The Status of CSP Development

Transcription

1 The Status of CSP Development DISH STIRLING POWER TOWER CLFR Tom Mancini CSP Program Manager Sandia National Laboratories PARABOLIC TROUGH DISH STIRLING 1

2 Presentation Content Brief Overview of Sandia National Laboratories Background information Examples of CSP Technologies Parabolic Trough Systems Power Tower Systems Thermal Energy Storage Dish Stirling Systems Status of CSP Technologies Cost of CSP and Resource Availability Deployments R & D Directions trmanci@sandia.gov 2

3 Four Mission Areas Sandia s missions meet national needs in four key areas: Nuclear Weapons Defense Systems and Assessments Energy, Climate and Infrastructure Security International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security trmanci@sandia.gov 3

4 Research Drives Capabilities High Performance Computing Nanotechnologies & Microsystems Extreme Environments Computer Science Materials Engineering Sciences Micro Electronics Bioscience Pulsed Power Research Disciplines 4

5 People and Budget On-site workforce: 11,677 Regular employees: 8,607 Over 1,500 PhDs and 2,500 MS/MA Technical staff (4,277) by discipline: FY10 operating revenue $2.3 billion 13% 31% 13% 43% (Operating Budget) Nuclear Weapons Defense Systems & Assessments Energy, Climate, & Infrastructure Security International, Homeland, and Nuclear Security Computing 16% Math 2% Chemistry 6% Physics 6% Other science 6% Other fields 12% Electrical engineering 21% Mechanical engineering 16% Other engineering 15% 5

6 Sandia s NSTTF Established in 1976, we provide. CSP R&D Systems analysis and FMEA System and component testing and support Rotating Platform Tower Testing Dish Engine Testing NSTTF Engine Test Facility Solar Furnace NATIONAL SOLAR THERMAL TEST FACILITY trmanci@sandia.gov 6

7 Labs Support the DOE Program The CSP Programs at Sandia and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) support the DOE Solar Energy Technology Program. We perform R&D on CSP components and systems Advanced component development Systems Analysis Direct Industry Support Testing and evaluation Market Development Activities SANDIA DOE (STEP) Reality brokers on the status of technologies NREL 7

8 What is CSP? TROUGH CLFR POWER TOWER DISH Comprise three generic system architectures: line focus (trough and CLFR), point focus central (power tower), and point focus distributed (dish engine). Convert the sun s energy to thermal energy and it to power a heat-engine generator. Typically, are utility-scale solar power (> 100 MW). Capable of providing dispatchable power for peaking and intermediate loads (storage or hybridization). Utilize, mostly commodity items (turbines, glass, steel, aluminum, piping, controls, etc). Can employ wet or dry cooling for heat rejection. trmanci@sandia.gov 8

9 Concentrator Optics Linear Concent Parabolic 2-D shape Focal Length ~ 3m Tracks E to W CR ~ 30 to 40 Fresnel reflector may be utilized Point-Focus Central Point-Focus Distributed Parabolic 3-D shape Parabolic 3-D shape Heliostats track in Tracks on Sun in azimuth and elevation azimuth and elevation Focal Length ~ 100 m Focal Length ~ 4 m CR ~ 800 CR ~ 3000 DESCRIBE TRACKING AND AIMING trmanci@sandia.gov 9

10 SEGS Plants Nominal capacity: 354 MW Constructed Sites in California Hybrid -- 25% dispatchable Total reflec area > 2.3 Mill. m 2 More than 117,000 HCEs 30 MW increment based on regulated power block size Total annual average solarto-electric conversion efficiency 12% trmanci@sandia.gov 10

11 Nevada Solar One Nev Solar One (US 2007) 64 MW Capacity 357,200m² Solar Field 30 Minutes TES Minimal Fossil fuel 16 months Construction 250 Acre solar field, 400 acre TTL 30 minutes of TES Capital: $266 million 105% of planned performance 11

