New Progress for Better Development of Dams and Reservoirs

Transcription

1 New Progress for Better Development of Dams and Reservoirs Dr. JIA Jinsheng Hon. President of ICOLD Vice President of IWHR

2 Contents 1 Investment in dams & reservoirs is investment in the green economy 2 Relationship between dams and socio economic development 3 Concerns in future development of dams & reservoirs 4 Joint efforts for a better world

3

4 A quick developing world 1 Population growth & socioeconomic development billion High variant Medium variant 2 Water security 8 6 Low variant 4 3 Food and energy security Year 4 Ecological security

5 Freshwater availability per capita ,050 m 3 7,310 m 3 5,120 m 3 4,580 m 3

6 In 2025, water-stressed countries will increase to 48 countries with combined population of 3 billion

7 Adaptation to the impact of climate change Glacier smelting Extreme weather events

8 A major focus: Drought and water scarcity Drought in South West China in 2010

9 Large hydropower facilities have become a key milestone for green growth. Rachel Kyte, Vice President of WBG for sustainable development The era of the World Commission on Dams (WCD) has gone and the guidelines for sustainable development of dams and hydropower are used in practice. Investment in hydropower development (WBG, 2009)

10 Water storage for sustainable development World Declaration on water storage for sustainable development issued jointly by: ICOLD ICID IHA IWRA

11 hydropower generation to its economical potential by continents Developed 40% Developed 71% Developed 65% World Europe N America Developed 45% Developed 25% Developed 13% Australia Asia Africa

12 Accelerate dam construction and hydropower development for better use of water resources Developed countries in North America and Europe are shifting their priority to upgrade and reinforcement of existing dams. Most developing countries such as in Asia and South America have formulated plans to complete the task of hydropower development by Some countries and regions, especially in Africa, though with rich water resources and strong intention of developing dams & hydropower, mostly still face great difficulties for the lack of capital, technology, etc.. Countries suffering from political turmoil, though urgent for developing dams and hydropower, advance the construction very slowly due to the weak national strength and other unfavorable conditions.

13 Hydropower with the highest energy payback ratio and extremely low carbon emissions

14 Energy payback ratio: a case of thermal power station EPR = E nl ( E + E + E + E ) matl conl opl decl E nl = the net electrical energy produced over a given plant lifetime L E matl = total energy invested in materials used over a plant lifetime L E conl = total energy invested in construction for a plant with lifetime L E opl = otal energy invested in operating the plant over the lifetime L E decl = total energy invested in decommissioning a plant after it has operated for a lifetime L

15 Hydropower with the highest energy payback ratio

16 Hydropower with extremely low carbon emissions

17

18 The development of dams & hydropower is related with the socio-economic development. Indicators of dams & hydropower per capita storage capacity (Berga 2008) -the degree of development of the economic hydropower potential (Jia 2012) Indicators of socioeconomic development -the UN Human Development Index (HDI) weighted average of the per capita GDP, health and education

19 Correlation between the per capita storage capacity and HDI

20 Correlation between % of hydropower economic development and HDI

21 Dam safety

22 The construction of 300m-high dams Dam Highest Dams in the World (Top 10) Country Height (m) Type Storage Capacity (km 3 ) Jingpin I Dam China 305 VA 15.0 Nurek Dam Tajikistan 300 ER 10.5 Xiaowan Dam China VA 15.1 Grande Dixence Dam Switzerland 285 PG 0.4 Keban Dam Turkey 282 ER 31.0 Xiluodu Dam China VA 12.9 Kambarazin I Dam Kyrgyzstan 275 ER 3.6 Inguri Dam Georgia VA 1.11 Vaiont Dam Italy 262 VA 0.169

23 Concrete experiment on hydraulic fracturing 混凝土 钢盖 固定螺栓 预设裂缝 压力表 进水口 预设裂缝 混凝土

24 Water head for Limit status of Hydraulic Fracturing (m) Designed by principle of zero tensile stress Designed by principle of U.S Crack Depth at Dam Heel(m) Dworshak Dam (H=219m) Water head for Limit status of Hydraulic Fracturing (m) Designed by principle of Grand Dixence Designed by principle of zero tensile Crack Depth at Dam Heel(m) Grand Dixence Dam (H=285m) Comparison of the capacities of super high gravity dams against hydraulic fracturing with three different design codes

