LEDs. Attributes and Applications. Ira Krepchin Research Director, E Source. NRECA TechAdvantage, March 3-6, 2014

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1 LEDs Attributes and Applications Ira Krepchin Research Director, E Source NRECA TechAdvantage, March 3-6, March 2014

2 Outline Big Picture LED Attributes Early Applications Promising Applications Future Applications Avoiding Problems 2

Amer 70% of lighting business by 2020 60-watt replacement lamp cost: was $50, now under $10

3 The Big Picture LEDs may cut lighting energy use by 1/3 by 2025, and account for >50% of light produced (DOE) Global growth projection for 2014: 68% YoY; 72% in N.Amer 70% of lighting business by watt replacement lamp cost: was $50, now under $10 High-bay costs fell 30% to 50% in one year Co-ops: 25% use LED dusk to dawn; 15% have LED residential bulb programs Source: Philips

4 Performance Up, Costs Down Since 2009: Efficacy doubled Costs dropped 85% Number installed grew from 400,000 to 49 million

5 LEDs in Common Applications Application 2012 penetration (%) Number installed (millions) Troffers and tubes < High-bay <1 0.3 A lamps < Downlights <1 5.5 Parking lots Streetlights 2 1 Directional MR Data from DOE, Adoption of Light Emitting Diodes in Common Applications ] 5

6 LED Attributes Long life Vibration resistance Small size Directional light output Efficiency is applicationdependent Heat is conducted away High performance at low temperatures Instant on, dimmable, controllable Low environmental impact Exaggerated claims Color-shifting Color qualities Expensive Rapidly improving 6

7 Avoiding CFL Pitfalls Lessons learned from compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs): Poor performance Exaggerated claims High prices Early bad reputation has been hard to overcome For LEDs, rapid progress and some promising applications Manufacturer exaggerations, but it s getting better More info: See the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory report, Compact Fluorescent Lighting in America: Lessons Learned on the Way to Market cfl_lessons_learned_web.pdf 7

8 Early LED Lessons Learned New DOE report: Solid-State Lighting: Early Lessons Learned on the Way to Market No std way to rate lifetime and reliability Color shifting has a negative impact on some apps (eg retail, museum) Some products flicker Dimming is problematic in some cases Greater interoperability is needed among controls Need efforts to open the market to more form factors 8

9 A Look at Promising Applications Refrigerated display cases Directional lamps Exterior lighting High-bay Adding controls Troffers Agricultural 9

Refrigerated Display Case Lighting LEDs like the cold Light is directional LED heat sink is outside the cooled case Customers like em California Lighting

10 Refrigerated Display Case Lighting LEDs like the cold Light is directional LED heat sink is outside the cooled case Customers like em California Lighting Technology Center test: 43 percent savings; Wal-Mart: 92 percent savings with occupancy sensors Payback periods of 1 to 4 years Co-op programs Courtesy: GE Lighting 10

11 LED Directional Lamps Incandescent CFL CFL LED LED Attribute BR-30 Flood R-30 Dimmable PAR30 PAR30 Power (watts) Efficacy (lumens/watt) Lamp cost ($) Lamp life (hours) 4,000 8,000 6,000 50,000 25,000 Life-cycle cost ($) a Note: a. Life-cycle costs over 50,000 hours the life of the LED product. E Source 11.4 million installed as of 2012; 4.6% (<1% in 2010) 5.5 million installed in cans 11

12 Downlights Evolve Property Number of LEDs 42 3 Light output (lm) Power (W) Efficacy (lm/w) Cost ($) >100 <20 Source: E Source, data from Cree 12

13 LED Reflector Lamp: Where Are the Fins? Lamps are getting more efficient, cooling techniques are getting better Smaller, lighter weight, easier to fit in existing fixtures Less mass, less waste Courtesy: Philips 13

Exterior Lighting Tough competition: HPS and MH are efficient, long-lived, and low cost LED advantages: Directionality leads to uniformity, less trespass and light pollution Easier to dissipate heat

14 Exterior Lighting Tough competition: HPS and MH are efficient, long-lived, and low cost LED advantages: Directionality leads to uniformity, less trespass and light pollution Easier to dissipate heat outdoors at night (space and temp) More control possibilities Vibration-resistant > 1 million streetlights installed (~2%) New form factors coming Resources: DOE outdoor lighting page: Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking Campaign: E Source 14

Four County Electric Coop program Outdoor

New: 48 W LED Maintenance cut in half (est) No

15 Four County Electric Coop program Outdoor security lighting Several years of testing Started replacing March 2012 Currently: >9000/16,000 replaced Old: 175 W MV, 100 W HPS New: 48 W LED Maintenance cut in half (est) No light pollution, no complaints 4-yr payback Source: Four County 15

High-Bay Applications LEDs offer Long life Good light distribution Controllability Good in cold, getting better in heat A few hundred thousand installed in 2012

