic ectxicity. A user interested in calculating aquatic ectxicity CFs fr further pllutants can always use the fate, expsure and effects mdel IMPACT 2002 dwnladable at Terrestrial ectxicity Terrestrial ectxicity CFs are calculated in a similar way as aquatic ectxicity CFs fr emissins int air, water and sil. CFs fr heavy metals nly applies fr metals emitted in disslved frm (ins).it has been estimated that the substances have ectxic effects nly by expsure thrugh the aqueus phase in sil. Damage CFs are expressed in PDF m 2 y/kg and determined with the IMPACT 2002 mdel (Penningtn et al. 2005, 2006) (see Figure 1-2). The midpints CFs are expressed in kg Triethylene glycl int sil -eq / kg and btained by dividing the damage CF f the cnsidered substance by the damage CF f the reference substance (Triethylene glycl int sil). A new CF has been included in vq2.2 fr C10-C50 hydrcarbns (excluding benzene and PAH) emitted int water (Sanscartier et al. 2010): midpint CF = 0.11 kg Triethylene glycl int sil -eq / kg, damage CF = 8.7E- 4 PDF m 2 y/kg. Currently, the state f the art in terrestrial ectxicity assessment enables a precisin tw rders f magnitude cmpared t an verall variatin f abut 12 rders f magnitude (Rsenbaum et al. 2008). Thus, all flws that have an impact ver 1% f the ttal scre shuld be cnsidered as ptentially imprtant Aquatic acidificatin The CFs fr aquatic acidificatin are given fr emissins int air, water and sil. Damage CFs are expressed in PDF m 2 y/kg and calculated by multiplying the midpint CFs by 8.82E-3 PDF m 2 y/kg SO 2 int air -eq (Tirad Sec, 2005) 8. Nte that this value is preliminary and a further study is ging n t update this value. The midpint CFs fr aquatic acidificatin are expressed in kg SO 2 int air -eq / kg and taken directly frm CML (Guinée et al. 2002) Aquatic eutrphicatin The CFs fr aquatic eutrphicatin are given fr emissins int air, water and sil. Damage CFs are expressed in PDF m 2 y/kg and calculated by multiplying the midpint CFs by 11.4 PDF m 2 y/ kg PO eq 8 The effect factr s mdel is created n the basis f a dse-effect curve. T calculate the dse-effect curve, changes in cncentratin f acidifying substances are linked t effects n Eurpean aquatic ecsystems. Effects are based n Tachet et al. (2000). 10

15 int water (Pabl Tirad, persnal cmmunicatin). Nte that this value is preliminary and a further study is ging n t update this value. The effect factr s mdel is created n the basis f a dse-effect curve. T calculate the dse-effect curve, changes in cncentratin f eutrphying substances are linked t effects n Eurpean aquatic ecsystems. Effects are based n Tachet et al. (2000). The midpints CFs are expressed in kg PO 3-4 int water -eq / kg and taken directly frm CML (Guinée et al. 2002). Three different versins f the characterizatin factrs exist: P-limited, N-limited and undefined. As default within IMPACT the P-limited versin is applied Terrestrial acidificatin & nutrificatin The CFs are given fr emissins int air nly. N CFs are currently available fr emissins int sil and water. Damage CFs are expressed in PDF m 2 y/kg and taken directly frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). The midpint CFs are expressed in kg SO 2-eq int air / kg and have been btained frm the damage CFs by dividing the damage CF f the substance cnsidered by the damage CF f the reference substance (SO 2 int air) Land ccupatin Land ccupatin damage CFs are expressed in PDF m 2 y/m 2 y and are taken directly frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). Althugh Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000) gives tw sub-categries fr land-use (land ccupatin and land cnversin), in IMPACT nly land ccupatin is cnsidered. Midpints CFs are expressed in m 2 Organic arable land -eq y / m 2 y and btained by dividing the damage CF f the cnsidered flw (namely, type f land) by the damage CF f the reference flw (Organic arable land y). Althugh this midpint unit is given, land ccupatin is ften directly expressed in damage units (PDF m 2 y). As specified in Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000), the damage factrs are based n empirical bservatins f the number f plant species per area type. In such bservatins all effects f the area type are included. This means that next t ccupatin effects, the effects f emissins (pesticides and fertilizers) are als included. T avid duble cunting in these categries [(ec) txicity f pesticides and acidificatin and eutrphicatin ptential f fertilizers], nly emissins that leave the field (thrugh water, ersin and harvest) and emissins that are abve nrmal use shuld be taken int accunt in the LCI Water turbined The inventry f water used nly by turbines (in hydrpwer dams) fr energy (i.e., electricity) generatin is expressed in m 3 f water. It is the sum f the ttal quantity f water turbined t generate the electricity necessary during the life cycle prcesses. The ptential impacts f water turbined, e.g., n ecsystems quality, bidiversity r human health, vary depending n the lcatin (whether the regin is shrt f water r nt) and the type f dam (run-f-river, nn-alpine dams r alpine dams). The midpints CFs are based n vlumes f m 3 water turbined. Damage CFs fr aquatic bidiversity are expressed in PDF m2 y/m 3 f water turbined and based n Maendly and Humbert (2011) as fllws: 11

16 0.004 PDF*m 2 *y per m 3 f water turbined fr run-f-river and nn-alpine dams, and PDF*m 2 *y per m 3 f water turbined fr alpine dams. When nly the elementary flw water turbined exist withut specifying whether it is frm run-f-river, nn-alpine dams r alpine dams, a weighted average value f PDF*m 2 *y per m 3 f water turbined can be used. Althugh water turbined is als assciated with sme damage t human health, n CFs exist yet Glbal warming Glbal warming CFs are given fr emissins int air nly. At the damage level the impact frm glbal warming is presented in a separate damage categry that is expressed in kg CO 2-eq int air / kg, identical t the midpint categry. The midpint CFs fr glbal warming are expressed in kg CO 2-eq int air / kg and taken frm the IPCC list (IPCC 2001, and IPCC 2007 fr CH 4, N 2 O and CO). The Glbal Warming Ptentials (GWPs) fr a 100-year time hrizn are used. The fllwing CFs (fr a 100-year time hrizn) are applied: CO 2, in air = 0 kg CO 2-eq /kg CO 2, fssil = 1 kg CO 2-eq /kg CO 2, land transfrmatin = 1 kg CO 2-eq /kg CO 2, bigenic = 0 kg CO 2-eq /kg CO, fssil = 1.9 kg CO 2-eq /kg (IPCC 2007; value used in IMPACT v2.1 and previus was 1.57 simply based n the stichimetric transfrmatin f CO t CO2) CO, bigenic = 0 kg CO 2-eq /kg CH 4, fssil = kg CO 2-eq /kg effect f CO 2 frm methane degradatin included, see explanatin belw CH 4, bigenic = 25 kg CO 2-eq /kg Explanatin n bigenic CO 2, CH 4 and CO: Clsed bilgic cycles are cnsidered mass balanced ver a time that is small cmpared t human life. Therefre bth raw CO 2 and bigenic CO 2 have a CF f 0. In case the mass balance is nt zer (e.g., nn-degradable bimaterial in landfill r lng term strage f bigenic carbn in materials) adaptatin t the mdel can be dne by calculating the mass balance f what is nt released r cnsidering dynamic LCA t evaluate the effects frm lng term strage. CO 2 frm land transfrmatin is assumed t cme mstly frm defrestatin r f net reductin in the carbn cntent f agricultural sils because f xidatin and therefre nt replaced by an equivalent amunt f carbn in frest r sil OVER THE SAME LAND. It is therefre lked at as a «fssil» emissin and therefre has a CF f 1. Nte that if an inventry wuld classify a certain amunt f CO 2 emitted frm frest r sil as «transfrmatin» whereas this same carbn is als cnsidered as an uptake smewhere else 12