25 The safety of dams against extreme natural disaster Recent earthquake events Earthquake Time Location Magnitud e Wenchuan May 12, 2008 Sichuan, China Death toll 8.0 > 68,000 Haiti Jan. 12, 2010 Haiti , ,000 Chile Feb. 27, 2010 Concepcion, Chile Indonesia Apr. 7, 2010 Eastern Indonesia Japan Mar. 11, 2012 Northeastern Japan , Unknown ,500-16,500

26 Zipingpu Dam in good condition after Wenchuan earthquake

27 Shear failure of Shigang dam

28 The safety of cascade reservoirs A four-dam-system on Ru River, including Banqiao, Zhugou, Boshan, and Suyahu Dams. In August 1975, the former two dams failed by overtopping during an extreme storm while the later two dams survived.

29 New technology

30 Cemented Material Dams (CMD) between RCC dams & embankment dams CMD RCC Embankment

31 Cemented Material Dams (CMD) include: Hardfill dams and CSG dams (Cemented sand and gravel dams) Rock filled concrete dams (RFC dams) Masonry dams in a modern way Cindere dam (H=107 m) in Turkey, the highest hardfill dam in the world Changken RFC dam (H=26.5 m) in China

32 Characteristics of CSG dam Dam Safety High anti-seismic ability High ability against overtopping Economy Use local materials Cost saving > 15% Environment Few waste materials, and even zero waste materials Tobetsu CSG dam (H=52 m) in Japan

33 List of the new type of dams in the world Dam Location Height (m) Completed year Cindere Turkey Beydag Turkey Gongguoqiao China Tobetsu Japan Can-Asujan Philippine Hongkou cofferdam China Nagashima Japan Ano Mera Greek Moncion Dominica Marathia Greek St Martin de Londress France Jiemian cofferdam China

34 Hongkou CSG cofferdam (H=35.5m) survived against overtopping (ΔH=8m) Overtopping height 8m

35 New concepts

36 Better development of dams & reservoirs 4 aspects to be improved Utilize and change nature 1 Cognition As well as Protect and adapt to nature Technologically feasible and economically reasonable Project safety and function realization National and collective interests 2 Decision making 3 Operation & Management 4 Benefit Sharing As well as Eco-friendly and social acceptable As well as Ecological compensation, safety and regulation As well as Stakeholders benefits

37 Ecological function

38 Dams & reservoirs keep healthy life of rivers To allow upkeep of minimum flows during dry seasons which enable the preservation of many aquatic animals and plants during droughts. To contribute to stabilizing ground water levels in adjacent land areas. To create new and biologically desirable habitats and to irrigate wetland biotopes or wetland forests.

39 Yellow River: Ecological Function of Xiaolangdi Dam Xiaolangdi Xiaolangdi Reservoir Reservoir Sanmenxia Sanmenxia Reservoir Reservoir Luhun Reservoir Luhun Reservoir Guxian Reservoir Guxian Reservoir H=157m P=1,800MW

40 Achievements of Water & Sediment Regulation of Xiaolangdi Dam 13 times since 2002 scour the whole riverbed of lower reach mill. tons of sediments into sea riverbed 1.5 m (average) lower Water & sediment regulation by Xiaolangdi Dam

41 Improved Ecosystem River flows all year long Estuarial ecosystem improved Estuarial wetland restored Biological diversity increased -- Bird Species: 187 (1990s) 283 (present)

42 Ecological Regulation on Pearl River Delta Macau Salt water intrusion in dry season Water supply problem in delta areas (e.g. Macau)

43 Emergency Water Diversion to Guarantee Water Supply 大藤峡工程 Datengxia Dam

44 To Guarantee Water Supply in Pearl River Delta To Unify Water Resources Regulation To Build Datengxia Ecological Reservoir To Achieve Full Ecological Functions of Dams

45 Technical standard and certification system Green Hydropower Certification Low Impact Hydropower Certification The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol

46

47 We will still be in the Fossil Fuel economy. IEA WEO2012 Renewables increases by 80%, Nuclear by 60%. But Fossil Fuels continue to be major sources of energy, though their share drops from 81% to 75% in 2035.

