Renewable Energy Development and Microgrids With Energy Storage

Transcription

1 Energy Storage Renewable Energy Development and Microgrids With Energy Storage Kurt Myers, MSEE, PE Idaho National Laboratory August 15, 2017 Tampa Convention Center Tampa, Florida INL/CON

2 CHALLENGE/OFFERING How to improve integration of new and existing energy/power systems technologies, to provide and form grid services and integrated systems that are affordable, cleaner, highly reliable, and integrate increasing levels of variable generation at several scales (nanogrid, microgrid, distribution, transmission). INL focus areas: Wind/Water/Solar, energy efficiency resource analysis and modeling Regional and DOD electrical, reliable/backup power aspects, resource planning support Renewables, micro/smartgrid systems integration, controls and related R&D Power systems and controls/protective systems modeling, application, integration R&D & testing All phases of renewable energy project feasibility study, development, research, implementation, & testing for unique government projects Grid storage, transmission and operations (DOD, utilities, others)

3 INL Microgrid and Renewable Energy Background INL has 25+ years of experience with DOD and DOE high reliability power systems, backup power and energy security, renewable energy integration and microgrids (development and design, implementation, assessments, modification and applied research) Many project examples: FE Warren AFB wind turbines and backup grid energy security test Ascension Island power plant and wind farm Marine Forces Reserve wind turbines and microgrid projects DOE Pantex wind farm ESPC Assessment and repair of Tooele Army wind turbine and solar power systems Navy San Nicolas Island battery and island grid testing and modeling Dynamic transmission line rating research Hybrid power systems applications research with solar PV and CSP, wind, batteries, fueled generators, controls/integration, power electronics, load management, RAM studies, etc.

4 INL Microgrid and Renewable Energy Experience Project examples continued: Multiple Army and other ECIP solar and wind projects Tooele Utah 1.5 MW sterling concentrated Solar 4 MW Photovoltaic at FHL 2 MW PV at Camp Parks 2 MW PV at Dugway, others Multiple involvements utilizing energy storage Various microgrid and EMCS involvements (Tooele, Dugway, Navy Guam, FHL, VAFB, Ft. Bliss, others) Multiple energy conservation project efforts (all under ECIP) 1.5 and 1.79 MW wind turbines at Tooele UT Potential INL and larger federal wind farm developments Malmstrom AFB wind energy economic assessment Vandenberg AFB, Dugway electrical futures planning studies

5 Some Reasons Why Potential Users Want Microgrids More control over power/energy supply, energy security/resiliency Reliability, availability, resiliency improvement; more fuel sources, distributed Particular use cases (i.e. demand management, voltage control, T&D congestion mgmt., upgrade deferral, outage mgmt./backup power, etc.) Energy management and use control Improved power system knowledge/metering and control Optimize investments, asset sizing and improve system architectures, usability (i.e. UPS with lead acid batteries and diesel gensets vs. more flexible energy storage and genset options) Enable optimal loading on gensets, non-spinning reserve, turn off gensets at times and still pick up load changes, allow time to spin up additional gensets Green energy goals and knowledge of energy supply

6 Sampling of Microgrid Control Functions

7 Sampling of Energy Storage Functions Peak/demand management (i.e. peak shaving) Frequency regulation Voltage regulation T&D upgrade deferment Solar and wind power shaping, energy shifing Load shaping Black start assistance Hybrid with gas generation to provide more responsive and cost effective system reserves Enable high penetration renewable energy microgrids

8 Microgrid Control Considerations Inverter control options: PQ control, MPPT, P-f and Q-V control, closed-loop voltage and frequency control Some microgrid operation and control use-case categories: Frequency control Voltage control (grid-connected and islanded) Energy management (grid-connected and islanded) Ancillary services (grid-connected) Grid-connected to islanded transition, intentional Grid-connected to islanded transition, unintentional Islanding to grid-connected transition Protection (can include adaptive approaches) Black start User interface and data management