17 in the same inventry, then it shuld actually be classified as «bigenic» and therefre be attributed a CF f 0. CH 4, fssil is given a CF f The GWP fr 100y frm IPCC2007 is adapted by including the effects frm the CO 2 that will be created nce the CH 4 degrades int CO 2. CH 4, bigenic is given a CF f 25, which reflects the GWP f the CH 4 befre it becmes bigenic CO 2 (the later having a GWP f 0). 1 kg f CH 4 results in 2.75 kg f CO 2, meaning that in the value f kg CO 2-eq /kg CH 4, actually 2.75 kg CO 2-eq /kg CH 4 cme frm the CO 2 that will be frmed nce the CH 4 degrade, and nly 25 kg CO 2-eq /kg CH 4 cmes frm the CH 4 itself befre it degrades int CO 2. Nte that the values published in IPCC 2007 fr CH 4 nly includes the direct effects frm CH 4 and d nt include the effects frm the CO 2 that will be created nce the CH 4 degrades int CO 2. Indeed, IPCC suggests ding s t avid duble cunting the impacts frm the CO 2 that frms when CH 4 degrades arguing that ften natinal inventries already cnsider the CO 2 frm CH 4 degradatin in the CO 2 inventry. This is the same reasn why CO is actually nt reprted in IPCC (2007). Hwever, in LCA, inventry databases ften make a carbn mass balance and discunt the carbn emitted as CH 4 frm the carbn emitted as CO 2. Therefre, in the case f LCA, there is n duble cunting if the effects f CO 2 frm CH 4 degradatin are included in the GWP frm CH 4. Unspecified methane is assumed t be bigenic methane unless it can be shwn that it is fssil based methane. Fr sensitivity r interpretatin purpse, the damage f the impact f climate change n ecsystem quality and human health can be calculated using the CFs f De Schryver et al. (2009) Nn-renewable energy CFs fr nn-renewable energy cnsumptin, in terms f the ttal primary energy extracted, are calculated using upper heating values. Damage CFs are expressed in MJ ttal primary nn-renewable energy / unit extracted (unit is kg r m3) and taken frm ecinvent (Frischknecht et al. 2003) 9. The midpint CFs are expressed MJ as well. The midpint CFs can be expressed in kg Crude il -eq (860 kg/m 3 ) / kg extracted, btained by dividing the damage CF f the cnsidered substance by the damage CF f the reference substance (crude il=860 kg/m 3 ), hwever, this is nt recmmended fr use. Until v2.1 the value fr wd was 16.9 MJ/kg. It was changed t 15 MJ/kg in vq2.2. Nte that this value represents renewable energy and therefre is nt part f the nn-renewable energy indicatr but nly given t be used as an indicatr. There is ne case in which wd can be taken int accunt: when cunting the energy lss frm defrestatin (since standing wd in a steady state frest can be seen as an energy stck that is dissipated nce fr all nce burnt) Mineral extractin Damage CFs fr mineral extractin are expressed in MJ surplus energy / kg extracted and taken directly frm Ec-indicatr 99 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). Surplus energy expresses the expected increase f extractin energy needed t extract 5 times the cumulative extracted amunt since the beginning f extractin until Fr mre details see Gedkp and Spriensma (2000). The midpint CFs are expressed in MJ as 9 Frmer characterizatin factrs fr nn-renewable energy given in versins 1.0 and 1.1 have been taken frm BUWAL (1996, p.396). 13

18 well. The midpint CFs can be expressed in kg Irn -eq (in re) -eq / kg extracted, btained by dividing the damage CF f the cnsidered substance by the damage CF f the reference substance (irn, in re), hwever, this is nt recmmended fr use Water withdrawal Due t the current incapacity f majr sftware t perfrm a spatially differentiated assessment, the inventry indicatr water withdrawal is used in the midpint prfile. The inventry water withdrawal includes the water use expressed in m 3 f water needed, whether it is evaprated, cnsumed r released again dwnstream, withut water turbined (i.e., water flwing thrugh hydrpwer dams). It cnsiders drinking water, irrigatin water and water fr and in industrialized prcesses (including cling water). It cnsiders fresh water and sea water. The actual impacts f water withdrawal, e.g., n human health, ecsystems quality r resurces, vary depending n the lcatin (whether the regin is shrt f water r nt, smetimes referred t as water stressed ). The midpint CFs are based n vlume f water withdrawal expressed in m3. N damage factrs yet exist fr water withdrawal as such thugh sme wrk can assess part f the water withdrawal impacts [e.g., using the CF f Van Zelm et al. (2011) fr shallw grund water extractin]. As a preliminary assessment, damage t ecsystem quality can be apprximated by using 5% f the CFs f Pfister et al. (2009) fr water cnsumptin (first apprximatin). Nte that in the default studies, the impact assessment is nt perfrmed due t the cmplexity t evaluate the reginalizatin cmpnent f the study. Reginalized impact assessment has t be perfrmed either by hand (fr very simple studies) r using the Quantis water tl assciated with the Quantis water database (cntact: samuel.vinnet@quantis-intl.cm r sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.cm) and shuld be part f a separate ptin in LCA studies Water cnsumptin Water cnsumptin can be part f the water withdrawal. Nte that water evaprated frm dams is smetimes included in the water withdrawal values, and smetimes nt. Due t the current incapacity f majr sftware t perfrm a spatially differentiated assessment, the inventry indicatr water cnsumptin is used in the midpint prfile. Therefre, the midpint CFs are simply based n vlume f water cnsumed expressed in m3. A reginalized impact assessment can be dne using the factrs f different available impact assessment methds (see Quantis Water Database, cntact: samuel.vinnet@quantis-intl.cm r sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.cm). Nte that in the default studies, the damage assessment is nt perfrmed due t the cmplexity t evaluate the reginalizatin cmpnent f the study. Damage assessment has t be perfrmed either by hand (fr very simple studies) r using the Quantis water tl assciated with the Quantis Water Database (cntact: samuel.vinnet@quantis-intl.cm r sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.cm) Damage categries As shwn in Figure 1-1, all midpint categries can be gruped int five damage categries. 14

