Rendre la ville dense plus vivable et résiliente grace à la végétalisation

Transcription

1 Hotel de ville de Paris Rendre la ville dense plus vivable et résiliente grace à la végétalisation Marco Schmidt Technische Universität Berlin Institute of Architecture Phasenwechsel Working Group

2 Energy Optimized Construction:

3 Sustainable Infrastructure:

4 Berlin: first visions 1983 first project a few years later

5 First Projects Program of careful urban renewal Block 108 Berlin-Kreuzberg, Group Ökotop TU Berlin 1983

6 Water Energy

7 700 kwh/ m³ at 45 C Water heated from 30 to 90 C = 70 kwh/m³ Water Energy Phase Change Material (PCM) = 61 kwh/m³

8 Global Radiation Balance Data after physicalgeorgaphy.net

9 Urban Radiation Balance Example: Asphalt roof

10 Dramatic reduction in evapo-transpiration on land Daily loss of 800 km² of vegetation worldwide Daily deforestation rate: Daily reforestation: Net loss of forests daily: Daily ongoing global urbanization: Daily global desertification: 450 km² 100 km² 350 km² 150 km² 300 km² Size of Berlin: 800 km²

11 800 km² daily!

12 Large and small water cycle (Kravcik 2007)

13 Green Roof Radiation Balance

14 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Surface Temperatures Asphalt Roof Green Roof (Infrared measurements) 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 [ C] Temperatures Surface Black roof Surface Green roof Sealing Green roof Air 0m Green roof Air 1m Green roof 20,0 10,0,0

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16 Scientific Monitoring/ Evaluation Berlin Senate for Urban Development : EnEff Stadt, BMWi via PTJ : INIS, BMBF via PTJ Institute of Physics, Humboldt-University Berlin-Adlershof

17 Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin

18 Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin Rainwater harvesting for cooling, tank size: 40 m³ 450 climbing plants in 150 planter boxes providing shade and evaporative cooling Evaporative exhaust air cooling in 8 air conditioners Main Goal: Reduction of operating costs

19 Final Energy Heating Consumption: 216 kwh/ m²a Heat for Cold: 132,7 kwh/ m²a Production of Cold: 62,6 kwh/ m²a Primary energy factor for district heating: 0.16 Primary energy factor for electricity: 2.3 (2.6)

20 kwh/(m²a) Primary Energy Demand according DIN V (calculated) compared to consumption (measured) Compression Cooling District-heating Absorption Chiller Auxiliary Energy Absorption Chiller Humidification Ventilation Ventilation Light Heating Demand Consumption

21 Goal: Decrease of energy consumption of buildings by 2020: 50%!! But: Increase of energy consumption for cooling: 260% 400% 350% 300% 250% Germany (%) Greece (%) France (%) Spain (%) Italy (%) EU Total (% and Kt CO2/a) Kt CO2 (EU Total) % % M.Schmidt 2006 after: EECCAC 4/ % Source: Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners (EECCAC) Study for the D.G. Transportation-Energy (DGTREN) of the Commission of the E.U.

22 Reasons for Global Increase in Cooling Demand 1: Increase in use of glass 2: Decrease in Heat Capacity, use of light materials 3: Increase in electricity consumption, heat load inside 4: Increase in Urban Heat Island Effect 5: Global Warming

23 Never use electricity to cool a building! 680 kwh Cold 310 kwh Electricity (annual COP 2,2) 990 kwh Sensible Heat Released Outside

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25 Used Species (20) Actinidia kolomikta 24 Akebia quintata 70 Akebia trifoliate 48 Aristolochia macrophylla 7 Aristolochia tomentosa 12 Campsis radicans 40 Campsis tagliabuana 'Mme Galen' 14 Clematis orientalis 'Bill Mac Kenzie' 20 Clematis paniculata 14 Clematis tangutica 'Helios' 189 Clematis vitalba 42 Hydrangea petiolaris 54 Hydrangea arborescens 1 Lonicera periclymenum 31 Parthenocissuns inserta 8 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 94 Vitis coignetiae 130 Vitis vinifera `Phönix 22 Wisteria sinensis `alba 51 Wisteria sinensis `Prolific 76 Sum 947

26 Irrigation System

27 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Mean daily evapo-transpiration 7/15/05-09/14/05 corresponding cooling rate: 280 kwh per day [mm/d] Mean ETP of a facade greening system, Adlershof Physik 7/15/05-09/14/05 [kwh/m²d] 20,4 south facade, 2nd floor south facade, 3rd floor south facade, 1st floor 17,0 courtyard, 1 st floor courtyard, 2nd floor 13,6 courtyard, 3rd floor 15 10,2 10 6,8 5 3,4 0 0,0