16 High-Bay Applications LEDs offer Long life Good light distribution Controllability Good in cold, getting better in heat A few hundred thousand installed in 2012 Started with cold storage: Fluorescent output decreases in the cold; LEDs get better Aim lights in aisles Impervious to cycling, rapid response Courtesy: Digital Lumens 16

17 Putting Light Where It s Needed Courtesy: Digital Lumens

18 Interstate Warehousing, Franklin, IN Johnson County REMC, Hoosier Energy G&T Food distribution MH: 6.25 kwh/sq.ft. LED: 0.50 kwh/sq.ft. Energy reduction >90% w/occ sensing (15% runtime) $0.08/kWh ~ $250,000/yr in savings 2.5 yr payback on energy alone Source: Hoosier Energy 18

19 LEDs with Advanced Controls LEDs easier to control than HID or fluorescent Instant response Insensitive to frequent on/off cycling Easy to dim; dimming may increase lamp life Check for compatibility; some problems with incandescent dimming Can change color temperature Mimic incandescent dimming Health and productivity impacts

Big Savings with Controls Daylight dimming, occupancy sensing, task tuning, scheduling by zone, flexible zones, monitoring status, demand response kwh: 50% to 90% reduction kw: 50% to 80% reduction

20 Big Savings with Controls Daylight dimming, occupancy sensing, task tuning, scheduling by zone, flexible zones, monitoring status, demand response kwh: 50% to 90% reduction kw: 50% to 80% reduction Best paybacks with long hours, little existing controls, big savings per fixture, low occupancy areas, designed prior to occupancy industrial Longer paybacks in office buildings (shorter hours, already doing daylight dimming, occupancy sensing)

LED High-Bay Case Study: Ace Hardware 44,800 sq ft section of warehouse Baseline: metal halide, no automatic controls Installed: Intelligent LED fixtures Networked, software, sensors, wireless

21 LED High-Bay Case Study: Ace Hardware 44,800 sq ft section of warehouse Baseline: metal halide, no automatic controls Installed: Intelligent LED fixtures Networked, software, sensors, wireless communications 93% energy savings (50% light source, 43% controls) 3.6 yr payback Source: Digital Lumens Project with PG&E, CA ETCC; Digital Lumens Report available online: %20LED%20High- Bay%20Lighting%20and%20Controls%20 Assessment.pdf

5 hours/day Contribute to peak load Draw 25 to 113 watts

22 LED Troffers Are Coming of Age Troffers are the most common fluorescent fixture: Operate 10.5 hours/day Contribute to peak load Draw 25 to 113 watts Millions of installed fixtures 42 percent of lighting energy ~87 terawatt-hours per year E Source

23 Why LEDs for Troffers? Performance improving, prices falling Better efficacy than fluorescents More controllable, longer life 2012: 700,000 installed (40,000 in 2010) Supported by DOE study: ngs/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_re cessed-troffer_2013.pdf E Source

24 DOE Conclusions Troffers: can compete on efficiency, life, and quality Tubes: have problems with dark spots, glare, efficiency, and safety [but tubes are getting better]

25 A Wealth of Products DesignLights Consortium Qualified Products List (QPL) >900 products Minimum requirements At least 85 lumens per watt 50,000-hour life 5-yr warranty Source: Finelite Source: GLT Source: GE Lighting

26 Samples from the QPL Brand Name Model Luminaire efficacy (lm/w) Rated lifetime (hours) Measured CRI Lithonia Lighting 2RTL , CREE LED Lighting CR >51, Finelite Inc. HPR , Hubbell/Columbia LEPC , Fluorescent top 25 percent > , Note: CRI = color rendering index. E Source Other manufacturers include GE (Lumination), Philips (Daybrite), Cooper Lighting, Maxlite, Albeo, and Lunera

27 Troffers Go to School Getting SMART with LEDs Clark County REMC/Hoosier Energy School installations 2 x4 troffers, some with occ and daylight sensing No complaints, students liked em Lots of interest from the 18 co-ops served 27

28 Lessons Learned in School Cut energy use by ~60% Long payback, but big life-cycle savings; and costs are coming down Consider LEDs if have not already done high performance T8s Request compatibility statements to ensure safety and controls operability 28

29 Walmart experience with LEDs vs fluorescents LEDs provided: Better color throughout sales floor Higher light levels on the lower shelves Improved appearance of perimeter walls Better color rendering and balanced light levels from troffers in the pharmacy Glare is not an issue 29% reduction in lighting power 33% reduction in lighting energy with controls Simple payback of just over 4 years Source: DOE Better Buildings Alliance

hr; 95-116 lm/w $24-39 External ballast/driver runs cooler so more output, less weight