19 Human health The human health damage categry is the sum f the midpint categries human txicity, respiratry effects, inizing radiatin, zne layer depletin and phtchemical xidatin. Human health impact is expressed in DALYs (see chapter 1.2 abut units). The human health average damage is DALY/pint (in versin 2.1; see Table 1-2) 10 and is dminated by respiratry effects caused by inrganic substances emitted int air Ecsystem quality The ecsystem quality damage categry is the sum f the midpint categries aquatic ectxicity, terrestrial ectxicity, terrestrial acid/nutr, land ccupatin, and, as f April 2011, aquatic acidificatin, aquatic eutrphicatin and Water turbined. Ecsystem quality impact is expressed in PDFm 2 y (see chapter 1.2 abut units). The ecsystem quality damage is PDFm 2 y/pint (in versin Q2.2) 11 and is dminated by terrestrial ectxicity (9 500 PDFm 2 y/pint) and land ccupatin (3 770 PDFm 2 y/pint) Transfrmatin f units T express the PDF m 2 y in PAF m 3 d (unit used in USEtx), the value in PDF m 2 y needs t be multiplied by 2 PAF/PDF, by 17.8 m 3 /m 2 (nte: value t be discussed depending n which mdel ne wants t be cnsistent with e.g., a value f 2.5 m 3 /m 2 is used in USEtx) and by 365 d/y (= PAF m 3 d/pdf m 2 y). 3- When the eutrphicatin result is given in kg PO 4 -eq (using IMPACT 2002+) int water, then t transfrm it int PAF m 3 d 3- (unit used in USEtx), the value in kg PO 4 -eq int water needs t be multiplied by PAF m 3 d/kg 3- PO 4 -eq int water. In ReCiPe, the endpint factr fr P emissins t freshwater is PDF m 3.day/kg P. This value represents *2 = PAF.m 3.day/kg P, assuming 2 PAF/PDF (value used in IMPACT 2002+). If the midpint CF is expressed in P -eq emitted t freshwater, the cnversin factr frm midpint t endpint is equal t PDF m3.day/kg per P -eq r /365 PDF.m3.year/kg per P -eq If yu want t cnvert t PDF.m2.day/kg, the cnversin factr becmes /3 PDF.m2.day/kg (average river depth is set equal t 3 m). (M. Huijbregts, persnal cmmunicatin, May 23, 2011; based n Struijs et al 2011 IJLCA - CF fr P and Struijs et al 2011 IEAM - CF fr P) S if the results fr eutrphicatin is expressed using kg P -eq frm the methdlgy ReCiPe, then, the cnversin t PDF m2 y and PAF m3 d is dne by multiplying the value in g P -eq by respectively 19.8 PDF m2 y/kg P -eq (ReCiPe) and PAF m3 d/kg P -eq (using 2 PAF/PDF). In additin, 1 kg P -eq = 3.1 kg PO 3-4. Therefre, PAF m3 d/kg P -eq = /3.1 = PAF m3 d/kg PO 3-4 (based n ReCiPe). In the Water Ftprint Netwrk, the limit is set at 10 mgn/l. Using the characterizatin factr f 0.42 kg 3- PO 4 -eq /kg N (IMPACT 2002+, based n CML), 1 L f water plluted by N at the limit f 10 mgn/l = 5.0E- 5 PDF m 2 y = 0.64 PAF m 3 d. This can als be expressed as L -eqn and 1.6 L -eqn plluted respectively fr 1 PDF m 2 y and 1 PAF m 3 d. These damage values are based n IMPACT Using the damage values f ReCiPe, 1 L f water plluted by N at the limit f 10 mgn/l = 2.7E-5 PDF m 2 y = 0.06 PAF m 3 d. 10 The Ec-indicatr 99 HA v2 average human health damage is DALY/pint (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000). 11 In versins 2.0 and 2.1 it was PDF-m2-y and was nt cnsidering impacts frm aquatic acidificatin, aquatic eutrphicatin and turbined water. 15

20 This can als be expressed as L -eqn and 17 L -eqn plluted respectively fr 1 PDF m 2 y and 1 PAF m 3 d calculated with ReCiPe. The Swiss legal limits fr RELEASE (OEaux 1998) 12 fr phsphate are 0.8 mgp/l = 2.5 mgpo 3-4 /L. The impact per liter plluted with phsphate at the legal release limit f Switzerland is therefre = PAF m3 d Climate change The damage categry Climate change is the same categry as the midpint categry glbal warming. Even if it is cnsidered as a damage categry, climate change impact is still expressed in kg CO 2-eq. The climate change damage factr f kg CO 2-eq /pint (see Table 1-2) is largely dminated by CO 2 emissins Resurces The damage categry Resurces is the sum f the midpint categries nn-renewable energy cnsumptin and mineral extractin. This damage categry is expressed in MJ. The resurces damage factr f MJ/pint (see Table 1-2) 13 is largely dminated by nn-renewable energy cnsumptin Nrmalizatin The idea f nrmalizatin is t analyze the respective share f each impact t the verall damage f the cnsidered categry. It facilitates interpretatin f results by cmparing the different categries n the same graph with the same units. It als enables a discussin f the implicatins f weighting. Indeed, it gives an estimatin f the magnitude f the weighting factrs required t discriminate between the different categries. Example: If scenari A cntributes t 0.01 pints (pers y) t human health impact (i.e. 1% f the human health impact caused by the Eurpean emissins and resurce cnsumptin per Eurpean persn during ne year), and 0.1 pints t ecsystem quality (i.e. 10% f the ecsystem quality impact caused by the Eurpean emissins and resurce cnsumptin per Eurpean persn during ne year), then, t have bth damages equivalent (in terms f impact), human health shuld be weighted 10 times mre imprtant than ecsystem quality. This analysis can be extended t ther categries and t cmpare and discriminate different scenaris. The nrmalizatin is perfrmed by dividing the impact (at damage categries) by the respective nrmalizatin factrs (see Table 1-2). A nrmalizatin factr represents the ttal impact f the specific categry divided by the ttal Eurpean ppulatin. The ttal impact f the specific categry is the sum f the prducts between all Eurpean emissins + resurce cnsumptin and the respective damage factrs. The nrmalized characterizatin factr is determined by the rati f the impact per unit f emissin divided by the ttal impact f all substances f the specific categry (fr which CFs exist) per persn per year. The unit f all nrmalized characterizatin factrs is therefre [pint/unit emissin ] = [pers y/unit emissin ] and can be expressed per kg, per Bq, r per (m 2 y). 12 The Eurpean directive 91/271CEE fixes limits fr the release f phsphate cmpunds in receiving water bdies. In functin f the size f the waste water treatment plant these limits fr P tt are f 2 mg/l ( EH) r f 1 mg/l (> EH). 13 Nte: The Ec-indicatr 99 HA v2 (Gedkp and Spriensma 2000) average resurces damage is MJ surplus energy/pers y. 16

