Urban Resource Management: We need to integrate

Transcription

1 Urban Resource Management: We need to integrate International Symposium on Sustainable Cities Empowering Local Governments through Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing September 2013, Incheon, Republic of Korea Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy Dean and Professor Patel College of Global Sustainability UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA

2 Patel College of Global Sustainability Energy Systems Urban Transport Urban Water Urban Policy & Governance Urban Planning & Design Urban Patel College of Global Sustainability USF Social Resiliency & Health

3 Bad News: Developing World ~4.5 Billion with no sewerage (70%) ~4 Billion without continuous access to water (60%) ~1 Billion slum dwellers (15%) ~1.5 Billion with no access to electricity (24%)

4 Bad News External Pressures make the Situation Worse Entire earth system is changing!

5 The Urban Arithmetic for ,000 persons per day 90% in developing countries ~90% in urban areas ~850,000 per week in urban settings Growing but also Growing Up

6 Growth in emerging towns - Opportunity to do Things Differently Source: UN (2003)

7 Rapid Urbanization in Africa and Asia Source: World Bank (2010) World Development Report 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography, second edition, pp. 35

8 Opportunity to do Things Differently Comes Early Much of urbanization happens before countries get to $4,000 per capita Change become complex as urbanization advances, than where it has just begun Source: WDR 2009.

9 Rapid Urbanization in Africa and Asia Shenzhen 1980 Today Fishing village of several thousand City of 7 million big in electronic manufacturing

10 Need to think differently

11 When designing urban systems keep in mind the following View urban systems holistically: understand the potential synergies between components of urban system Doing more with less: maximize resource utilisation by improve efficiencies at subsystem and system level Security through diversity: explore diverse and flexible options for all resource flows Fit for purpose match resource and service quality to its intended use Maximize benefits: great potential for harvesting resources from waste streams

12 When designing urban systems keep in mind the following Innovative technologies can play a role: in helping to serve more people with less Adaptive systems work: IURM must take into account that the future is inherently uncertain Need to manage resources across institutions: good governance is a critical to operationalize IURM Involve all the players: integration of all stakeholders in decision-making process

13 When designing urban systems keep in mind the following Innovative technologies can play a role: in helping to serve more people with less Adaptive systems work: IURM must take into account that the future is inherently uncertain Need to manage resources across institutions: good governance is a critical to operationalize IURM Involve all the players: integration of all stakeholders in decision-making process

14 Need to recognize that main challenges are political and institutional in nature Political & Institutional Barriers Path to Implementation Need collaboration, cooperation, and coordination between institutions

15 S W I T C H Managing Urban Water for the Future

16 Stakeholder engagement is key! Why? Poor uptake of innovations Fragmented institutional arrangements Wicked problems - need for integrated solutions Who? Policy makers, planners, regulators, service providers, NGOs, researchers, developers How? Inception (training, stakeholder analysis ) Operational (visioning, planning processes..) Backstopping support (monitoring, evaluation )

17 We need to break down barriers

18 SWITCH A Tale of 12 Cities Birmingham, UK Hamburg, Germany Bogota Cali Lodz, Poland Zaragoza, Spain Alexandria, Egypt Accra, Ghana Tel Aviv, Israel Beijing, China Chong Qing, China Lima Belo Horizonte, Brazil

19 Take home message Create a favorable enabling environment (institutional landscape, regulations etc.) that allows the effective and sustainable urban resource management

20 Doing more with less Integration the key Holistic systems approach to the urban watershed

21 To maximize the benefits we need to understand flows, feedbacks Energy Transportation SW

22 We can optimize at sub-system level Groundwater Matching Conservation Conventional Additional Quality Sources measures sources to Use Stormwater/ Rainwater Surface water Cascading water use Leakage management Energy Desalination Wastewater recycling Transportation Greywater reuse Demand management Helps you think creatively about what could be potential water sources Source: CSIRO

23 Integrated Urban Water Management: provides good framework for analysis SURFACE WATER/GROUNDWATER/DESALINATION) WATER SUPPLY RAINWATER/ STORMWATER HARVESTING IRRIGATION KEY POTABLE WATER RAIN/STORMWATER GREYWATER REUSE WASTEWATER TREATMENT GREY WATER RECLAIMED WATER BLACK WATER RECEIVING BODY (SUSRFACE/GROUNDWATER)

24 Opportunities to diversify our sources Nairobi, Kenya Private Boreholes Private Boreholes Leakage Mgt. WW reuse/ recycling New Conventional Sources Existing Water Sources New Conventional Sources Water Demand Mgt. Existing Water Sources Conventional Approach Unit costs US$ 0.36/m3 IUWM Approach Unit costs US$ 0.29/m3

25 Maximize benefits think about a water machine Reclaimed non-potable Potable Water Quality A,B,C Surface Water Ground Water Rain Water Energy Urine Brownwater Grey water Solid waste SW Nutrients Hygienized Sludge Bioplastic

26 Clusters allow maximum efficiency while giving adaptive capacity Semi central supply and treatment as part of clustered city structure Customized supply and treatment for each cluster Minimizes movement of water Optimizes opportunities for reuse and recycling Use scalability of treatment technology (membranes)

27 It s already happening Battery Park City New York 10,000 inhabitants Decentralized wastewater recycling using MBR for toilet flushing, cooling towers, laundry, irrigation LEED, green roofs, rainwater harvesting

28 Semi-centralized is cheaper? Arua & Mbale, Uganda Average Annual Costs 5,148,000 US$ Average Annual Costs 3,787,000 US$

