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1 Highlights Key Figures on Climate France and Worldwide 21 Edition Commissariat général au développement durable SOeS Tour Voltaire F-9255 La Défense Cedex developpement-durable.gouv.fr Direction Générale de l Energie et du Climat SCEE Grande Arche, Paroi Nord F-9255 La Défense Cedex Caisse des Dépôts Mission Climat CDC Climat 16 rue Berthollet F Arcueil Cedex mission-climat@ caissedesdepots.fr Service de l observation et des statistiques

2 Summary Contacts: MEEDDM - CGDD - SOeS Sous-direction de l observation de l énergie et des matières premières Frédéric Ouradou: Sami Louati: frederic.ouradou@developpement-durable.gouv.fr sami.louati@developpement-durable.gouv.fr MEEDDM - DGEC - SCEE Sous-direction du climat et de la qualité de l air Daniel Delalande: daniel.delalande@developpement-durable.gouv.fr Caisse des Dépôts - Mission Climat Anaïs Delbosc: Jérémy Elbèze: anais.delbosc-e@caissedesdepots.fr jeremy.elbeze@caissedesdepots.fr Part 1 Climate Change 1.1 The Greenhouse Effect Humans and the Greenhouse Effect Stocks and Flows of GHGs: The Example of CO Increase in Atmospheric GHG Levels Concentrations and Temperatures Global Warming Warming Differentiated by Latitude Consequences of Global Warming... 9 Part 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2.1 Snapshot of Global GHG Emissions European Panorama of GHGs French Panorama of GHGs Part 3 Energy-related CO2 Emissions in the World 3.1 Energy-related CO2 emissions CO2 Emissions due to Electricity Production including CHP Plants CO2 Emission Factors Part 4 CO2 Emissions by Sector in Europe and in France 4.1 Fuel Combustion: the Largest Emitter of CO CO2 Emissions due to Energy Production and Conversion Transportation-related CO2 Emissions Industry-related CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions in the Other Sectors CO2 Emissions excluding Fuel Combustion Part 5 Climate Policies 5.1 The Kyoto Protocol The Tradable Permit Market Project Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol The European Union s Commitment European CO2 Market (EU ETS) Towards a Price Signal for CO2 Emissions States Climate Policy: The Case of France Other Initiatives to Reduce Emissions Practical information CO2 Key Figures Glossary of Terms Useful Links

3 1.1 The Greenhouse Effect The Atmosphere s role on the Greenhouse Effect 1.2 Humans and the Greenhouse Effect Characteristics of GHGs Influenced by Human Activity C The sun supplies energy through its rays to the Earth which, in return, radiates an equal quantity of energy in the form of infrared radiation (IR). In the absence of greenhouse gases (GHGs), the temperature of the Earth would be -19 C (left figure). With the increase in concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere, a portion of the IR is reflected back towards the surface of the Earth. The Earth s temperature increases until the energy radiated is equal to that absorbed. The presence of GHGs leads to an increase in surface temperature, which then reaches +14 C (right figure). The Atmosphere and Greenhouse Gases Composition of the dry atmosphere (% of volume excluding H2O) Others 1.% Oxygen (O2) 2.9% Energy flows, expressed in W/m 2 with or without greenhouse gases (GHG) Nitrogen (N2) 78.1% C Source: after IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. Role of the principal greenhouse gases in the reflection of radiation towards the surface (in W/m 2 ) CH4 and N2O 6% O3 8% CO2 26% H2O 6% Atmospheric Concentration 25 Lifespan in the Atmosphere Global Warming Potential (total over 1 years) Sources in Human Activity Change in Radiative Forcing Due to Anthropogenic Emissions since 175 CO2 CH4 N2O Synthetic gases referenced by the Kyoto Protocol HFC PFC SF6 379 ppm 1,174 ppb 319 ppb 6.6 ppt 76.9 ppt 5.6 ppt Between 2 years and thousand of years 12 years 114 years Burning of fossil fuels and tropical deforestation Landfills, agriculture, livestock and industrial processes Agriculture, industrial processes, use of fertilizer Between 1 and 26 years Between 124 and 14,8 about 1 years Between 7,3 and 12,2 Aerosols, refrigeration, aluminium smelting years 22,8 Ozone and water vapor omitted due to the complexity of its lifecycle. ppm= part per million, ppb= part per billion, ppt=part per trillion The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a gas is the ratio between the energy reflected towards the surface over 1 years per 1 kg of the gas and that which would be reflected by 1 kg of CO2, used as a reference, over the same period. The GWP depends on the concentration and lifespan of each gas. Ex. : 1 kg of CH4 and 25 kg of CO2, emitted at the same time, would heat the atmosphere equally over one century. Radiative forcing quantifies, in relation to a year of reference (here 