21 In ther wrds, it is the impact caused by a Unitarian emissin that is equivalent t the impact generated by the given number f persns during 1 year. Example: An average Eurpean has an annual glbal warming impact f kg CO 2-eq (thrugh all activities in Eurpe). Thus if a substance A emitted int the air has a nrmalized CF f 2 pint/kg, it means that the emissin int air f 1 kg f that substance A will have the same impact (effect) n glbal warming as tw Eurpeans during ne year ( kg CO 2-eq = kg CO 2-eq ). Nrmalized damage scres can be btained by either f the fllwing methds: by dividing by nrmalizatin factrs (NF d in DALY 14 /pint) after having applied damage factrs (DF dm in DALY 15 /unit emissin ) t emissins (unit emissin ), r directly by applying nrmalized damage factrs (DF n in pint/unit emissin ) t emissins (unit emissin ). An verview f nrmalizatin factrs fr the fur damage categries is given in Table 1-2. The main surce used fr Eurpean emissins is CML (Guinée et al. 2002). Table 1-3 shws the Eurpean ppulatin (EU pp ) used fr mdeling and nrmalizatin. Table 1-2 : Nrmalizatin factrs (NF d ) fr the fur damage categries fr Western Eurpe, fr versins 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 and 2.1. Damage categries Nrmalizatin factrs fr damage categries (NF d ) Unit versin 1.0 & 1.1 versin 2.0 versin 2.1 versin Q2.2 Human Health DALY/pint Ecsystem Quality PDF.m 2.y/pint Climate Change kg CO 2 int air/pint Resurces MJ/pint Table 1-3: Eurpean ppulatin used fr mdeling and nrmalizatin in the different versins. IMPACT 2002 human txicity and ectxicity mdeling IMPACT nrmalizatin (except glbal warming and nnrenewable energy cnsumptin) IMPACT nrmalizatin (glbal warming) IMPACT nrmalizatin (nnrenewable energy cnsumptin, at midpint) IMPACT nrmalizatin (minerals, at midpint) IMPACT nrmalizatin (resurces, at damage) EU pp versin 1.0 & 1.1 versin 2.0 & 2.1 versin Q pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers '000 pers 14 r PDF m 2 y, r kg CO 2-eq, r MJ. 15 r PDF m 2 y, r kg CO 2-eq, r MJ. 16 Difference between versin 2.0 and the previus versins is cming frm the update f Eurpean ppulatin ( instead f ) and the update f several emissins. 17 Difference between versin 2.1 and versin 2.0 is cming frm the update f the DALY per case f cancer and nn-cancer t 13 and 1.3 respectively instead f 6.7 and 0.67 in the previus versins. 18 Difference between versin 2.1 and versin 2.0 is cming frm the update f the DALY per case f cancer and nn-cancer t 13 and 1.3 respectively instead f 6.7 and 0.67 in the previus versins. 19 Difference between versin 2.0 and the previus versins is cming frm the additin f several dminant emissins (mainly heavy metals) fr aquatic and terrestrial ectxicity. 17

22 2. Cautins, Limitatins and interpretatin 2.1. Link between Life Cycle inventry and Life Cycle Impact Assessment Sme relevant pints t be aware f Emissin f metals. The user shuld be aware that current Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methdlgies have prblems in mdeling speciatin, biavailability and bicncentratin f metals, bth fr shrt term and lng term emissins. Current Characterizatin Factrs (CFs) f IMPACT nly apply fr metals emitted in disslved frm (ins). Therefre, metal emissins have t be apprpriately specified in the life cycle inventry analysis. Fr practical reasns, in the IMPACT substance list, the factrs have been assciated t the CAS-number and names f the elementary frm f the metals (nt ins). Hwever, as mentined abve, if CFs are nt applied nly t disslved frms (ins) the final scre results can be substantially verestimated. Shrt term emissins and lng term emissins. Cnsidered as lng term emissins are the emissins ccurring after 100 years (up t a maximum f years; e.g., fr heavy metals leaching frm a landfill). Emissins ccurring befre 100 years are cnsidered as shrt term emissins. In the LCIA we are evaluating as a default lng term emissins equal t present emissins (same CF), as there is little reasn that a pllutant emissin in 2000 years is less harmful than in the present. Hwever, the develpers f IMPACT suggest that lng and shrt term emissins shuld never be directly added up r nly be used ne by ne, but bth shuld be presented in the results and used fr interpretatin. This is particularly the case fr persistent chemicals such as heavy metals. We therefre recmmend users t check impacts f lng term emissins fr which the same CFs as fr shrt-term emissins are used within a sensitivity study t verify if these pllutants culd ptentially represent a prblem fr future generatins, being cnscius that uncertainty n thse estimatins might be extremely imprtant. In additin, it is nt clear if these lng term emissins+expsure are higher than the lng term natural emissins + expsure, which culd have ccurred anyway withut human interventin (as a substitutin principle). If stabilizatin can be cnsidered cmparable t nature, in sme respect there is n increase in emissin levels Implementatin in different types f sftware IMPACT can be frmatted t be used with the different types f LCIA sftware available n the market. Presently, this methdlgy is frmatted fr Quantis SUITE 2.0, SimaPr and GaBi. It can be dwnladed frm ur website r btained thrugh the cntact with the main authrs f this user guide. Annex 3 presents the way IMPACT is implemented int Quantis SUITE 2.0, SimaPr and GaBi and hw it has t be used Hw t check and interpret results? When calculating the envirnmental impact using IMPACT2002+, several things have t be cnsidered while interpreting the results. 18

