Manual for Soil Analysis - Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation

Transcription

1 Soil Biology 5 Manual for Soil Analysis - Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation Bearbeitet von Rosa Margesin, Franz Schinner 1. Auflage Buch. XVI, 366 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 0 x 0 cm Gewicht: 714 g Recht > Öffentliches Recht > Umweltrecht > Abfallrecht, Bodenschutzrecht Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 Soil Sampling and Storage 1 Andreas Paetz, Berndt-Michael Wilke 1.1 Objective of Soil Sampling Principal Objectives Specific Objectives Selection of Sampling Technique Sampling Strategy General Preliminary Investigation Exploratory Investigation Main Site Investigation Samples and Sampling Points Sampling Methods General Type of Sample Undisturbed Samples Cross-Contamination Sampling Containers Pretreatment Chemical Analysis Physical Analysis Biological Analysis Storage of Samples General Specific Considerations for Biological Parameters Preparing the Samples After Storage References Determination of Chemical and Physical Soil Properties 47 Berndt-Michael Wilke 2.1 Soil Dry Mass and Water Content Water-Holding Capacity... 50

3 VIII Contents 2.3 Bulk Density Total Porosity Core Method Excavation Method Clod Method Water Retention Characteristics Pore Size Distribution Determination of Soil Water Characteristics Using Sand, Kaolin, and Ceramic Suction Tables Determination of Soil Water Characteristics by Pressure Plate Extractor Soil ph Soil Organic Matter Soil Organic Carbon Dry Combustion Method Loss On Ignition Method (LOI) Soil Nutrients: Total Nitrogen Dry Combustion Method ( Elemental Analysis ) Modified Kjeldahl Method Soil Nutrients: Inorganic Nitrogen Extraction Quantification of Nitrate Nitrogen Quantification of Ammonium Nitrogen Soil Nutrients: Phosphorus Extraction of Total Phosphorus Extraction of Labile Phosphorus Quantification of Phosphorus References Quantification of Soil Contamination 97 KirstenS.Jørgensen,OlliJärvinen,PirjoSainio,JaniSalminen, Anna-Mari Suortti 3.1 General Introduction Volatile Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons in the Range C 10 to C Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Heavy Metals References Immunotechniques as a Tool for Detection of Hydrocarbons 121 Grażyna A. Płaza, Krzysztof Ulfig, Albert J. Tien 4.1 RaPID Assay Test System EnviroGard Test System References

4 Contents IX 5 Feasibility Studies for Microbial Remediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil 131 AjaySingh,OwenP.Ward,RameshC.Kuhad 5.1 Introduction Determination of Biodegradation Potential Sampling and Soil Preparation Selective Microbial Enrichment Controls Soil Microcosms Slurry Bioreactors Land Treatment Composting Scale-Up Process Monitoring and Evaluation Bioaugmentation Effect of Surfactants Screening of Microbial Cultures for Biosurfactant Production Effect of Biosurfactants Effect of Chemical Surfactants Optimization of Environmental Conditions Optimization of Nutritional Factors Conclusions References Feasibility Studies for Microbial Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil 155 Franz Schinner, Thomas Klauser References Feasibility Studies for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil 161 Aleksandra Sas-Nowosielska, Rafal Kucharski, Eugeniusz Malkowski 7.1 Introduction Phytoextraction Treatability Study Full-Scale Application Conclusions Phytostabilization Potential for Soils Highly Contaminated with Lead, Cadmium and Zinc Evaluation of Site Contaminants Logistic Considerations

5 X Contents Additives Plants Full-Scale Application Effectiveness of Technology Monitoring Conclusions References Quantification of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Using Internal Markers 179 Roger C. Prince, Gregory S. Douglas References Assessment of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential Using Radiorespirometry 189 JonE.Lindstrom,JoanF.Braddock References Molecular Techniques for Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation 201 Lyle G. Whyte, Charles W. Greer 10.1 General Introduction Extraction and Purification of Nucleic Acids (DNA) from Soil Amplification of Catabolic Genotypes and 16S rdna Genotypes by PCR DGGE Analysis Soil Microbial Communities Genomics in Environmental Microbiology References Bioreporter Technology for Monitoring Soil Bioremediation 233 Steven Ripp 11.1 General Introduction An Overview of Reporter Systems for Soil Bioremediation Application Single Point Measurements of Soil Contaminants Continuous On-Line Vapor Phase Sensing of Soil Contaminants Quantification of Soil-Borne lux-tagged Microbial Populations Using Most-Probable-Number (MPN) Analysis References

6 Contents XI 12 Interpretation of Fatty Acid Profiles of Soil Microorganisms 251 David B. Hedrick, Aaron Peacock, David C. White 12.1 Obtaining Fatty Acid Profiles from Soil Samples Transforming Fatty Acid Peak Areas to Total Microbial Biomass Calculation and Interpretation of Community Structure Standard Community Structure Method Custom Community Structure Methods Factor Analysis Calculation and Interpretation of Metabolic Stress Biomarkers Naming of Fatty Acids References Enumeration of Soil Microorganisms 261 Julia Foght, Jackie Aislabie 13.1 Sample Preparation and Dilution Direct (Microscopic) Enumeration Enumeration by Culture in Liquid Medium (Most Probable Number Technique) Enumeration by Culture on Solid Medium (Plate Count Technique) References Quantification of Soil Microbial Biomass by Fumigation-Extraction 281 Rainer Georg Joergensen, Philip C. Brookes 14.1 General Introduction Fumigation and Extraction Biomass C Biomass C by Dichromate Oxidation Biomass C by UV-Persulfate Oxidation Biomass C by Oven Oxidation Biomass N Ninhydrin-Reactive Nitrogen Total Nitrogen References Determination of Adenylates and Adenylate Energy Charge 297 Rainer Georg Joergensen, Markus Raubuch References

7 XII Contents 16 Determination of Aerobic N-Mineralization 303 Rainer Georg Joergensen References Determination of Enzyme Activities in Contaminated Soil 309 Rosa Margesin 17.1 General Introduction Lipase-Esterase Activity Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolytic Activity Dehydrogenase Activity References Assessment of Ecotoxicity of Contaminated Soil Using Bioassays 321 Adolf Eisentraeger, Kerstin Hund-Rinke, Joerg Roembke 18.1 General Introduction: Strategy Sample Preparation Water-Extractable Ecotoxicity Vibrio fischeri Luminescence-Inhibition Assay Desmodesmus subspicatus Growth-Inhibition Assay Water-Extractable Genotoxicity The umu Test Salmonella/Microsome Assay (Ames Test) Habitat Function: Soil/Microorganisms, Soil/Soil Fauna, Soil/Higher Plants Respiration Curve Test Ammonium Oxidation Test Combined Earthworm Mortality/Reproduction Test Collembola Reproduction Test Plant Growth Test Test Performance for the Derivation of Threshold Values Combined Performance of Bioassays and Assessment of the Results Water-Extractable Ecotoxic Potential Water-Extractable Genotoxicity Assessment of the Habitat Function Overall Assessment Combined Strategy References Subject Index 361