175), the changes in radiation, or the energy reflected back towards the surface due to greenhouse gases. A positive value indicates a positive contribution to warming and vice versa. Source: IPCC, 1 st working group, 27. Source: IPCC, 3 rd report of the 1 st working group, 21. Source: Kiehl & Trenberth 1996, National Center for Atmospheric Research. N.B.: proportions in the absence of clouds. Although CO2 has the smallest global warming potential of all greenhouse gases, it has nevertheless contributed the most to global warming since 175. GHGs make up less than.1 % of the atmosphere. The abundance of water vapor (not represented above) fluctuates from.4 % to 4 % in volume. Water vapor currently plays the largest role in the natural greenhouse effect. Some human activities also contribute to reducing radiative forcing, most notably through the emissions of aerosols. These emissions, however, do not compensate for the positive contributions of other gases to radiative forcing. The rise in the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere over the industrial era, known as global warming, corresponds to the amplification of the natural greenhouse phenomenon by human activities. 2 3

4 1.3 Stocks and Flows of GHGs: The Example of CO2 1.4 Increase in Atmospheric GHG Levels The Simplified CO2 Cycle Volcanism <.4 Geological Reservoirs (13, ) Fossil Fuel and Cement Emissions 23.5 Sequestration Land-use Change Photosynthesis 3.7 Respiration and Fires 1.5 Biosphere (8, ) Atmosphere ( ) Ocean (139, ) Sedimentation.7 Natural reservoirs and flows are in black. The human perturbations to the reservoirs and flows are in red. Net carbon flows observed in the 9 s are expressed in billions of tons of CO2 equivalent per year. These flows are variable through time, which explains that carbon flows do not always correspond to the observed variations in reservoirs. These reservoirs result from the cumulated flows from 175 to 1994 and are expressed in billions of tons of CO2 equivalent. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. Four large reservoirs allow the storage of carbon in different forms: - Atmosphere: gaseous CO2 - Biosphere: organic material and living things - Ocean: calcium, dissolved CO2 - Subsoil: rocks, sediments, fossil fuels Flows of carbon between these reservoirs constitute the carbon cycle, which is amended by CO2 emissions due to human activity. Human activities disrupt the natural carbon cycle by changing the size of flows exchanged or through the creation of new flows. This is the case, for example, for the burning of organic and fossil fuels (coal, petroleum ). Of the 1,38 Gt CO2 liberated by human activities from the biosphere and the lithosphere, the atmosphere has absorbed 65 Gt and the oceans 433 Gt. The atmosphere is the reservoir which is the most affected by human activities: the quantity of carbon absorbed has increased by 3 % compared to the pre-industrial era. Imbalance between Emissions and Storage Capacity CO2 CO2 (GtCO2/an) CO2/year) Burning of fossil fuels cement production 26.4 Land-use changes 5.9 Terrestrial Reservoirs 9.5 Oceanic Reservoir 8.1 Atmospheric Reservoir 15. Uncertainty Emissions data from the burning of fossil fuels, the production of cement, the oceanic reservoir and the growth of the atmospheric reservoir are from the period The terrestrial flows are for the 199s. As each category was measured separately, overall uncertainty is not equal to the sum of the presented values. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. Stock Carbone de carbone Stock (tco2 (tco2eq/ha) eq./ha) 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, Annual change in CO2 by source, reservoir and the associated uncertainty Since the increase in industrial activities, terrestrial and oceanic reservoirs have absorbed half of the human-related emissions. The atmosphere has therefore served to absorb the excess, which has led to increased concentration of greenhouse gases. Importance of forest carbon Tropical forests (area-weighted mean of dry and humid forests) Carbon content of forests per hectare 236 1, Temperate forests Boreal forests Croplands Biomass Soil Source : GIEC, 2. Forests are the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir. They store approximately 9.5 Gt CO2eq emissions per year, equivalent to 3% of global GHG emissions. Deforestation leads to emissions of greenhouse gases through burning and decomposition of organic matter, mainly in the form of CO2. In 24, emissions from deforestation reached 8.7 Gt CO2eq, thisis the third most emitting sector in the world. 4 5