30 LED Replacement Tube - What We ve Been Waiting For? Philips InstantFit LED Fits in T8 sockets; uses existing instantstart EB 83 CRI; 40,000 hr; lm/w $24-39 External ballast/driver runs cooler so more output, less weight Concerns Persistence W, only lm photometric distribution will likely be different Not dimmable Source: Philips

31 Comparing Fluorescent T8 with InstantFit Property High performance T8 InstantFit LED CRI 80s 83 Life, hrs 24,000-75,000 40,000 Efficacy, lm/w Cost, $ Note: different definitions of life for LEDs, fluorescents E Source 31

32 Agricultural applications Efficiency Long life Rugged Dimmable Tunable Application Original/New Results Payback Source Dairy farm 250 W MH/120W LED 55% savings, more light 4 yrs NRECA Pig farm 30W CFL/15W LED 50% savings, less glare 7 yrs NRECA Poultry house 100 W inc and 23 W CFL/10 W LED 85% savings, 5.9 yrs Ensave E Source 32

33 Poultry house guidelines From U. of Arkansas, Usage in poultry environment Cleanable, eg IP65 Allow for lumen depreciation Ensure adequate light levels Avoid cloggable designs Dimmer compatibility Account for non-linearity of loads 33

The Power of Color Color temperature (Kelvin) Helps set circadian rhythms Lighting control options can improve mood LEDs provide more options More blue in light suppresses melatonin,

34 The Power of Color Color temperature (Kelvin) Helps set circadian rhythms Lighting control options can improve mood LEDs provide more options More blue in light suppresses melatonin, increases feel good hormones like dopamine, serotonin, cortisol Potential benefits: Less need for eye glasses Have more personal energy; easier to work longer hours Sleep better at night

35 Smart Bulbs Q: How do you make a profit with a bulb that lasts a lifetime? A: Make it a consumer electronics item or a service Smart bulbs For example, the Hue: networked, color changing, lots of apps it can sync to music Disney collaboration with Philips DR applications? Others: Osram with Comcast, GreenWave Reality, Lumen Bluetooth, Bluetooth Bulb, LIFX, TCP Source: Philips 35

36 More Cool Stuff Acuity Brands Aera system: recessed, wallmounted LED fixtures offer adjustable brightness and color temperature Source: Acuity Brands 36

37 Other Cool Stuff Pixi FlatLight: 0.5-inch thick, edge-lit, flushmounted 37

38 Even More Cool Stuff Cooledge light sheet: large flexible panels, up to 135 lm/w Source: Cooledge 38

39 Avoiding Problems What can go wrong LED challenges Getting the right data What are the standards Asking the right questions Source: Switch 39

40 Primary Challenges Color quality and consistency Compatibility Costs and allocation UL labels Light distribution 40

41 What to Watch Out For Expect the unexpected Performance varies widely Lots of pressure, misleading info from manufacturers and their reps Recent round of DOE tests showed: Wide range of efficacies Products with misleading or inaccurate literature Equivalency claims (wattage) for replacement lamps are often false 41

42 Getting Accurate Information Energy Star Accent lights, downlights, task lights, under-cabinet lights Qualified Products List Including various outdoor, troffer, high-bay, LED T8 options Publicv2.php Next Generation Luminaire Competition DOE/CALiPER: Does lab tests on a wide array of products Standards: LM-79, LM-80, TM-21 42

43 Lighting Facts Label Searchable database with thousands of products Provides data on: Light output (lumens) Power (watts) Efficacy (lumens per watt) Correlated color temperature (CCT) Color rendering index (CRI) Source: U.S. Department of Energy 43

44 Ensuring Safety New safety standards UL 8750: Safety Standard for Light Emitting Diode (LED) Equipment for Use in Lighting Products UL 1598c: Light Emitting Diode (LED) Retrofit Luminaire Conversion Kits Summary of all relevant standards for LEDs 44

45 Check Existing Installations Nothing beats real-world experience Efficiency, maintenance, economics, user reactions California s Emerging Technologies Coordinating Council DOE s Gateway program Street lighting Parking lots Parking garages Freezer cases Residential downlights, under-cabinet lighting Walkway lighting Museums Hotels 45

46 Other Considerations Does the product do what you want it to do? Is the product modular? Can it be upgraded as technology improves? Consider cutoff and glare Look at distribution, uniformity, and color Ask about the warranty Look for quality components Make the right comparisons Participate in demonstration programs Commission your own tests 46

For More Information Ira Krepchin Research Director, E Source 303-345-9124

47 For More Information Ira Krepchin Research Director, E Source ira_krepchin@esource.com Have a question? Ask our experts: 47

Introduction to LED Lighting

Introduction to LED Lighting Presented by: Darrell Huffman Mercer-Zimmerman Learning Objectives LO1: LO2: LO3: LO4: LO5: What is an LED? LED Terminology Why LED? LED Equivalency LED Control LO1: What is