9 Business, Use Case Considerations Microgrids are most beneficial when specific conditions or needs exist Existing DER Opportunity to defer large capital investment High cost of utility rates Method for monetizing increased resilience and reliability Need to be able to monetize several benefits for commercial viability (i.e. resilience and reliability) Energy Storage Cost, cycle life of energy storage Can be differentiator (response, renewable integration, transition to island mode)

10 Many Distributed Generation Resource Options Solar, wind, micro hydro, geothermal, GSHP Natural Gas (CHP, CCP, gas turbines, internal combustion, microturbines, fuel cells) Diesel, other fuels Battery storage (Li-ion, flow batteries, advanced lead acid, NiCd or NiMH, etc.) Many potential applications and value streams for battery storage (frequency and voltage regulation, peak shaving, capacity, congestion management, backup power and outage reduction/management, etc.) Thermal storage, building thermal and load management (ice, chilled water, hot water, building temp controls, thermal mass, solar heating (active and passive), efficient systems and controls, etc.) Include energy efficiency measures and designs Energy balance, resource characteristics and asset choices are key develop business case and economics, define requirements effectively! systems planning, integration and controls choices are critical (i.e. acquire equipment with the capabilities and functionality needed now or in future, such as inverters that can operate in islanded modes, output control, etc.)

11 Why get involved in Microgrids with ESS and control improvements? For INL, significant background in battery testing and R&D for EV programs (DOE, USABC, etc.) Also for INL, DOD and other micro/island grid work (R&D, testing, development, implementation support) Improve integration options for renewable energy, DER Installations with high energy security needs, continuing to invest in backup power systems, UPS s, etc. With new technologies, improved systems architectures need to be considered. Energy storage, load control/shifting can enable improved use of fueled generation resources, stretch fuel supplies, improve reserves and dispatch options, and in many cases lead to improved long-term business case/economics. Also ability to push renewable energy penetration percentages over 20-30%, and power penetration over 100% at times.

12 Microgrids with ESS: Aspects of energy security, resiliency, multiple/diverse fuel/generation resources, and stretching of fuel supplies. Users with these types of power/energy assets could offer interesting business and technical interaction potential with serving utilities. Critical loads often need higher RAM than typical utility feed can supply (i.e. 5+ nines of availability vs. 2-3 nines). Describe some of the ways to analyze and accomplish this. Economic considerations can get quite interesting for critical assets/missions (determining true costs of outages, systems costs and potential savings streams, etc.). Can we start figuring out ways to get this service from utilities or private industry? Or improve market/rate structures to better interact with service utilities or control areas with the resilient assets being developed?

13 Sampling of INL micro/smartgrid efforts Recent work includes: Multiple DOD micro/island-grid projects Development of new INL micro/smartgrid testbed and demonstration Renewable integration study involvements and IRP planning/r&d input with utilities Demand Response and controllable load, energy storage research, application and testing, utility/microgrid interaction testing Battery testing with Navy INL/Idaho Power Dynamic Line Rating Power systems futures planning projects (include voltage regulation, distributed generation, smart inverters, and other smartgrid technologies) Developing potential to apply INL cybersecurity, reliability/ram analyses, vulnerability and PRA assesment, and resiliency teams/experience

14 Microgrid R&D Laboratory INL s microgrid testbed allows performance R&D to research, develop, test and evaluate tightly integrated microgrid systems with high penetrations of renewable energy, load control and energy storage. Generation is predominantly inverter-based, with multiple types of inverters integrated into the test system. The work focus includes microgrid controls, system protection, reconfiguration, energy storage and load control/management. The capabilities include systems integration and controls R&D, testing and evaluation (includes metering and communications); control mode transitions/interactions evaluation and R&D; energy storage, load control and grid interaction algorithms R&D (demand response, peak shaving, regulation and ancillary services, etc.) and evaluation. Also includes economic, life cycle, and grid modeling research and evaluation.

15 INL Microgrid R&D Testbed Grid, DER, microgrids and energy storage R&D, testbeds, collaboration and testing activities expanding significantly at National Laboratories (also connections with Grid Modernization). An example of layered control.