29 We can optimize at sub-system level Energy Diversifying sources End"to"End!Energy!Inefficiency with renewables Losses!as!high!as!98.4% Energy Reduce losses - 25% Savings Transportation

30 It s about having a portfolio of options Improved wind turbine efficiency Solar Wind Efficient solar panel Improve solar storage Hydro Geothermal Energy CHP Upgrading turbines Steam management Fossil (coal, gas, oil) Reduce resistive wire losses & transformer excitation Biomass Losses Electric Energy Network regulation Heat energy Steam Storage Oil Refinery, Bio plant Residential, commercial and industry House insulation and efficient appliances Small scale energy production

31 Target 2050: reduce energy by 70% Retrofitting houses Energy

32 Integration is the key

33 Maximizing the benefits: It s already happening in Kalundborg, Denmark Gypsum Energy Gas Plaster Board Plant Road Construction Sludge Pig Farmers Yeast Gas Steam Oil Refinery Sulfur Stream Electric Power Station Waste Heat Waste Heat Bio Plant Fermentation sludge Volatile ashes Municipality Fish culture Sludge Sulfuric Acid Producer Cement Factory Plant Local Farmers

34 Clusters allow maximum efficiency Energy CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP

35 Wilhelmsburg, Hamburg Carbon neutral by 2050 Increase renewable thermal energy by 65% (TE network) Reduced thermal demand by 41% Increase renewable electric energy by 100% (biogas, wind, solar)

36 Systems level integration

37 More can be achieved by optimizing at System level Energy Transportation

38 More can be achieved by optimizing at System level Energy Transportation

39 More can be achieved by optimizing at System level Transportation Energy Integrated Urban Resource Management SW

40 Water and energy networks often constraint by road layout

41 Working together - Form and function Stormwater Management Traffic Calming

42 Large amounts of energy used to move, treat and heat water Waste Water Transport to waterworks Drinking Water Waste water treatment kwh/m kwh/m3 Drinking water treatment 0.13 kwh/m3 Transport sewage water 0.16 kwh/m3 Domestic Water use > 50 kwh/m3 Drinking water Distribution 0.11 kwh/m3 After: Olsson 2011

43 Working together User but also a supplier Existing Sources New & Imaginative Biogas Salinity gradient energy Heat Recovery Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)

44 To maximize the benefits we need to understand flows, feedbacks Energy Transportation

45 To maximize the benefits we need to understand flows, feedbacks

46 Real-Time Resource Dashboard Total Area: 305,751 ft 2 Climate Conditions Outdoor Temp: F Humidity: % Indoor Conditions Zone A: F Zone B: F

47 Objectives USF Smart campus - Efficiency gains Class room optimization Minimize movement of students across campus to reduce vehicle transport Building occupancy optimization- Maximize building occupancy rates while drawing down empty buildings Intelligent tree planting - Reduce pollution from streets, reduce urban heat island effect Water conservation - reduce water usage Low power LED lighting Energy reduction Hybrid vehicles - Replace university vehicles with hybrid electric/solar vehicles

48 Objectives USF Smartest campus - Harvesting Solar solar farm, buildings and vehicles Rainwater - ponds and permeable pavements Waste - biomass waste to fertilizer, liquid waste reuse, solid waste recycling Physical movement pavements that generate energy from people movement Condensate collect condensate from HVAC units and use as a water source. Biodiesel Dining hall wastes used as a primary fuel source in the university's public bus system

49 It s already happening integration of water, energy and transport Solar-City, Linz 4000 Inhabitants District heating Vehicle free areas Wastewater free housing estate Battery Park City NY Inhabitants CHP Closed loop water Public transport Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm 3500 Inhabitants Renewable energy, district heating, Recycling of water

50 Combined Heat and Power Plant The Hammarby Model Energy Eco Friendly Electricity Thermal Power Station The Sea WWTP Equalizer Lake Drinking Water Plant Sedimentation

51 Key to optimizing resource flows between sectors is Urban Form

52 Water, Energy and Transport all ask for similar patterns of urban form Density Dispensation Performance Performance Optimal Combined Urban Form Performance Low <100 i/ha Density medium 300 i/ha Medium Density (Cluster) High >400 i/ha Stormwater Management Equal Mixed Land Use Network Structure Land Use Short Paths and Low Redundency Performance Clusters Centralisation Residential Land Use Mixed Commercial Short path

53 They all benefit from higher densities Water Reduced pipe length & costs Lower water demand Pipe length per connection Energy Lower energy demand Energy demand per capita Potential for thermal networks Transport Reduced travel distance Good transit services Transport fuel per capita

54 They all benefit from a more clustered approach Water Fosters Reuse & recycling Fosters heat recovery Energy Potential for thermal energy networks Fosters diversity in energy sources Transport Fosters transit oriented development

55 New urban forms should include bluegreen corridors Water Drainage & flood protection Maintain natural water balance Blue Green Corridors Energy Provides some natural cooling Transport Provides walk/bike pathways Improves aesthetics Ventilation Corridors

56 Take home message Systems approach to the analysis of urban resource flows and their associated institutional setting - allows a more integrated approach to management. Formal integrated frameworks need to be developed to articulate the complex interactions between different urban flow streams (allowing optimization of multiple (and often conflicting) objectives).

57 We need Champions of Change Train new urban leaders!

58 Training program needs to be holistic and promote integration

59 A strategy that cascades change Medium Level for Senior Managers Expert Training for Managers & Practitioners

60 Choices Before Us Stay in Lane - Business as Usual Try Harder, Spend More for Traditional Sys What You What You Know.. Know.. Truly Different Approach What You Don t Know..

61 Thank You Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy Global Challenges, Global Research, Global Solutions