23 Climate change and resurces cnsumptin are in general crrelated, except when a lt f nuclear pwer energy has been used, which will increase the impact f resurce cnsumptin cmpared t climate change. This is the case when cmparing Eurpean and Swiss r French electricity mix. The Swiss r French mix shw a smaller rati CO 2 /MJ prim nn-renewable, due t the fact that 40%-80% f the electricity is generated by the nuclear pwer plant. Sme ther particular cases exist where climate change will increase cmpared t resurce cnsumptin, like fr instance fr prcesses that emit a lt f methane (CH 4 ) 20 r sulfur hexafluride (SF 6 ) 21. When climate change and resurce cnsumptin are dminated by rad transprts, the rati between CO 2 emitted and energy cnsumed shuld be apprximately 60 gco 2 /MJ. This rati is valid fr mst f the fssil fuels based energy use. Fr scenaris that are dminated by rad transprt r fssil fuels cnsumptin (cal/il electricity, heating, etc.), human health (in DALYs) is generally dminated by respiratry effects due t inrganics. Next t this, the ranking f respiratry effects due t inrganics are crrelated t energy and especially climate change midpint categries. If txicity is dminated by heavy metals, ne shuld check if they are cming frm shrt term r lng term emissins and interpret the results apprpriately (see 2.1). Currently, the state f the art in human txicity and ectxicity assessment enable a precisin abut a factr 100 (tw rders f magnitude) cmpared t an verall variatin f abut 12 rders f magnitude. Thus all flws that have an impact ver 1% f the ttal scre shuld be cnsidered as ptentially imprtant. Fr a very initial discussin, any difference lwer than 10% is nt cnsidered significant fr the energy and glbal warming scres. The difference needs t be higher than 30% t be significant fr respiratry inrganics r acidificatin and eutrphicatin. Fr the txicity categries, an rder f magnitude (factr 10) difference is typically required fr a difference t be significant, especially if the dminant emissins are different between scenaris r are dminated by lng-term emissins frm landfill that can be highly uncertain. (based n Humbert et al LCA f baby jars and pts) The fllwing examples give a first indicatin f the rders f magnitude expected fr sme results. Hwever, these are rugh estimatins and shuldn t be used as such fr specific applicatins. A car has an average impact f 0.02 DALY fr human health, PDFm 2 y fr ecsystem quality, kg CO 2-eq fr glbal warming and MJ fr resurce cnsumptin (Internal results f different studies by EPFL). These values include the manufacturing, use during km and end-f-life. The use f 1 kwh f electricity (UCTE lw vltage) has an average impact f 4E-7 DALY fr human health, 0.2 PDFm 2 y fr ecsystem quality, 0.6 kg CO 2-eq fr glbal warming and 12 MJ fr resurce cnsumptin (ecinvent 2.2). The prductin f 1 m3 f cncrete has an average impact f 8E-5 DALY fr human health, 19 PDFm 2 y fr ecsystem quality, 260 kg CO 2-eq fr glbal warming and 1400 MJ fr resurce cnsumptin (ecinvent 2.2). 20 like with landfills r agriculture. 21 SF 6 can dminate the prductin f magnesium fr instance. 19

24 2.3. Uncertainties Uncertainties can ccur in the inventry, in the fate, in the expsure r in the effect part f the impact assessment calculatin. Fr instance, expsure can be the driving verall uncertainty surce fr chemicals mainly taken in via milk r meat. Generally speaking, uncertainties in glbal warming and resurces are lw cmpared t uncertainties in human health and ecsystem quality. Table 2-1 gives a rugh apprximatin f the type f uncertainties (fr the fate, expsure and effect parts) fr the different midpint and damage categries fr IMPACT versin 2.0, 2.1 and Q2.2. Currently, the state f the art in human txicity and ectxicity assessments enables a precisin f abut tw rders f magnitude cmpared t an verall variatin f abut 12 rders f magnitude. Thus, all flws that have an impact ver 1% f the ttal scre shuld be cnsidered as ptentially imprtant. Table 2-1: Type f uncertainties (fr the fate and effect parts) fr the different midpint and damage categries fr IMPACT versin 2.0 and 2.1 and Q2.2. Midpint categry Human txicity (carcingens + nn-carcingens) uncertainties fr fate, expsure and effect High (higher fr nncarcingens than fr carcingens) Damage categry Human health uncertainties fr fate, expsure and effect Respiratry (inrganics) Lw Human health Lw Inizing radiatins High Human health High Ozne layer depletin Medium Human health Medium High uncertainties fr fate, expsure and effect Medium (since in general dminated by respiratry inrganics) Phtchemical xidatin (= Respiratry (rganics) fr human health) Medium Human health Ecsystem quality Medium n/a Aquatic ectxicity High Ecsystem quality Medium Terrestrial ectxicity Very high Ecsystem quality High Terrestrial acidificatin/nutrificatin High Ecsystem quality Medium Aquatic acidificatin Lw Ecsystem quality Medium Aquatic eutrphicatin Lw Ecsystem quality Medium Land ccupatin High Ecsystem quality Lw Water turbined Lw Ecsystem quality Medium Glbal warming Lw Climate change (life supprt system) Lw at midpint High at damage High Lw at midpint High at damage Nn-renewable energy Lw Resurces Lw Lw Mineral extractin Medium Resurces Medium Human health High High Water withdrawal Lw Ecsystem quality High High Resurces n/a n/a Human health High High Water cnsumptin Lw Ecsystem quality Medium Medium Resurces Medium Medium 20

25 3. Weighting The authrs suggest cnsidering the fur (r five if water impact scre is used) damage riented impact categries human health, ecsystem quality, climate change, and resurces separately fr the interpretatin phase f Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Hwever, if aggregatin is needed, ne culd use self-determined weighting factrs r a default weighting factr f ne, unless ther scial weighting values are available. Als, it is always pssible t use the factrs f De Schryver et al. (2009) t bring glbal warming t human health and ecsystem quality therefre reducing the number f damage categries t interpret. An intelligent way f analyzing the different weightings pssible can be dne by applying the mixing triangle. This methd is presented in Annex 2. Finally, the authrs wuld like t stress again that, accrding t ISO nrms, weighting is nt usable fr cmparative assertins disclsed t the public (ISO 14044). 21

26 4. Abbreviatins and Numerical Hypthesis 4.1. Abbreviatins and Glssary AEEF BUWAL BW categry endpint characterizatin factr CF CF m DALY DF dm DF dm refsub DF n Aquatic Ectxiclgical Effect Factr [PAFm 3 /kg] Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landwirtschaft (Swiss Agency fr the Envirnment, Frests and Landscape, SAEFL) Bdy Weight [kg/pers] Attribute r aspect f natural envirnment, human health, r resurces, identifying an envirnmental issue giving cause fr cncern (ISO 14044) factr derived frm a characterizatin mdel which is applied t cnvert an assigned life cycle inventry analysis result t the cmmn unit f the categry indicatr (ISO 14044) Characterizatin Factr (in general) Midpint Characterizatin Factr [kg SubstanceX -eq /kg] Disability-Adjusted Life Years [year] Damage Factr fr the cnsidered midpint categries [ damage 22 /kg] Damage Factr f the cnsidered reference substance fr the cnsidered midpint categry [ damage 23 /kg-reference_substance] Nrmalized Damage Factr [pints 24 /kg] EC50 Effect Cncentratin fr 50% ED10 Effect-Dse, 10% EF elementary flw Effect Factr material r energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn frm the envirnment withut previus human transfrmatin, r material r energy leaving the system being studied that is released int the envirnment withut subsequent human transfrmatin (ISO 14044) functinal unit Quantified perfrmance f a prduct system fr use as a reference unit (ISO 14040) EPA GWP HDF if IMPACT 2002 US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency Glbal Warming Ptential Human Damage Factr intake Fractin [kg intake /kg] IMPact Assessment f Chemical Txics and dentes the multimedia fate & multipathway expsure and effects mdel assessing txic emissin n human txicity 22 in DALY, PDFm2y, kg CO 2-eq r MJ 23 in DALY, PDFm2y, kg CO 2-eq r MJ 24 pint = persy 22