16 ESS Projects and Use-Case Testing Experiences Zinc Bromine flow battery system for island power grid with wind/diesel combination Li-ion tests for Cat system, include manufacturer s testing and plan, and field test where integrated with backup power system, gensets and solar PV Other flow batteries in INL microgrid (Zn/Fe) and for DOD applications (Navy/SNI, Army) Flywheels for SCI and Navy/Marines. Multiple Army microgrid projects that include energy storage. Challenges involved: How to get testbed and model setups representative of how system would be utilized in its use case; some cases more of testing in field. Refining of standards for testing approaches that are relevant to end uses and life cycle and performance expectations/requirements.

17 Flow Batteries Chemistries: Aqueous (Fe/Zn), Vanadium Redox, others Size: Typically in containers Cost: Moving below $850/kWh, potential for below $ /kWh is good (includes pwr. electronics) Efficiencies improving, >65% on AC side, >88% on DC side Need for more performance validation, thermal system improvements, use-case testing and integration improvement INL is in process of integrating and evaluating a Zn/Fe battery in its microgrid testbed

18 Other ESS Secondary use (LFP/graphite, NMC/graphite, NCA/graphite, NiMH) New Li-ion and other chemistries, electrode and electrolyte designs Super capacitors Flywheels UPS (advanced PbA, Li-ion) for critical systems Also differentiate cost of power electronics, BMS systems, systems integration and what is included and not included.

19 Initial Control Algorithm R&D Results with Flow Battery ESS

20 What Can Be Done With Significant Levels of Storage? Above: extreme example of 50+% solar penetration, storage energy content of about 50% of solar energy content (daily average over course of year).

21 INL Contacts Power and Energy Systems, Renewable Energy and Grid Integration Robert J. Turk (208) ; Kurt S. Myers (208) ; Porter J. Hill (208) ; Jason W. Bush (208) ;

22 Extra Slides

23 FE Warren AFB Wind Project, WY First Air Force wind project in the continental U.S. Expected to save the Air Force more than $3 million in energy costs over the next 20 years. Phase One KW Vestas Wind Turbines, on-line in Phase Two MW Gamesa Wind Turbine added, completed Spring Included an energy security test, w/ detailed analyses of distribution system islanding architecture options, and systems/dynamics modeling with PSS/E and RTDS.

24 Battery Life & Performance Evaluation

25 Impact of Transportation Energy Consumption <Vehicle Usage is Global> Sales: 16.5 M Sales US (2014) 5.5 M Sales Japan (2014) 11.8 M Sales EU (2014) 19.7 M Sales China (2014) Total: 88.5 M globally

26 Vehicles, Energy Storage & Infrastructure Development of Next-Generation Low Cost / Reliable Batteries: Leverage unique INL capabilities to lead Performance Science Foundation: Battery Testing Center & Advanced Vehicle Testing Growth via strong partnerships with: o o o DOE-EERE (USABC) Automotive OEMs Battery Developers Impact: Enabling / accelerating next gen low cost batteries Performance Science: Half-Cell to Vehicle & Back Half-Cell / Coin Pouch / Cell Vehicle

27 Durability Reliability Safety FMEA Quantitative Analysis Diagnostics Prognostics

28 INL Battery Facilities & Equipment Vibration Assessment High Energy Testing

29 Durability & Reliability Understanding Performance Well defined protocols enable diagnostics, prognostics and life estimation for multiple chemistries Life estimates for different performance metrics all converge after ~18 months Well established methods for vehicles, more uncertainty on the grid

30 Durability & Reliability Existing Fast Charging Battery Degradation of Level II (240V) vs. DCFC (480V) On-road and pack testing indicates otherwise High-temperatures is by far more detrimental than DCFC After 50,000 miles (80,000 km): No appreciable difference in capacity loss (~2%) between Level II and DC Fast Charging On-Road cycled packs subjected to varying temperatures each period In-lab cycled packs cycled in constant ambient temp (30 o C) Capacity loss rate approaches steady state in constant temperature testing