Not-in-kind alternatives

Transcription

1 Sustainable Technologies for Stationary Air Conditioning Workshop Las Vegas, Nevada, USA - Wednesday, 1 February 2017 Not-in-kind alternatives Marco Schmidt Technische Universität Berlin Institute of Architecture Chair Building Technology and Design

2 Water Energy

3 2.65 kwh/ gal (=700 kwh/m³) at 115 F Water heated from 90 to 200 F = kwh/m³ Water Energy Phase Change Material (PCM) = 0.23 kwh/gal

4 Desiccant Systems Sorptive Humidification and Dehumidification Salt Solution: MgCl Exhaust air emits heat and moist to the brine Return Air Reducing energy consumption by using a salt solution Full separation of supply and exhaust air The brine heats and humidifies the supply air Exhaust Air Supply Air Seasonal Storage without any transmission loss Source: Outdoor Air

5 ÜBERSCHRIFT (ARIAL BOLD 22/26) Energy Optimized Construction:

6 400% 350% 300% 250% Goal: Decrease of energy consumption of buildings by 2020: 50%!! But forecast: Increase of energy consumption for cooling: 260% Germany (%) Greece (%) France (%) Spain (%) Italy (%) EU Total (% and Kt CO2/a) Kt CO2 (EU Total) % % % M.Schmidt 2006 after: EECCAC 4/ Source: Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners (EECCAC) Study for the D.G. Transportation-Energy (DGTREN) of the Commission of the E.U.

7 Reasons for increase in cooling demand 1: Increase in use of glass 2: Decrease in Heat Capacity, use of light materials 3: Increase in electricity consumption 4: Increase in Urban Heat Island Effect 5: Global Warming

8 [MWh/a] Hospital Agatharied, Heat and Cold: Demand (DIN 18599) and Measured Consumption in MWh/a 8000 Heating Heating in Ventilation Hot Water Cooling Demand (calculated) Consumption (measured) *) incl. Absorption Chiller

9 Global Radiation Budget mean of one squaremeter worldwide =+- 10 ft ² Data after physicalgeorgaphy.net

10 Urban Radiation Budget Example: Asphalt roof, summer

11 Green Roof Radiation Budget Example: Berlin, rainfed, summer

12 Never use electricity to cool a building! 680 kwh Cold 310 kwh Electricity (annual COP 2,2) 990 kwh Sensible Heat Released Outside

13 ÜBERSCHRIFT (ARIAL BOLD 22/26)

14 Large and small water cycle (Kravcik 2007)

15 Institute of Physics, Humboldt- University Berlin Rainwater harvesting for cooling, tank size: 40 m³ 450 climbing plants in 150 planter boxes providing shade and evaporative cooling Evaporative exhaust air cooling in 8 air conditioners Main Goal: Reduction of operating costs

16

17 Primary Energy Demand according DIN V (calculated) ÜBERSCHRIFT compared (ARIAL to BOLD consumption 22/26) (measured) kwh/(m²a) Compression Cooling District-heating Absorption Chiller Auxiliary Energy Absorption Chiller Humidification Ventilation Ventilation Light Heating Demand Consumption

18 ÜBERSCHRIFT (ARIAL BOLD 22/26)

19 kwh/(m²a) Primary Energy needed for Heating and Cooling (10 ft² approx. 1 m²) Primary Energy needed for Heating and Cooling Heating kwh/(m²a) Cooling kwh/(m²a) Total kwh/(m²a) without Sunblinds Sunblinds (conv., manual, standard) Sunblinds (conv., automat., standard) Sunblinds (conv., Measured Data) Green Façade (Measured Data)

20 ÜBERSCHRIFT (ARIAL BOLD 22/26) Maintenance: /a Maintanance: 1300 /a Investment 3M membrane: 38000

21 Evaporative Exhaust Air Cooling

22 Difference in conv. Energy Consumption with and without Evaporative Cooling Worst case: 100 F outside air temperature, Savings 70 % 40,0 35,0 [ C] Aussentemperatur [ C] Anlage 4 [kw] [kw] ,0 25,0 4 20,0 3 15,0 2 10,0 5,0 1 0, : : : : : : : : : : : :37 0

23 Costs for Cooling (for german prices) 1000 kwh 1 g H 2 O: 2450 J = 2450 Ws at 100 C 1 m³ = 2720 MJ = 700 kwh at 45 C Costs for Cooling kwh - Heat Adiabatic: 7,24 (Electricity: 0,185 /kwh) (Water: 2,22 /m³) (Wastewater: 2,57 /m³) Electricity Water Compression: 90,24 (Electricity: 0,185 /kwh COP 2,05) Absorption: 161,05 (Heat: 0,0376 /kwh COP 0,47) (Electricity: 0,185 /kwh) (Water: 2,22 /m³) (Wastewater: 2,57 /m³) Absorption Compression Adiabatic

24 Costs for Cooling (for Chicago prices) for 1000 kwh of Cold $ Costs for Cooling kwh - Adiabatic: $2.36 (Electricity: $/kwh) (Water: 3.81 $/ 1000 gal) (Wastewater: 3.81 $/ 1000 gal) Compression: $51.66 (Electricity: $/kwh COP 2.05) Absorption: $ (Heat: $/kwh COP 0.47) (Electricity: $/kwh) (Water: 3.81 $/ 1000 gal) (Wastewater: 3.81 $/ 1000 gal) $54.27 Heat Electricity Water $51.66 $34.37 $13.27 $0.70 $2.66 Absorption Compression Adiabatic

25 Thank you for your attention!