12 Nevada Solar One Operational schematic of Nevada Solar One 12

13 Andasol 1 Plant in Spain Andasol 1 (Spain 2009) Nominal Capacity: 44.9 MW Capital Inv: 300 million 549,380 m2 of trough Two- Tank MS TES 7 full-load hours of storage Capacity: 880 MWh 2 Stor Tankd: 13 m X 38 m 28,500 tons of salt Flow Rate: 948 kg/s Cold Tank Temp: 292 C Hot Tank Temp: 384 C Andasol 1 trmanci@sandia.gov 13

14 Andasol 1 MS Storage 2-Tank Molten Salt Storage 60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3 Melting Point of Fluid: 221 C Storage Capacity: 880 MWh Storage Tank Size: 13 m X 38 m 28,500 tons of salt Flow Rate: 948 kg/s Cold Tank Temperature: 292 C Hot Tank Temperature: 384 C trmanci@sandia.gov 14

15 The Value of Thermal Storage Solar 2 Plant Schematic showing a two-tank molten-salt thermal storage system THERMAL STORAGE Addresses the intermittency of the solar resource Decouples solar energy collection and generation Has high value because power production can match utility needs -- dispatchability Is lower cost because storage is cheaper than incremental turbine cost Increases the capacity factor of the plant Molten Salt Storage Two tank demo at Solar 2 and being utilized in Andasol 1, 2 trmanci@sandia.gov 15

16 CLFR Designs Continuous Linear Fresnel Reflector Approximates a line-focus trough collector May be lower cost because it doesn t use curved mirrors, has a fixed receiver tube and places the reflectors near ground level -- reducing wind loads trmanci@sandia.gov 16

17 Solar Two Results Molten-Salt Power tower: The Solar Two experiments of the mid 1990s validated the molten-salt power tower approach. 10 MWe Capacity Molten Salt WF/TES Receiver η = 88% η of Storage > 98% Dispatchability demonstrated trmanci@sandia.gov 17

18 Molten-Salt Power Tower Power Tower or Central Receiver Energy collection is uncoupled from power production 18

19 PS 10 and PS 20 Power Towers PS 10 (Spain 2006) 11 MW mw Capacity Once-through steam boiler 1 Hour thermal storage (steam) 624 heliostats (120 m² each) Tower height 115 m 73 GWhr/Annually PS 20 (Spain 2009) 20 mw Capacity Once-through steam boiler 1 Hour thermal storage (steam) 1255 heliostats (120 m² each) Tower height 162 m 135 GWhr/Annually trmanci@sandia.gov 19

20 PS 10 Steam Cycle Once-through steam boiler 20

21 For PS 20 4 sequentially operated tanks Charge at 250ºC/40 bar steam Operates at 20 bar/50% turbine operation for 1 hour PS Direct Steam Storage trmanci@sandia.gov 21

22 Brightsource Energy Power Tower Direct Solar-to-Steam High Temp C Air Cooled Power Block Construction started late 2010 First 130 MW Plant to start operation in late 2012 early MW 100MW 200MW Las Vegas 40 miles trmanci@sandia.gov 22

23 esolar Power Tower Modular 46-MW stand. units Small, flat mirrors Pre-fabricated, mass-produced components (200,000 per 46- MW plant) Low profile installation (requiring much less steel and no ground penetration) Rapid field deployment (one subfield in ~2-3 weeks without heavy equipment) Software control of mirror calibration and tracking Semi-automated cleaning 23

24 GemaSolar under construction in Spain Operation in Spring of 2011 Heliostat Aperture Area: 318,000 m² Tower Height: 150 m Turbine Capacity: 17.0 MW Storage Type: 2-tank, moltensalt direct Storage Capacity: 15 hrs Receiver Inlet Temp: 290 C Receiver Outlet Temp: 565 C Molten-Salt Power Tower trmanci@sandia.gov 24

25 25 kw Dish Stirling System 1.5 MW SES Maricopa Dish Stirling Power Commissioned Jan Dishes 25 kw Systems 87 m 2 collector Peak system efficiency 31.25% trmanci@sandia.gov 25