5 1.5 Concentrations and Temperatures 1.6 Global Warming Historic Evolution of GHG Concentrations Estimated global Température temperature globale estimée and et taux growth d accroissement rate depuis since CO2 (ppm), N2O N2O (ppb) (ppb) Carbone dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) {CH4 1,774 ppb +148%} {CO2 379 ppm +35%} {N2O 27 ppb +18%} Beginning of the industrial area Year 2, 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 The figure in brackets indicates the atmospheric concentration of GHG in 25 and their percentage of growth since 175. CH4 (ppb) ( C) Température globale moyenne estimée ( C) Estimated global mean temperature Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, The stable nature of concentrations before the industrial era shifted radically in 175, exhibiting a strong increase in levels due to the intensification of human activities emitting large quantities of GHGs. In 28, atmospheric CO2 concentration achieved 385 ppm, 38% above preindustrial level (Source: World Meteorological Organisation, 29). Annual mean Smoothed series 5-95% decadal errors bars Period Years Rate C per decade Difference from current temperature ( C) Correlation between Temperature and the Concentration of CO Temperature and concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere over the last 4 years 4, 35, 3, 25, 2, Years ago 15, These results were obtained from the analysis of ice cores sampled at Vostok (Antarctica). 1, 5, Today Source: World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder & NOAA Paleoclimatology Program. The oscillations in temperature and concentration of CO2 are not yet fully understood. While the similarity of their evolutions is not fully explained, it indicates that the two values are connected. The current concentration of CO2 is 3% higher than the maximum observed over the 45, years of weather records. Concentration of CO2 (ppm) Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. The global average temperature has increased by approximately + 1 C over the last century. This increase is particularly apparent over the last 25 years, when the rate of temperature growth was the strongest of the entire century. Temperature difference from average ( C) Mean temperature evolution in Metropolitan France and the world since 191 compared with the France World Source: Météo-France, 28. In France and in the world, the temperatures of the last decade have systematically been above the average temperature of The last decade also counts seven of the ten warmest years since 191. Temperature difference from average ( C)

6 1.7 Warming Differentiated by Latitude The expected increase in temperature varies according to latitude. The warming will be less in the tropics than at the poles. Equally, the increase in temperature in coastal regions is less than in inland. With reasonable hypothetical conditions (continued levels of observed economic and demographic development and balance between fossil and renewable energy sources), the increases in annual temperatures over a single century (period from ) are estimated: + 3,5 C in Southern Europe + 2,5 C in Southeast Asia + 4,9 C in the Arctic (North Pole) + 3,2 C in Central America + 2,6 C in Southern Australia C In West Africa For a global increase of + 2,8 C The temperatures by region are the median temperatures predicted overall by the scenario models. The global temperature is the best estimate possible. Source: Scenario A1B, IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. Observed temperature change in Europe Consequences of Global Warming Decrease in snow-cover Snow-cover anomaly (million km 2 ) Northern hemisphere snow cover extent variation Monthly snow-cover anomalies 12-month running mean of monthly anomalies Trend Snow-cover anomaly refers to the difference between each monthly value and the annual mean. Source: European Environment Agency, 28. Melting Ice Combined mass balance evolution of 3 glaciers from French Alps since 1994 Temperature increase in C per decade Combined mass balance (m.water) Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute Saint-Sorlin Argentière Gébroulaz There has been an increase in mean temperatures everywhere in Europe during the period This evolution is not uniform: the increase is greater in the North. Source: Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l environnement, 26. The run down of glacier mass from the Alps has not been uniform over the period. The falls in levels (as a result of winter with a small amount of snow and very hot summer) has been punctuated with short phases of growth. 8 9