27 and ectxicity IMPACT impact categry IPCC the cmplete LCIA methdlgy, including all impact categries class representing envirnmental issues f cncern t which LCI results may be assigned (ISO 14044) Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change Kw ctanl-water partitin cefficient, Kw = [kg sub /l ctanl ] / [kg sub /l water ] = [l water /l ctanl ] LCI LC(I)A LO(A)EL LT h MJ NF d NO(A)EL OBD ODP OFEFP PAF PDF prduct TD TEEF UBP YLL Life Cycle Inventry Life Cycle (Impact) Assessment Methdlgy Lw Observed (Adverse) Effect Level average Life Time f humans [years] Mega Jules Nrmalizatin Factr fr the cnsidered damage categry [ damage /pints] (see Table 1-2). Damage can be in DALY, PDFm 2 y, kg CO 2-eq r MJ N Observed (Adverse) Effect Level Oxygen Bilgical Demand Ozne Depletin Ptential Office Fédéral de l Envirnnement, des Frêts et du Paysage (Swiss Agency fr the Envirnment, Frests and Landscape, SAEFL) Ptentially Affected Fractin f species Ptentially Disappeared Fractin f species Prduct systems and service systems (in the Internatinal Standard (ISO 14044) the term prduct used alne includes nt nly prduct systems but can als include service systems). Tumr Dse Terrestrial Ectxiclgical Effect Factr [PAFm 3 /kg] Umweltbelastungspunkte = ec-pint in German Years f Life Lst 4.2. Numerical Hypthesis BW = Average Bdy Weight = 70 kg/pers. F c = sil s relative cntent f rganic carbn by dry matter = 0.02 kg rg matter /kg dry sil (Hauschild and Wenzel P.257) LT h = 70 years. Octanl: ctanl = Vlumetric mass f ctanl = 800 kg ctanl /m 3 ctanl Organic Matter: Redfield rati: C:N:P = 106:16:1 (SETC-LCIA p.91). Average cmpsitin f algae: C 106 H 263 O 110 N 16 P (CML92 Backgrunds-Octber92 p.101). 23

28 Sil: Dry sil = kg dry sil /m 3 dry sil (Mackay 2001) Sil structure/cmpsitin (% vlume) (MacKay 2001, p. 64) 20% air = ~ 0 kg air /m 3 bulk 30% water = 300 kg water /m 3 bulk 50% dry sil = kg dry sil /m 3 bulk Ttal = bulk = kg bulk /m 3 bulk Water = kg water /m 3 water 5. Acknwledgements The authrs wuld like t thank all researchers wh reviewed and cmmented n the previus draft in rder t imprve this user guide, especially Gerald Rebitzer, Ralph Rsenbaum, Isabelle Blanc, Jérôme Payet, Jsef Kaenzig, Cécile Guignard and Vincent Rssi. 6. Surces 6.1. References Barrin G (2003). Phsphre, Azte et Prlifératin des Végétaux Aquatiques. Currier de l Envirnnement de l INRA 48, Bennett DH, McKne TE, Evans JS, Nazarff WW, Margni MD, Jlliet O and Smith KR (2002a). Defining Intake Fractin. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 36, 207A-211A. Bennett DH, Margni M, McKne TE and Jlliet O (2002b). Intake fractin fr multimedia pllutants: A tl fr life cycle analysis and cmparative risk assessment. Risk Analysis 22, BUWAL (1996). Ökinventare für Verpackungen. Vl. 250/II, Schriftenreihe Umwelt, Abfälle, BUWAL, Bern, Switzerland. BUWAL (1999). Öklgische Bewertung mit Hilfe der Grauen Energie. Schriftenreihe Umwelt, Ökbilanzen, Vl. 307, Bern, Switzerland. Crettaz P, Penningtn D, Rhmberg L, Brand B and Jlliet O (2002). Assessing Human Health Respnse in Life Cycle Assessment Using ED10s and DALYs: Part 1-Cancer Effects. Risk Analysis 22, De Schryver AM, Brakkee KW, Gedkp MJ and Huijbregts MAJ (2009). Characterizatin Factrs fr Glbal Warming in Life Cycle Assessment Based n Damages t Humans and Ecsystems. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 43, Dckery DW and Ppe CA (1994). Acute respiratry effects f particulate pllutin. Annual Review f Public Health 15, USEPA. Ozne Depletin Ptential List. US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency, visited March Available at Frischknecht R, Steiner R, Braunschweig A, Egli N and Hildesheimer G (2006). Swiss eclgical scarcity methd: the new versin ESU-services, Uster, Switzerland. 24

29 Frischknecht R, Steiner R and Jungbluth N (2008). Ökbilanzen: Methde der öklgischen Knappheit- Ökfaktren Methde für die Wirkungsabschätzung in Ökbilanzen Öbu SR 28/2008. Öbu wrks fr sustainability, Zürich, Switzerland. Frischknecht et al. (2003). Ecinvent Database, Duebendrf, Switzerland. Available at Gedkp M and Spriensma R (2000). The Ec-indicatr 99: A Damage Oriented Methd fr Life Cycle Assessment, Methdlgy Reprt, secnd editin. PRé Cnsultants, Amersfrt, The Netherlands. Gedkp M, Heijungs R, Huijbregts MAJ, De Schryver AM, Struijs J and Van Zelm R (2008). ReCiPe 2008: A life-cycle impact assessment methd which cmprises harmnised categry indicatrs at the midpint and the endpint level; First editin; Reprt I: Characterisatin. VROM, Den Haag, The Netherlands. Available at Guinée JB, Grrée M, Heijungs R, Huppes G, Kleijn R, van Oers L, Wegener Sleeswijk A, Suh S, Ud de Haes HA, de Bruijn H, van Duin R and Huijbregts MAJ (2002). Life Cycle Assessment: An Operatinal Guide t the ISO Standards. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Drdrecht, The Netherlands. Hauschild M and Wenzel H (1998). Envirnmental Assessment f Prducts Vl. 2: Scientific Backgrund, Chapman & Hall. ISBN Heijungs R, Guinée JB, Huppes G, Lankreijer RM, Ud de Haes HA, Wegener Sleeswijk A, Ansems AMM, Eggels PG, van Duin R and Gede HP (1992). Envirnmental Life Cycle Assessment f Prducts. Centre f Envirnmental Science (CML), Leiden, The Netherlands. Hfstetter P (1998). Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. A structured apprach t cmbine mdels f the technsphere, ecsphere and valuesphere. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Drdrecht, The Netherlands. Humbert S (2009). Gegraphically Differentiated Life-cycle Impact Assessment f Human Health. Dctral Dissertatin, University f Califrnia, Berkeley, Berkeley, Califrnia, USA. Humbert S, Rssi V, Margni M, Jlliet O and Lerincik Y (2009). Life cycle assessment f tw baby fd packaging alternatives: glass jars vs. plastic pts. Internatinal Jurnal f Life Cycle Assessment 14, , DOI /s Avialable at Humbert S, Marshall JD, Shaked S, Spadar J, Nishika Y, Preiss Ph, McKne TE, Hrvath A and Jlliet O (2011). Intake fractins fr particulate matter: Recmmendatins fr life cycle impact assessment. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 45, IPCC (2001). Climate change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change Available at IPCC (2007). Frster P, Ramaswamy V, Artax P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywd J, Lean J, Lwe DC, Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van Drland R. Chapter 2: Changes in atmspheric cnstituents and in radiative frcing. In: Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Cntributin f Wrking Grup I t the Furth Assessment Reprt f the Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change [Slmn S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignr M, Miller HL (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdm and New Yrk, New Yrk, USA. 25