26 3 kw Dish Stirling System Utility/DG System 90 kw Capacity (1 MW planned) 3 kw systems 120/240 Volts AC 1 cylinder FPSE Linear Alternator trmanci@sandia.gov 26

27 Summary of CSP Systems Trough System Charact Operating Temp: 390 C Operating Fluid: synthetic oil Energy Storage: 2 tank MS Annual Eff: ~ 14 % Steam Power Tower Charact Operating Temp: 250 C Operating Fluid: water/steam Energy Storage: steam Annual Eff: ~ 10 % Dish Stirling System Charact Operating Temp: 450 C Operating Fluid: Hydrogen Energy Storage: None Annual Eff: ~ 22 % MS Power Tower Charact Operating Temp: 565 C Operating Fluid: MS Energy Storage: 2 tank MS Annual Eff: ~ 19 % trmanci@sandia.gov 27

28 Status of CSP Technologies Trough systems are the most commercially mature of the CSP technologies. Dish Stirling systems are capable of the highest solar-to-electric efficiency of the three technologies. Molten-salt power towers most effectively integrate thermal storage into the operation of a CSP plant. There is no simple way to integrate thermal storage into a dish system. Trough systems are currently incorporating thermal storage in the form of two-tank MS systems. The power blocks in trough and power tower systems currently utilize wet cooling. Dish systems have captive radiators reducing water usage. trmanci@sandia.gov 28

29 U. S. CSP Resource Potential U.S. Electrical Capacity is 1,000 GW Annual power generation of 4,000,000 GWh Filters applied: Direct-normal solar resource. Sites > 6.75 kwh/m 2 /day. Exclude environmentally sensitive lands, major urban areas, etc. Remove land with slope > 1%. Only contiguous areas > 10 km 2 Solar Land Area Solar Capacity Generation Capacity State (mi 2 ) (MW) GWh AZ 19,279 2,467,663 5,836,517 CA 6, ,204 2,074,763 CO 2, , ,105 NV 5, ,438 1,692,154 NM 15,156 1,939,970 4,588,417 TX 1, , ,774 UT 3, ,147 1,078,879 Total 53,727 6,877,055 16,265,611 trmanci@sandia.gov 29

30 Transmission in the West Proposed Transmission in west proposed Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative (RETI) in CA. To support renewable electricity generation an provide transmission corridors Renewable Energy Transmission Authority (RETA) NM 30% renewable capacity on transmission WGA s Renewable Energy Zones trmanci@sandia.gov 30

31 Government Incentives for CSP Federal Incentive: Investment Tax Credit of 30% through 2016 DOE Loan guarantee program State Incentives: Renewable Portfolio Standards Solar set asides State production tax credits Property and sales tax relief Possible state loan guarantee programs Internationally: Feed-In Laws Spain (~ 47US /kwh) Guaranteed purchase 31

32 Cost Goals for Utility-Scale Power 32

33 Spain has led the way! Feed-In Law incentives have created a favorable environment for the growth of CSP in Spain. 582 MW Operational 749 MW in construction ~ 5 GW in provisional registration (40 projects) > 10 GW of Grid access applications trmanci@sandia.gov 33