7 1.8 Consequences of Global Warming Increase in Sea Level Worldwide Global warming affects sea levels worldwide. Readings indicate a continued increase in levels since the 187s. Global Niveau average moyen des sea mers level du globe Ecart à la moyenne Difference sur from la période (mm) Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. Increases in sea level will most likely lead to migration of population living in flooded areas or who have no access to drinking water because of the salinization of essential groundwater resources. The Various Causes of Increased Sea Level Causes Increase in sea level (mm/year) and contribution to measured growth Thermal Expansion.42 ±.12 23% 1.6 ±.5 52% Glaciers and Polar Ice Caps.5 ±.18 28%.77 ±.22 25% Extreme Weather Events A weather event is classified as extreme when it substantially exceeds a base of reference. Extreme events are always unpredictable; it is their increase in average frequency of occurrence or average intensity that can indicate climate changes. A number of weather events can be considered as extreme: tornadoes, hurricanes, as well as heat waves or abnormally heavy rainfall. Temperature and Precipitation Extremes Difference from average Abnormally cold and warm days Abnormally cold days Abnormally warm days The reference used is the mean of the indicator considered over the period The curves represent the mobile averages per decade. All regions worldwide are not included due to insufficient data. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. A day is considered abnormally cold (or warm) when the observed temperature is below (or above) the limit of 9% of the coldest (or hottest) temperatures recorded between A decrease in the number of days abnormally cold and a growth in the number of days abnormally warm have been noted since the 199s. Anomalies in precipitations have also been noted over the same time period. Glacial Cover of Greenland.5 ±.12 3%.21 ±.7 7% Glacial Cover of Antarctica.14 ±.41 8%.21 ±.35 7% Sum of Contributions 1.1 ±.5 61% 2.8 ±.7 9% Increase Measured 1.8 ±.5 1% 3.1 ±.7 1% Difference.7 ±.7 29%.3 ± 1. 1% Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. Over a decade, the principal factors of growth of global sea levels are thermal expansion and the melting of terrestrial ice deposits (glaciers, polar ice caps, snow cover, permafrost) Anomalies in precipitation (%) Today, 1% of the increase in sea level over the last 1 years remains unexplained. The indicator used is the portion of rainfall abnormally high in terms of yearly precipitation. This graphic presents the difference, in %, between this portion and the mean observed between The orange curve shows the variations per decade. All regions worldwide were not included due to insufficient data. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group,

8 2.1 Snapshot of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Global GHGs by type of gas CH4 14.3% Global GHG emissions by gas in 24 (including LULUCF) 1 Global GHG Emissions by sector Gt CO2eq. Gt CO2-éq N2O 7.9% Fluorinated gases PFC + HFC + SF6 1.1% Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 3 rd working group Energy Transport Residential Industry Agriculture LULUCF 1 Waste and supply (13.1%) and (19.4%) (13.5%) (17.4%) wastewater (25.9%) commercial (2.8%) buildings (7.9%) The percentage indicated for each sector corresponds to its share in global GHG emissions in 24. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. CO2 76.7% Emissions of the six greenhouse gases 1 covered by the Kyoto Protocol have increased by 7% since 197 and by 24% since 199, reaching 49 Gt CO2eq. in 24. CO2 emissions, representing the ¾ of global emissions in 24, have increased by 28% since Carbone dioxyde (CO2), nitrous oxyde (N2O), méthane (CH4), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Global anthropogenic greenhouse emissions in 19 and 24 Fluorinated gases The most significant increase since 199 is attributed to land use change and forestry (+48%), followed by energy (+37%) and transport (+32%). In the agricultural and industrial sectors, an increase of 9% has been observed since 199. GHG emissions related to the construction and waste sectors have remained virtually stable, with 3% growth since 199. N2O CH4 CO2 Regional Distribution of GHG Emissions 1 per capita t CO2eq./capita Annex I Population 19.7% USA & Canada 19.4% JANZ 5.2% EIT Annex I 9.7% Europe Annex I 11.4% In 24, Annex I countries of the UNFCCC 2 represented 2% of the world s population, 57% of global GDP and produced 46% of all GHG emissions. In Annex I countries, the average GHG emission per capita was 16.1 t CO2eq, approximately four times that in non- Annex I countries. Measured in USD 2, according to purchasing power parity (ppp), the production of one unit of GDP in the Annex I countries resulted on average in GHG emissions 35% higher than in non-annex I countries. Regional Distribution of GHG Emissions 1 per Unit of GDP kg CO2eq./USD 2 ppp Africa 7.8% EIT annex I 9.7% Other non-annex I 2.% Latin America 1.3% Middle East 3.8% 1. Including Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. 