30 ISO (2006a). ISO 14040: Envirnmental management: Life-cycle assessment: Principles and framewrk. Internatinal Organizatin fr Standardizatin, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at ISO (2006b). ISO 14044: Envirnmental management: Life-cycle assessment: Requirements and guidelines. Internatinal Organizatin fr Standardizatin, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at Jlliet O, Brent A, Gedkp M, Itsub N, Mueller-Wenk R, Peña C, Schenk R, Stewart M and Weidema B (2003a). LCIA Definitin Study f the SETAC-UNEP Life Cycle Initiative. UNEP. Available at Jlliet O, Penningtn D, Amman C, Pelichet T, Margni M and Crettaz P (2003b). Cmparative Assessment f the Txic Impact f Metals n Humans within IMPACT In: Dubreuil A (Ed.): Life Cycle Assessment f Metals Issues and Research Directins, SETAC Press, ISBN Jlliet O, Margni M, Charles R, Humbert S, Payet J, Rebitzer G and Rsenbaum R (2003c). IMPACT 2002+: A New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methdlgy. Internatinal Jurnal f Life Cycle Assessment 8 (6), Jlliet O and Crettaz P (1997). Critical Surface-Time 95, a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methdlgy, including Expsure and Fate. EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Jlliet O (1994). Critical Surface-Time: An Evaluatin Methd fr Life Cycle Assessment. In: Ud de Haes HA et al. (Ed.): Integrating Impact Assessment int LCA. SETAC Press, Keller S-P (2005). Assessing human Effect Factrs fr cancer in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Diplma thesis, ENAC SSIE, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Mackay D (2001). Multimedia Envirnmental Mdels: The Fugacity Apprach, 2 nd Publishers, Bca Ratn, Flrida, USA. editin. Lewis Murray C and Lpez A (1996). The Glbal Burden f Disease, a Cmprehensive Assessment f Mrtality and Disability frm Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factrs in 1990 and Prjected t Glbal Burden f Disease and Injury Series, Vl.1 & 2. Harvard Schl f Public Health, Wrld Health Organizatin and Wrld Bank, Geneva, Switzerland. Payet J (2004). Assessing txic impacts n aquatic ecsystems in life cycle assessment (LCA). PhD dissertatin. ENAC, SSIE, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Payet J and Jlliet O (2003). Cmparative Assessment f the Txic Impact f Metals n Aquatic Ecsystems: the AMI Methd. In: Dubreuil A (Ed.): Life Cycle Assessment f Metals Issues and Research Directins, SETAC Press, ISBN Payet J (2002). Dévelppement de la Méthde AMI. Agence de l Envirnnement et de la Maîtrise de l Energie, Paris, France. Penningtn DW, Margni M, Payet J and Jlliet O (2006) 25. Risk and Regulatry Hazard Based Txiclgical Effect Indicatrs in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Human and Ectxiclgical Risk Assessment Jurnal 12, Penningtn DW, Margni M, Amman C and Jlliet O (2005). Spatial versus nn-spatial multimedia fate and expsure mdeling: Insights fr Western Eurpe. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 39(4), This paper (Penningtn et al. 2006) has been awarded as the best paper f the year integrating human and ectxiclgical risk assessment. 26

31 Penningtn D, Crettaz P, Tauxe A, Rhmberg L, Brand B and Jlliet O (2002). Assessing Human Health Respnse in Life Cycle Assessment Using ED10s and DALYs: Part 2-Nncancer Effects. Risk Analysis 22, Pfister S, Kehler A and Hellweg S (2009). Assessing the envirnmental impacts f freshwater cnsumptin in LCA. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 43, Sanscartier D, Margni M, Reimer K and Zeeb B (2010). Cmparisn f the Secndary Envirnmental Impacts f Three Remediatin Alternatives fr a Diesel-Cntaminated Site in Nrthern Canada. Sil and Sediment Cntaminatin 19, Steen B (1999). A systematic apprach t envirnmental pririty strategies in prduct develpment (EPS). Versin 2000 Mdels and data f the default methd. Chalmers, Gthenburg, Sweden. Available at Tachet H, Richux P, Burnaud M and Ussegli-Platera (2000). Invertébrés d eau duce. Systématique, bilgie, éclgie. CNRS Editins, Paris, France. Tirad Sec P (2005). Develpment f damage functins fr aquatic eutrphicatin in Life Cycle Assessment. Mémire 116. Directin : Prf. Jlliet O, Payet DJ, EPFL, Lausanne, répndant Dr J.-L. Lizeau, Institut F.-A. Frel, Université de Genève, Switzerland. Van Zelm R, Schipper AM, Rmbuts M, Snepvangers J and Huijbregts MAJ (2011). Implementing Grundwater Extractin in Life Cycle Impact Assessment: Characterizatin Factrs Based n Plant Species Richness fr the Netherlands. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 45, Vernes F, Hanafiah MM, Pfister S, Huijbregts MAJ, Pelletier GJ and Kehler A (2010). Characterizatin Factrs fr Thermal Pllutin in Freshwater Aquatic Envirnments. Envirnmental Science and Technlgy 44, Internet Links and dwnladable files The multimedia mdel IMPACT 2002 and the LCIA methdlgy IMPACT 2002+, including all the supprting infrmatin (summary, papers, mdel and characterizatin factrs) is accessible fr dwnlad at the fllwing web page: r by cntacting the crrespnding authrs (sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.cm). Table 6-1 gives an exhaustive list f the files mentined in this dcument and available fr dwnlad. Table 6-1: Main cmputer files mentined in this dcument. LCIA methdlgy IMPACT Subject IMPACT versin Q2.2 (versin adapted by Quantis) characterizatin factrs. Excel spreadsheet including the cmplete list f characterizatin factrs f all 17 midpint and 4 damage categries. IMPACT versin 2.1 characterizatin factrs. Excel spreadsheet including the cmplete list f characterizatin factrs f all 17 midpint and 5 Name f the file IMPACT2002+_vQ2.2_CF_1a.xls IMPACT2002+_v2.1_CF_2b.xls CANCELED 27