34 Operating CSP Systems Worldwide UNITED STATES Project Name Location/Utility Size (MW) Status Technology Start Date Company SEGS U S CA/SCE 354 Operation Parabolic trough FPL Energy Saguaro U S AZ/APS 1 Operation Parabolic trough 2006 Aciona Nevada Solar One U S NV/NVEnergy 64 Operation Parabolic trough 2007 Aciona Kimberlina Power Plant U S CA/PG&E 5 Operation Linear Fresnel 2008 Ausra/AREVA Sierra Sun Tower U S CA/SCE 5 Operation Power tower 2009 esolar Keahole Solar Demo U S HI/HELCO 2 Operation Parabolic trough 2009 Sopogy Maricopa Solar Demo U S AZ/SRP 1 Operation Dish/engine 2010 SES / Tessera Sp;ar Cameo Hybrid U S CO/Xcel 2 Operation Trough coal ISCC 2010 Abengoa Martin Solar Energy Ctr. U S FL/FPL 75 Operation Trough ISCC 2010 NextEra Energy REST OF THE WORLD 509 Liddell Australia 1 Operation Linear Fresnel 2004 Solar Ht Power Ltd. PS 10 Spain 11 Operation Power tower 2007 Abengoa Puerto Errado 1 Spain 1 Operation Linear Fresnel 2008 Novatec Solar Esp. PS 20 Spain 20 Operation Power tower 2009 Abengoa Andasol 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2009 Solar Millennium Andasol 2 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2009 Solar Millennium Liddell Phase 2 Australia 3 Operation Linear fresnel 2009 AREVA Solnova 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Abengoa Solnova 3 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Abengoa Solnova 4 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Abengoa Avarado 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Acciona Palma del Rio II Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Acciona Majadas de Tietar Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Acciona Extrasol 1 Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 ACS / Cobra Puertollano Ibersol Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Iberdrola Ren. La Florida Spain 50 Operation Parabolic trough 2010 Real SAMCA Ain Beni Mathar ISCC * Morocco 20 Operation Nat. gas / trough 2011 Abengoa 606 In the U. S. 509 MW of Operating CSP Plants In the ROW 609 MW of Operating CSP Plants Of the 1115 MW of operating plants 1068 MW are troughs, 36 MW are towers, 10 MW are Linear Fresnel 1.5 MW are dishes trmanci@sandia.gov 34

35 CSP Project Development In the U. S MW of CSP Plants under Construction 6512 MW of CSP Plants under development In the ROW 842 MW of CSP Plants under Construction United States Name Location/Utility Size (MW) Keahola Solar One U S HI/HELCO 5 Beacon U S CA/LADWP 250 Ivanpah PG&E 1 U S CA/PG&E 126 Ivanpah PG&E 2 U S CA/PG&E 133 Ivanpah SCE U S CA/SCE 133 Solana U S AZ/APS 280 Genesis One U S CA/PG&E 125 Blyth Phase I, II U S CA/SCE 484 Remainder of the World 1536 Status Constructio n Constructio n Constructio n Constructio n Constructio n Constructio n Constructio n Constructio n Technology Start Operation Company Parabolic trough 2011 Sopogy Parabolic trough 2012 NextEra Energy Power tower 2012 BrightSource Energy Power Tower 2013 BrightSource Energy Power tower 2013 BrightSource Energy Parabolic trough 2013 Abengoa Solar Inc. Parabolic trough 2013 NextEra Energy Parabolic trough 2013 Solar Millennium Helioenergy 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Abengoa Helioenergy 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Abengoa Palma del Rio I Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Acciona Extresol 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 ACS / Cobra Extrasol 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 ACS / Cobra Manchasol Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 ACS / Cobra Lebrija 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Solel / Valoriza Ener. Andasol 3 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Solar Millennium Part. Valle 1 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Torresol Energy Valle 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Torresol Energy Gemasolar Spain 17 Construction Power tower 2011 Torresol Energy La Dehasa Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 SAMCA Renovables Astexol 2 Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2011 Dioxipe Solar Puerto Errado 2 Spain 30 Construction Linear fresnel 2011 Novatec Solar Espana Renovalia Spain 1 Construction Dish/engine 2011 Renovalia Energy Casas de los Pinos Spain 1 Construction Dish/engine 2011 Renovalia Energy Hassi R mel ISCC * Algeria 20 Construction Nat. gas / trough 2011 Abengoa El Kuraymat ISCC * Egypt 20 Construction Nat. gas / trough 2011 Solar Millennium Logrosan I Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2012 Abengoa Logrosan II Spain 50 Construction Parabolic trough 2012 Abengoa Archimede * S. Africa 5 Construction Nat. gas / trough Unknown Iberdrola / Mitsui PEGASE * France 1 Construction Power Tower Unknown CNRS Agua Prieta II * Mexico 12 Construction Parabolic trough Unknown CFE Cloncurry Solar Sta Australia 10 Construction Power Tower Unknown Lloyd Energy Syst Ltd Acme Rajasthan India 10 Construction Power tower Unknown Acme Rajasthan Solar One India 10 Construction Parabolic trough Unknown Entegra Priola Power Station * Italy 5 Construction Parabolic trough Unknown ENEL / ENEA 842 trmanci@sandia.gov 35