2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. non-annex I Population 8.3% Annex I non-annex I Share in global GDP 56.6% 43.4% Average Annex I : 16.1 t CO2 eq./cap. 15 Other non-annex I 2. % Middle East 3.8 % 1 Average non-annex I : 4.2 t CO2 eq./cap. 5 Latin America Non-Annex I 1.3% East Asia 17.3% Africa 7.8% South Asia 13.1% Cumulative population (in billions) The percentage indicated for each region corresponds to its portion of global GHG emissions. EIT: Economies in transition, JANZ: Japan, Australia, New Zealand. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group, 27. GHG/GDP kg CO2eq/US$ Non-Annex I East Asia South Asia USA & Canada 17.3% 13.1% JANZ Europe Annex I 19.4% 5.2% 11.4% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Cumulative GDP (in billion USD 2 ppp) The percentage indicated for each region corresponds to the part of global GDP. EIT : Economies in Transition, JANZ: Japan, Australia, New Zealand. Source: IPCC, 4 th report of the 1 st working group,

9 2.2 European Panorama of GHGs 2.3 French Panorama of GHGs 27 GHG Emissions in EU-27 in Mt CO2eq 27 GHG Emissions in France in Mt CO2eq Sector Years CO2 CH4 N2O Fluorinated gases Unit: Mt CO2eq Total Sector Years CO2 CH4 N2O Fluorinated gases Unit: Mt CO2eq Total Energy Industrial Processes Use of Solvents Agriculture 199 4, , , , LULUCF Waste Total , , , ,638.1 Energy Industrial Processes Use of Solvents Agriculture LULUCF Waste Total Source: European Environment Agency, 29. Source: European Environment Agency, 29. Total GHG emissions decreased by 11.3% over , half of it due to a drop in CO2 emissions, but also thanks to the reduction in methane and N2O emissions ( 286, 185 et 139 Mt CO2eq respectively). Major reductions were achieved in the waste sector, where emissions dropped by 34%. GHG emissions by sector in EU-27 Total GHG emissions decreased by 12,2% over , partly due to the decrease in CO2 and N2O emissions ( 3 et 29 Mt CO2eq respectively). Emissions dropped mostly in the industrial processes sector (-27% compared to 199) and in the LULUCF sector in which carbon sequestration increased by 84%. GHG emissions by sector in France Mt CO2eq. 6, 5, 4, Mt CO2eq , 2, 1, , Energy Industrial Use of Agriculture LULUCF 1 Waste Total Processes Solvents Energy Industrial Use of Agriculture LULUCF 1 Waste Total Processes Solvents CO2 CH4 N2O Fluorinated gases CO2 CH4 N2O Fluorinated gases 1. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Source: European Environment Agency, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Source: European Environment Agency,

10 3.1 Energy-related CO2 emissions Energy-related CO2 Emissions Worldwide 1 Index base 1 in China Africa World USA EU-15 In 27, energy-related global CO2 emissions reached 29 billion tons (Gt) CO2, a 38% increase since 199. This rise stems principally from China, whose emissions, slightly more than 6 Gt CO2, are now superior to those of USA. These two countries alone contributed to more than 4% of global CO2 emissions linked to fuel combustion in 27. In the EU, energyrelated CO2 emissions shrank by 3.3% in 27 in relation to 199 values. This is due to the 12 new EU member states, whose emissions diminished from 25%, due to economic restructuring. Conversely, former EU-15 emissions increased from 3.6%, but with uneven situations among countries. Indeed, emissions hugely raised in countries with rapid economic growth (+ 67% in Spain, + 44% in Ireland or + 41% in Portugal) whereas the restructuring of the German industrial sector following unification produced a decrease in emissions of 16%. The decrease in British emissions ( 5.4%) results primarily from a widespread fuel switch in energy production from coal to natural gas France Change in Global CO2 Emissions Related to Fuel Combustion In Mt CO Share (%) Change (%) Change (%) in North America 5,589 6,654 6, of which: Canada USA 4,863 5,698 5, Latin America , of which: Brazil Europe and former USSR 7,944 6,768 6, of which: EU-27 4,59 3,988 3, EU-15 3,88 3,264 3, of which: Germany Spain France Italy United Kingdom new EU Members of which: Russia 2,18 1,587 1, Africa Middle-East 588 1,39 1, Far East 4,818 1,63 1, of which: China 2,244 5,645 6, South Korea India 589 1,244 1, Japan 1,65 1,22 1, Oceania Annex I countries 13,899 14,149 14, Non-annex I countries 6,471 12,899 13, International marine and air bunkers , World 2,981 28,28 28, Source: IEA. 1. Emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels for final use (transport, heating, etc.) or intermediary use (production of electricity, oil refining). These emissions are assessed by the International Energy Agency on the basis of national energy balances. Some differences in perimeter and methods of computation (in particular in emission factors) with Chapter 4 are to be noted. Chapter 4 data are taken from the inventories of GHG emissions transmitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2. International maritime shipping and aviation are excluded from national totals. Mt CO2 Source: IEA. Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil) still represent 81% of the primary energy mix in 27, only 5% less than in In the EU-27, this ratio drops to 78% and even to 51% in France, due to the widespread use of nuclear generation. Worldwide, between 1971 and 27, the oil share decreased by 1%, coal remained stable whereas the shares of both nuclear and gas raised by 5%. Coal represents a quarter of the global energy mix but it is the first CO2 emitter (45%), because its emission factor is superior to that of oil and gas (cf. page 21). Hydraulics 2% Nuclear 1% Natural Gas 16% 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, 5,533 Mtep (1971) Coal Oil Natural Gas Other renewable and waste 11% Coal 26% Oil 44% Global primary energy mix Hydraulics 2% Nuclear 6% Natural Gas 21% 12,29 Mtep (27) Other renewable and waste 1% Coal 26% Oil 35% Source: IEA

11 3.1 Energy-related CO2 emissions Energy-related CO2 Emissions per Capita Worldwide Energy-related CO2 Emissions in Relation to GDP Worldwide t CO2 / capita Between 199 and 27, the level of CO2 emissions per capita lowered in Annex I countries and greatly increased in non-annex I countries. Per capita emissions in China raised by more than 1%, to 4.6 t CO2, and are now comparable to the world average (4.4 t CO2). The difference in level of development and a limited access to energy sources restrain emissions in Africa (.9 t CO2 per capita). In 27, an inhabitant of the EU-27 emitted on average 7.9 t CO2, a drop of 8% in comparison to 199 level. This decrease is mainly due to the drop in emissions observed in Germany ( 19%) and in the 12 new EU Members. In comparison, the EU-15 had seen its CO2 emissions per capita slowly decrease by 3.4% between 199 and 27. With only 5.8 t CO2 released, France emits thrice less than United States or Australia per capita (19 t CO2) and remains easily below the European average mostly due to its low carbon electricity production system. USA EU-27 France China World Africa t CO2 / million $ 2 ppp 1 2,2 2, 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1, Source: IEA. Source: IEA. In every world area, the amount of CO2 released in the creation of one unit of GDP, called the carbon intensity of the economy, has decreased ( 25% worldwide since 199), except in the Middle East (+18%). In China, the large drop observed between 199 and 27 ( 48%) hides a trend towards an increase of this indicator between 22 and 25 (+5% a year). This shift is directly related to China s strong economic growth and the related increasing energy needs that have been met essentially through the use of coal. In spite of a strong reduction since 199 ( 31%), Russia continues to have an elevated level for this indicator (a unit of GDP, expressed in $ ppp 1 leads to about one ton of CO2 emissions). In the UE-27, this indicator is rather low compared with the other areas of the world, particularly in former EU-15 (.29 kg CO2 per $, but.5 in the 12 new EU members). With only.21 kg CO2 per $, France is the second best among EU-27, after Sweden, where both nuclear and hydraulics are very developed. China USA World Africa EU-27 France In t CO2 per capita Change (%) Change (%) Population in 27 (millions) North America of which: Canada USA Latin America of which: Brazil Europe and former USSR of which: EU EU of which: Germany Spain France Italy United Kingdom new EU Members of which: Russia Africa Middle-East Far East ,651 of which: China ,327 South Korea India ,123 Japan Oceania Annex I countries ,271 Non-annex I countries ,338 World ,69 Source: IEA. In t CO2 / million $ 2 ppp Change (%) Change (%) "GDP in 27 North America ,684 of which: Canada ,47 USA ,468 Latin America ,714 of which: Brazil ,561 Europe and former USSR ,24 of which: EU ,393 EU ,947 of which: Germany ,315 Spain ,84 France ,738 Italy ,57 United Kingdom , new EU Members 1, ,446 of which: Russia 1, ,64 Africa ,372 Middle-East ,552 Far East ,133 of which: China 1, ,156 South Korea ,66 India ,25 Japan ,62 Oceania Annex I countries ,627 Non-annex I countries ,81 World ,428 Source: IEA. 1. Purchasing power parity