32 damage categries. CANCELED IMPACT versin 2.1 characterizatin factrs. Excel spreadsheet including the cmplete list f characterizatin factrs f all 14 midpint and 4 damage categries. IMPACT versin 2.0 characterizatin factrs. Excel spreadsheet including the cmplete list f characterizatin factrs f all 14 midpint and 4 damage categries. IMPACT versin 2.1 characterizatin factrs fr SimaPr 6.0..cvs file with characterizatin factrs ready t be imprted in SimaPr 6.0 sftware. IMPACT versin 2.0 characterizatin factrs fr SimaPr 6.0..cvs file with characterizatin factrs ready t be imprted in SimaPr 6.0 sftware. IMPACT versin 2.0 characterizatin factrs fr SimaPr 5.1..cvs file with characterizatin factrs ready t be imprted in SimaPr 5.1 sftware. IMPACT versin 2.1 characterizatin factrs fr Gabi 4..xls file with characterizatin factrs ready t be imprted in GaBi sftware (upgraded versin 4). IMPACT versin 2.0 characterizatin factrs fr Gabi 4..xls file with characterizatin factrs ready t be imprted in GaBi sftware (upgraded versin 4). IMPACT versin 2.1 User Guide. Practical guide supprting the user fr a prper applicatin f the LCIA methdlgy, explaining hw t represent and interpret results with meaning and limitatin abut the characterizatin factrs IMPACT versin 2.1 Methdlgy Descriptin. It gives the scientific backgrund hw the characterizatin factrs are calculated. IMPACT2002+_v2.1_CF_1b.xls IMPACT2002+_v2.1_CF_3a.xls IMPACT2002+_v2.0_CF_2f.xls IMPACT2002+_v2.1_SimaPr6.0_1a.csv IMPACT2002+_v2.0_SimaPr6.0_2b.csv IMPACT2002+_v2.0_SimaPr5.1_1a.csv IMPACT2002+_v2.1_GaBi4_1a.xls IMPACT2002+_v2.0_GaBi4_1c.xls IMPACT2002+ User Guide (fr v2.1), Draft.pdf IMPACT2002+ Methdlgy Descriptin (fr v2.1), Draft.pdf Old versins/files available by cntacting inf@impactmdeling.rg & sebastien.humbert@quantis-intl.cm IMPACT versin 1.0 characterizatin factrs IMPACT2002+_v1.0_CF_1c.xls IMPACT versin 1.1 characterizatin factrs IMPACT2002+_v1.1_CF_1f.xls Multimedia fate & multipathways expsure and effect mdel IMPACT 2002 Subject IMPACT 2002 mdel Eurpe Single Zne. Mdel used in versins 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 and 2.1 f IMPACT Name f the file IMPACT2002-EurpeSingleZne-public1.2.xls 28

33 7. Annexes 7.1. Annex 1: Nrmalizatin factrs fr the midpint categries In pririty, the authrs suggest t analyze nrmalized scres at damage level. Indeed, this will avid ding an uncnscius weighting f 1 between the different midpint categries within the same damage categry. Nevertheless, fr thse wh wuld like t stp at midpint level, apprpriate nrmalized characterizatin factrs are als available). An verview f nrmalizatin factrs fr the furteen midpint categries is given in Table 7-1. Table 7-1: Nrmalizatin factrs fr the furteen midpint categries fr Western Eurpe, fr versins 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 2.1 & Q2.2. Midpint categries Human txicity (carcingens) Human txicity (nn-carcingens) Human txicity (carcingens + nn-carcingens) versin 1.0 & Nrmalizatin factrs versin and versin Q Unit kg Chlrethylene int air -eq kg Chlrethylene int air -eq kg Chlrethylene int air -eq Respiratry (inrganics) kg PM 2.5 int air -eq Inizing radiatins 6.04E E E+5 Bq Carbn-14 int air -eq Ozne layer depletin kg CFC-11 int air -eq Phtchemical xidatin (= Respiratry (rganics) fr human health) kg Ethylene int air -eq Water withdrawal E+5 kg Water withdrawal Aquatic ectxicity 3.02E E E+6 kg Triethylene glycl int water -eq Terrestrial ectxicity Terrestrial acidificatin/nutrificatin kg Triethylene glycl -eq int water (v1.0) E+4 (v1.1) 1.20E E kg Triethylene glycl int sil -eq kg SO 2 int air -eq Aquatic acidificatin kg SO 2 int air -eq Aquatic eutrphicatin kg PO 4 3- int water -eq Land ccupatin m 2 Organic arable land -eq y Water turbined E+4 m3 Water turbined Glbal warming kg CO 2 int air -eq Nn-renewable energy MJ kg Crude il -eq (860 kg/m 3 ) 26 Little differences between versin 1.1 and versin 2.0 (the decrease f abut 10%) is due t update f the Eurpean ppulatin and additin f sme emissins l/pers.day = kg/pers.y 28 The big difference between versin 1.1 and 2.0 fr aquatic ectxicity is due t the additin f emissins f several dminant pllutants (mainly heavy metals). The user shuld be aware that this nrmalizatin factr is subject t a lt f discussins (high uncertainties). 29 This number was a mistake in versin The big difference between versin 1.1 and 2.0 fr terrestrial ectxicity is due t the additin f emissins f several dminant pllutants (mainly heavy metals). The user shuld be aware that this nrmalizatin factr is subject t a lt f discussins (high uncertainties). 31 ~4 000 kwh/pers.y * 4.34 m3/kwh UCTE (Lw Vltage) = m3/pers.y 32 This value is wrng. The crrect values is the ne specified fr versin 2.0 & 2.1 (3 330 kg Crude il-eq (860 kg/m3)). 33 "=" 152'000 MJ/pers.y / 45.8 MJ/kg crude il 29

34 Mineral extractin MJ kg Irn -eq (in re) 7.2. Annex 2: The mixing triangle Since equal weighting is highly debatable, we prpse t the user t apply the methd f the mixing triangle (Hfstetter p.362), which is especially apprpriated t discuss the trade-ff between different impact categries. The mixing triangle can nly be used t cmpare three categries. Thus if the user want t take int accunt all fur damage categries tw f them have t be summed (e.g. climate change and resurces, because f high crrelatins in mst situatins). As an example, in the fllwing mixing triangle, relatins between the nrmalized damage f three scenaris S1, S2 and S3 have been represented. This example is based withut cnsidering water use. Table 7-2: Nrmalized damage [pints/scenari (= pers y/scenari)] used in the mixing triangle. S1 S2 S3 Human Health 1.35E E E-01 Ecsystem Quality 1.78E E E-01 Climate Change 3.98E E E+00 Resurces 4.08E E E+00 W EQ = Weighting factr fr the damage t ecsystem quality. W HH = Weighting factr fr the damage t human health. W R = Weighting factr fr the damage categries Climate Change and Resurces. W EG + W HH + W R = 100% W R = W CC + W Resurce Figure 7-1: The mixing triangle fr IMPACT 2002+, fr cmparisn between three scenaris S1, S2 and S3. Since in mst situatins Climate Change and Resurces are highly crrelated, as a matter f simplificatin, it is pssible t represent their weight by the sum W R. Arrws represent the directin in which the different weights shuld be read. 34 The difference between versin 1.1 and 2.0 is cming mainly frm the additins f dminant extractins in versin 2.0 fr the cmputatin f nrmalizatin factr. 30