48 North American Energy Independence and Middle East oil to Asia: a new Energy Silk Road Middle East oil export by destination mb/d IEA WEO China India Japan & Korea Europe United States By 2035, almost 90% of Middle Eastern oil exports go to Asia; North America s emergence as a net exporter accelerates the eastward shift in trade

49 COAL DEVELOPMENT AND WATER RISK 煤炭发展与水资源危机

50 To issue more protocols, bulletins, and guidelines. To enhance international cooperation on new technology and application promotion. To encourage governments, financial institutions, and private sectors to give more investment. To advance the development of sharing rivers with win-win cooperation. To promote more round table meetings, more communication between developed and developing countries, more capacity building programs,etc.

51

52 ICOLD Committee on Integrated Operation of Hydropower Stations and Reservoirs Safe operation and management of hydropower stations Integrated operation of hydropower stations with multi-objective oriented reservoirs Optimal operation of basin reservoirs and hydropower stations for a cascade development To improve safety, efficiency and management level

53 ICOLD COMMITTEE ON MULTIPURPOSE WATER STORAGE dam sites, particularly storage sites, are scarce national resources long-term perspective argues for flexibility in use over time global warming contributes to increasing variability in rainfall, agricultural production, floods, etc Each of these arguments point towards a serious consideration of multipurpose project design.

54 Yellow River: Ecological Function of Xiaolangdi Dam Xiaolangdi Xiaolangdi Reservoir Reservoir Sanmenxia Sanmenxia Reservoir Reservoir Luhun Reservoir Luhun Reservoir Guxian Reservoir Guxian Reservoir H=157m P=1,800MW

55 ICOLD and other International Organizations Closely with ICID, IHA, IWRA, WWC, With ICID Hon. President Mr. Madramootoo With IWRA President Mr. Xia With IHA President Mr. Abdel-Malek

56 New members of ICOLD family Since 2009, the total number of ICOLD members has grown from 88 to 95, with 7 new countries. The 7 new members are: Armenia, Georgia, Kenya, Mozambique, Niger, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

57 Update Constitution and By-laws

58 ICOLD technical materials downloaded by National Members freely

59 Organize or co-organize sorts of activities Special Session on Water Storage for Sustainable Development during the 6 th WWF (Marseille, March 2012) One-week exhibition at the World Water Pavilion stand in Shanghai World Expo (Shanghai, Sept. 2010)

60 储水设施与可持续发展 世界宣言 为了呼吁全世界共同努力, 采取可持续发展的方式发展和保护储水基础设施, 国际大坝委员会联合国际灌溉与排水委员会 国际水电协会和国际水资源协会于 2012 年 6 月 6 日在日本京都发布了 储水设施与可持续发展 世界宣言 目前该宣言已有中 英 法和西班牙语版本

61 Dams & Hydropower for African Sustainable Development issued jointly by ICOLD ICID IHA WEC

62 Round Table Meeting on Dams and Hydropower for African Sustainable Development The 1 st in Hanoi, Vietnam, The 2 nd in Lisbon, Portugal, The 3 rd in Beijing, China, The 4 th in Zhengzhou, China, Beijing, China, Hanoi, Vietnam, Lisbon, Portugal,

63 International Milestone Projects Achieving innovative progress Good performance Environmental Friendly Realizing the functions designed Other

64 Hoover Dam Three Gorges Dam Grand Dixence Dam Itaipu Dam

65 Capacity building programs for engineers of developing countries and young engineers Youth Forum during 79 th Annual Meeting in Switzerland 2011 Training Program for African experts in China in 2010

66 Quick response to sudden events Accident of Sayano-Shushenskaya HHP

67 Presentation on the accident of Sayano-sushensike hydropower station by Russian Committee on Large Dams during the 78 th Annual Meeting of ICOLD in Hanoi, Vietnam

68

69 International Seminar on Earthquake & Dam Safety (China, March 30 - April 3, 2009)

70 WorldHandinHand Promoting Exchange & Cooperation Sharing Experience & Lessons Meeting Challenges Jointly

71