36 SunShot Initiative accelerate and advance existing DOE research efforts by refocusing its solar energy programs to make largescale solar energy systems cost competitive without subsidies by the end of the decade. ($1 /Watt, ~ 6 /kwhr) CSP Subprogram Approach: Develop high-efficiency (50% to 60%) power cycles Reduce the cost of solar collection (i.e., concentrators < $100/m 2 ). Develop thermal storage materials and systems operating at temperatures compatible with the highefficiency power cycles (up to 1300 C). Develop solar collection technologies that can be rapidly installed with minimal site disruption. 36

37 Sandia R & D Areas Develop advanced heliostat design concepts: self deploying, self aligning Model advanced systems using Brayton, SC Steam, SC CO 2, and CC power plants. Develop high-temperature HTFs and TES materials and components, especially heat exchangers. Review and characterize materials requirements and availability for high-temperature systems and identify development pathways. Develop receiver designs and BOP concepts for high- temperature, advanced power cycles. 37

38 EXTRA SLIDES 38

39 Solar Concentrators Line Focus Systems Heliostats Power Tower Point Focus Dishes Distributed Point Focus 39

40 CSP Solar Receivers Line Focus Power Tower Dish 40

41 Collectors and Optical Performance 3D Solidworks model of heliostat at Sandia CFD simulations of flow over heliostat FEA analysis of loads on facet 41

42 High-Temperature Receiver Design North fac Identify the commercial-scale (350 MWt, 800 o C) solid particle receiver with lowest LCOE Solid Particle Receiver 2008 Test.5 MWt >300 o C Face-dow

43 High-Temperature Receiver Design North-face temperatures Particle recirculation improves collection efficiency North-Facing Receiver Face-Down Receiver Particle Injection Temperature 300 C 300 C Particle Equilibrium Temperature at Outlet 819 C 769 C Radiative Losses 6.5% 11.4% Convective Losses 20.9% 9.6% Thermal Efficiency 72.3% 78.9%

44 Objectives and Approach Objectives and Approach Identify selective absorber coatings and application methods suitable for tower receivers ( 600 C) Higher fluxes and temperatures Exposed to air (no vacuum) Solar and thermal spectral bands overlap more Evaluate optical properties of various formulations Want high solar absorption (>0.9) to absorb flux with low thermal emissivity (<0.3) to prevent thermal losses Evaluate thermal-spray methods Solar Two receiver

45 Spectral Emissive Power Tower receiver 700 K Trough receiver Spectral blackbody emissive power as a function of wavelength and temperature (adapted from Incropera and DeWitt, 1985).

46 Molten Salt Test Loop: Test system configuration The test system is designed for reconfiguration Facility users provide skidmounted experiments Central Receiver Hardware Valves Instrumentation High Temperature, Pressure, & Flow Pressure Reducers Mesh/Orifice Heat Exchangers Coolers/Heaters Receivers - Distribution Manifolds, Tubing, Coatings, Welds, Thermal Cycling Strategies Component Heating Strategies Impedance, Resistive Parabolic Trough Hardware Flex Hoses Ball Joints Rotating Expansion Joints Heat Collection Elements Supports, Bellows, Seals, Coatings Solar Collector Element Full Tracking Trough Module Freeze Recovery

47 Central Receiver Test Platform Central receiver test system 6 MW th capacity, operation to 650 o C A molten salt receiver under test at Sandia

48 Thermal Storage Summary Relatively inexpensive thermal energy storage differentiates CSP from other renewable energy technologies Storage systems and components must be developed and demonstrated to reduce technical risk and overall system cost FY11 Activities: Development of salt-service hardware, with an increasing emphasis on operation at the conditions required for central receiver storage systems Continuation of our efforts to develop low-melting-point, high-temperature-stability molten salts Design and construction of test facilities to support thermal storage R&D 48