ECOLOGY NOTES. Biosphere. Biome. Ecosystem. Community. Population. Organism. What are the ecological levels of organization?

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1 ECOLOGY NOTES What is eclgy? The study f the f living things with ne anther and with the What are the eclgical levels f rganizatin? (SB4a) Bisphere Bime CLIMATE is determined by and. Ecsystem PARTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM Cmmunity BIOTIC FACTORS the parts f an ecsystem Examples Ppulatin ABIOTIC FACTORS the r physical parts f an ecsystem Organism Examples Interactin Examples

2 KEYSTONE SPECIES a species that is t an ecsystem because it affects the and f many ther. Sea tter eat. Sea urchins eat. Kelp frests prvide fr fish and ther aquatic rganisms. What happens when sea tter are verhunted? INVASIVE SPECIES,, r that are t a particular ecsystem and whse intrductin causes (r may cause) Typically intrduced by May nt have natural r t cntrl _ May ther ppulatins in the ecsystem Habitat the an rganism Example Niche the an rganism has in its The sum f a species use f the and resurces in its Hw it int an ecsystem What des an rganism s niche include? COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION Can tw species ccupy the same niche? T species fr the same cannt in the same place The cmpetitr will win the and the ther species must r is.

3 Cmmunity Interactins Predatin C-evlutin Herbivry Definitin/Explanatin The act f ne rganism anther fr Mst type f interactin back and frth between tw species that eating Usually desn t the plant s it is nt cnsidered Example (Hw is each rganism affected?) Cmpetitin Organisms fr Examples: Symbisis Any relatinship in which species live tgether. Mutualism Parasitism Cmmensalism Mutualism A symbitic relatinship where species Parasitism A symbitic relatinship where rganism by anther Cmmensalism A symbitic relatinship where ne species and the ther in nr

4 HOW DOES ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM? (SB4B) Why d rganisms need energy? T maintain and t Why d rganisms need nutrients? T build and structures PRODUCERS = Organisms that energy and it in the chemical bnds f Are the f all ecsystems because the bring energy the ecsystem. TYPES DEFINITION EXAMPLES Phtauttrphs Use t make Equatin fr phtsynthesis? Chemauttrphs Use t make CONSUMERS = Organisms that btain and by eating rganisms Herbivre Carnivre Omnivre Decmpser Eats nly Eats nly Eats bth Breaks dwn the f rganisms Hw des energy flw in an ecsystem? FOOD CHAIN ne pathway f thrugh an A fd chain always begins with a. The directin f the arrw shws.

5 FOOD WEB all the intercnnected by which flws thrugh an Which fd chain is the lngest? (5 trphic levels) Which rganism cnsumes the mst rganisms? Hw many prducers are fund in this ecsystem? Hw many cnsumers are fund in this ecsystem? TROPHIC LEVEL a (level) in a fd r fd (r a level) Energy is frm ne _ level t the Energy changes as it flws thrugh an. ENERGY PYRAMID a diagram that shws an ecsystem s f, which results as passes thrugh an ecsystem s. Available energy as yu mve the. Only f the energy stred in ne can be t the next trphic level Energy is used during and released frm the rganisms as. Which level has the mst energy? Which level has the least energy?

6 Eclgical Successin (SB4c) What is ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION? The natural f ne cmmunity f by anther Each f successin changes the and creates that are fr a new grup f Fllws any in the TYPES OF SUCCESSION Type What s there at the beginning? What causes it? Order f Successin 1) and ( ) Hw lng des it take? PRIMARY 2) and small 3) Small and mre 4) Small 5) Larger 6) _ cmmunity Slwly builds up an area SECONDARY PIONEER SPECIES any f the first t mve int a area Must be able t live in a envirnment r with Help create by leaving behind when they Examples: CLIMAX COMMUNITY a ecsystem with change in the cmpsitin f The f eclgical successin A can happen at any time and will begin again

7 Ppulatin Size Ppulatin Size Ppulatin Grwth (SB4a) WHAT FACTORS AFFECT POPULATION SIZE? TYPES OF POPULATION GROWTH EXPONENTIAL GROWTH ppulatin because there are mre than Ppulatin is still Results in a curve Example An bacteria can every. LOGISTIC GROWTH Time A ppulatin fr a time until the reaches the and levels ff. Results in an _ curve CARRYING CAPACITY the ppulatin an can at any given time. LIMITING FACTORS that a ppulatin s Ppulatins are limited by,,, number f, etc. Time Leads t amng f the same amng species trying t ccupy similar HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH What has allwed the human ppulatin t grw s quickly in the last 200 years? What is the carrying capacity fr the human ppulatin n Earth? What is the current US ppulatin? What is the current wrld ppulatin?

8 BIOMES WITH AND ADAPTATIONS DESERT GRASSLAND Climate Adaptatin Examples Less than cm» Temperature Range High t», summers; winters» A lt f and» seasns (mst f the year) (shrt) cm cm» Temperate Grasslands» Trpical Grasslands» _ during the dry seasn Flwers at Succulents stre in and Mst plants have r leaves ( ) rts t reach Active at & r are cmpletely _ when it is. int the sil/sand Deep & extensive systems Rts survive and leaves reduce lss pllinatrs t find water and systems adapt t a diet _ and t avid Skin clrs blend with _ ( ) TROPICAL RAINFOREST cm cm» Temperature Range = t» Intense at level, but r sunlight belw the canpy» year rund (nly seasn) Leaves have and surfaces t remve. Sme plants r thers t reach the. Plants (even trees) have rts t get the in the tp layer f sil Huge! GALORE!!!

9 TEMPERATE FOREST Climate Adaptatin Examples cm cm» Temperature Range = t» Fur distinct seasns trees brad, thin t capture as much as pssible their leaves in the fall t prevent and in winter prtects against cld winter weather Animals must deal with the and lack f during winter fd cm cm» Temperature Range = t» Shrt summers and lng, dry winters Cnifers/Evergreens Dark-clred absrb mre keep their leaves Plants can d phtsynthesis when it warms up Needles prevent TAIGA AKA = Animals must deal with the and lack f during winter TUNDRA» Temperature Range = t Less than cm» Permafrst permanently sublayer f» Shrt, sggy ; lng bitterly cld» During parts f the year days/nights last Small t keep frm Dark clrs help _ slar Plants grw in Shields the and cld Animals must deal with the and lack f during winter

10 Plant Trpisms SB4e Trpism a plant s t stimuli which is triggered by the _ that regulate plant _. TROPISM DEFINITION PICTURE Phttrpism Thigmtrpism Getrpism