28 Comparison conv.blinds with green facade on energy demand and solar yield 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 0:03 2:03 4:03 6:03 8:03 10:03 12:03 14:03 16:03 18:03 20:03 22:03 0:03 2:03 4:03 6:08 8:08 10:13 12:13 14:13 16:13 18:13 20:13 22:13 0:13 2:13 4:13 6:13 8:13 10:13 12:13 14:14 16:14 18:14 20:14 G4 V4 G5 V5 22:14

29 kwh/(m²a) Primary Energy needed for Heating and Cooling Heating kwh/(m²a) Cooling kwh/(m²a) Total kwh/(m²a) without Sunblinds Sunblinds (conv., manual, standard) Sunblinds (conv., automat., standard) Sunblinds (conv., Measured Data) Green Façade (Measured Data)

30 Maintenance: /a Maintanance: /a Investment 3M membrane:

31 Identified Problems Pesticides (such as Preventol B2 ) leaching from building materials caused a die back of 80% of most species in the first 5 years. Most of the pesticides in our surface waters are leaching out of building materials. 3.9 million tons of pesticides are annually sold in Europe for use in building materials (EAWAG, CH).

32 Evaporative Exhaust Air Cooling (rainwater based)

33 Difference in conv. energy consumption with and without evaporative cooling hottest day: 38 C => savings 70% expected annual savings => 90% 40,0 6 [ C] Aussentemperatur [ C] [kw] 35,0 Anlage 4 [kw] 5 30,0 25,0 4 20,0 3 15,0 2 10,0 5,0 1 0, :02 4:07 8:07 12:07 16:12 20:27 0:27 4:27 8:27 12:32 16:32 20:37

34 Costs for Cooling 1 g H 2 O: 2450 J = 2450 Ws a 100 C 1 m³ = 2720 MJ = 700 kwh a 45 C Adiabatic: 1,06 (0,185 /kwh) Compression: 90,24 (0,185 /kwh COP 2,05) Absorption: 161,04 (0,0376 /kwh WZ 0,47) Use rainwater instead of tap water: no treatment for lime necessary! Conductivity max Rainwater 30 µs 1600 µs Tap water 700 µs 1600 µs Costs for Cooling kwh - 79,75 60,05 21,25 90,24 Heat Electricity Water 1,06 6,18 Absorption Compression Adiabatic

35 Böll Foundation, Berlin

36 Potsdamer Platz, Berlin City Center

37 Requirements by city administration and water supplyer in the planning process: Maximum drainage into the combined sewer system of less than 1%! Currently common: less than 30% Background: times per year overload of the combined sewer in Berlin

38 Potsdamer Platz, Berlin 40,000 m² of greened roofs 2550 m³ in 4 tanks for toilet flush and fire fighting m² urban lake, 1200 m² constructed wetland 3500 m³ stormwater retention in lake (30 cm) Overall stormwater retention: 125 mm

39 Architekten: Renzo Piano, Kohlbecker u.a. Landschaftsarchitektur: Krüger/ Möhrle, Daniel Roehr, Berlin Urbanes Gewässer: Atelier Dreiseitl, Überlingen

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41 Influential a) Demand by city water administration b) Landscape plan/ Biotope Area Factor BAF (as part of the building permit requirements) c) Berlins Climate Change Adaptation Plan d) Split in wastewater fee (but: not yet used as an instrument!) Prices Berlin 2012: Water 2,17 /m³ Wastewater 2,46 /m³ Rainwater 1,90 /m²a (=3,80 /m³)

42 Egypt 2009

43 Agadir, Morocco 5/2008

44 Agadir, Morocco 5/2008 Agadir, Morocco today compared to descriptions by ancient Greek geographer Strabo: "all of the [land] between Carthage and the Pillars of Hercules [from Tunis to the Atlantic ocean] is of an extreme fertility." Morocco was often singled out as "one of the most beautiful and fertile countries of the earth" and was frequently described as "one of the granaries of Rome"

45 Brandenburg, Germany, 2011 after Harvesting

46 Precipitation Rates Germany

47 Palaeogeography: we dry out the planet We are turning the planet into a desert!

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49 Why does CO 2 correlate with the global temperature?

50 Photosynthesis process is responsible for the stock of CO 2 in the atmosphere, not anthropogenic emissions! Emissions 5 Gt/a 20,9% O 2 0,04% CO 2 Respiration 60 Gt/a

51 Renewable Biomass?

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53 Thank you for your attention!