12 3.2 CO2 Emissions due to Electricity plants Production including CHP Plants 3.3 CO2 Emission Factors CO2 Emissions due to Electricity Production (including CHP plants) 1 Index base 1 in In 27, global CO2 emissions from the production of electricity (CHP plants included) reached 12 billion t CO2, a jump of + 59% since 199. China alone is responsible for more than half of this increase, its emissions more or less quintupling over this period, reaching 3.1 billion t CO2 in 27. These emissions reached 1.5 billion t CO2, of which 1.1 billion stemmed from the former EU-15 (a + 1% increase over 199 levels). Germany (where coal represents 5% of the electric mix) is responsible for a quarter of all CO2 released by EU-27 power stations. The composition of French electricity generation, composed of 88% nuclear and hydraulic, has allowed the country to limit its emissions to 3.7% of EU totals, while at the same time its production of electricity and heat makes 15% of European totals. In Mt CO Share in emissions linked to energy in 27 (%) 2 Change (%) Change (%) Source: IEA. Heat and electricity produced in 27 (TWh) North America 2,32 2,657 2, ,383 of which: Canada USA 1,866 2,4 2, ,476 Latin America ,11 of which: Brazil Europe and former USSR 3,371 2,849 2, ,165 of which: EU-27 1,54 1,473 1, ,95 EU-15 1,14 1,117 1, ,396 of which: Germany Spain France Italy U. Kingdom new EU Members of which: Russia 1, ,72 Africa Middle-East Far East 1,497 4,734 5, ,444 of which: China 652 2,825 3, ,37 South Korea India Japan ,13 Oceania Annex I countries 5,546 5,856 5, ,269 Non-annex I countries 1,968 5,644 6, ,362 World 7,514 11,5 11, ,631 Source: IEA. 1. Includes emissions linked to electricity production (including CHP plants) as a main activity, and emissions in autoproducer plants. The last ones produce electricity as a complement of another activity, industrial for instance. It should be highlighted that IPCC guidelines recommend to record emissions of autoproducers in the final sector which produced them and not in the electricity production sector. This is a reason why these figures are different from those of page Ratio between emissions due to electricity production (CHP plants included) and energy-related emissions (page 16). China Africa World USA Japan EU-15 France CO2 Emission Factors for the Principal Fossil Fuels Combustibles t CO2 /tep Unit: t CO2/tep Patent Fuel 4.1 Anthracite 4.1 Bitumen 3.4 Coal (Coking, Sub-bituminous, Other Bituminous) Coke oven 4. Petroleum Coke 4.5 Gasoline 4.1 Ethane 2.9 Residual Fuel Oil 2.6 Liquefied Natural Gaz (LNG) 3.2 Coke Oven Gas 2.7 Oxygen Steel Furnace Gaz 1.9 Blast Furnace Gas 7.6 Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) 1.9 Refinery Gas 2.6 Natural Gas 2.4 Gas/Diesel Oil 2.3 Coal Tar 3.1 Shale Oil 3.4 Kerosene 3.1 Lignite and BKB 3. Lubricants 4.2 Naphta 3.1 Orimulsion 3.1 Crude oil and Other Oil 3.2 Bituminous Sands 3.1 Oil Shale 4.5 Peat 4.5 Tourbe 4.4 Source: IPCC, guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, 26. CO2 emission factors indicate the average amount of CO2 emitted during the production of a single energy unit (in this case, the petroleum equivalent tons or tep) for the given fuel. The factor represents the ratio between the observed CO2 emissions and the amount of energy used. The presented factors represent global averages and could differ from one country to another. The exceptional case of biomass fuels is not treated here: CO2 emissions linked to the combustion of biomass fuels are compensated by the absorption of CO2 during the reconstitution of given fuel. If the reconstitution of the biomass fuel does not occur, the noncompensated emissions are recorded in LULUCF calculations (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry). Source: IPCC, guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, 26. Blast Furnace Gas Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas Coke Oven Gas Oil Shale Bituminous Sands Peat Lignite Anthracite Petroleum Coke Patent Fuel BKB Coal Coal Tar Bitumen Residual Fuel Oil Orimulsion Gas/Diesel Oil Crude oil Shale Oil Naphta Lubricants Kerosene Gasoline LNG LPG Ethane Refinery Gas Natural Gas Coke Oven

13 4.1 Fuel Combustion: the Largest Emitter of CO2 Distribution by sources of CO2 emissions in the EU in 27 (4,187 Mt CO2 excluding LULUCF 1 ) Waste 1.1% Industrial Processes 2 7.2% Solvents and other products.2% Energy 92.5% Transportation 23.1% Electricity and heat Production 33.3% Residential tertiary 13.8% Other Energy Use 3 7.1% Industry 15.2% Distribution by sources of CO2 emissions in France in 27 (397 Mt CO2 excluding LULUCF 1 and including Overseas Departments) Waste 1.4% Industrial Processes 2 4.6% Solvents and other products.3% Energy 94.7% Source: European Environment Agency, June 29. Transportation 34.3% Electricity and heat production 12.% Residential tertiary 21.1% Other Energy Use 3 7.9% Industry 19.4% Source: European Environment Agency according to CITEPA, June 29. Fuel combustion constitutes the main source of CO2 emissions: 93% of all emissions in Europe and 95% in France. At the EU level, the main emitter is the sector of heat and electricity production (33%), before transportation (23%). Conversely, in France, the greatest emitter is transportation (34%), while heat and electricity production is sober (12% of all emissions) because of a primary nuclear production. 1. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. 2. Excludes the incineration of waste with the recuperation of heat (included in Electricity and Heat Production ). See page Industry excluding fuel combustion. See page Other industries of energy (oil refining, transformation of solid mineral fuels and others), fugitive emissions and combustion of energy in the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector. See page 23 for the two first sources of emission and page 29 for the third one. 4.2 CO2 Emissions due to Energy Production and Conversion CO2 Emissions due to Energy Production and Conversion in the EU /27 Electricity and Heat Production 1 1,451 1,287 1,383 1,369 1,363 1,377 1,392-4% Petroleum Refining % Solid Mineral Fuels 2 Conversion and Others % Fugitive Emissions from Fuels % Total 1,691 1,55 1,62 1,593 1,589 1,597 1,616-4% Index base 1 in Source: European Environment Agency, June 29. CO2 Emissions due to Energy Production and Conversion in France (Overseas Departments Included) Unit: Mt CO2 Unit: Mt CO /27 Electricity and Heat Production % Petroleum Refining % Solid Mineral Fuels 2 Conversion and Others % Fugitive Emissions from Fuels % Total % Inex base 1 in Source: European Environment Agency according to CITEPA, June Includes the incineration of waste with recuperation of heat. 2. Solid mineral fuels (coal and coal products). Emissions mainly linked to the activity of coking plants. 3. Mainly linked to activities of extraction of fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal). Petroleum Refining Electricity and Heat Production 1 Petroleum Refining Electricity and Heat Production

14 4.2 CO2 Emissions due to Energy Production and Conversion CO2 Emissions per kwh of Electricity (including CHP plants) in the EU g CO2 / kwh Change (%) Change (%) UE-27 nd nd UE of which: Germany Austria Belgium Spain Finland France Italy Netherlands United Kingdom Sweden new EU members nd nd of which: Poland Czech Republic Source: IEA, october 29. Calculated per kwh, emissions of CO2 are very variable among EU-27 countries. They are very high in countries where coal is an important source of energy, like in Germany and in some Eastern countries. They are weak in countries where renewables and/or nuclear are developed, like in France (nuclear 74%), Sweden (hydraulics 44%, nuclear 43%), and, to a lesser extent, in Belgium (nuclear 52%). 4.3 Transportation-related CO2 Emissions Transportation-related CO2 Emissions in EU Unit: Mt CO2 Transportation Sector /27 Civil Aviation % Road Transportation % Railways % Navigation % Other % Total % Index base 1 in Includes domestic transport (and transport between Metropolitan France and Overseas departments) but excludes international transport. Source: European Environment Agency, June 29. Total Civil Aviation 1 Navigation Poland Change in Road Transportation CO2 Emissions in Selected EU Countries 2 g CO2/kWh United Kingdom Italy Germany Spain EU-15 Mt CO (-4,2%) (+15%) (+11%) (+27%) (+94%) 3 France Source: IEA, October Germany United Kingdom Italy France Spain Note : The percentages in parentheses correspond to the change in emissions between 199 and 27 (Overseas Departments included for France). Source: European Environment Agency, June

15 4.3 Transportation-related CO2 Emissions Transportation-related CO2 Emissions in France (Overseas Departments Included) Unit: Mt CO2 Transportation Sector /27 Civil Aviation % Road Transportation % Railways % Navigation % Other x2,6 Total % 4.4 Industry-related CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions Linked to Fuel Use in the Industrial Sector in EU Unit Mt CO2 Industrial sector /27 Total % of which: steel industry % chemical % agribusiness, bottling and tobacco % 1. Including building and civil engineering but excluding energy Index base 1 in Total Navigation 1 Civil Aviation 1 Index base 1 in Total Agribusiness bottling and tobacco Chemical Steel Industry Includes domestic transport (and transport between Metropolitan France and Overseas departments) but excludes international transport Source: European Environment Agency according to CITEPA, June 29. Source: European Environment Agency, June 29. CO2 Emission by Method of Transport in Metropolitan France (132.6 Mt CO2 in 27) CO2 Emissions Linked to Fuel Use in the Industrial Sector in Selected EU Countries Road (heavy duty) 25.9% Road (utility vehicle) 16.3% Road (2 wheels).7% Railways.4% (-42%) Others 6.1% Navigation 1.9% Civil aviation 1 2.7% Mt CO (-2%) (-11%) (-12%) (+46%) River 2.2% 6 4 Road (personal vehicles) 5.9% 2 Germany United Kingdom Italy France Spain Source: CITEPA/SECTEN format - February Includes domestic transport (excluding transport between Metropolitan France and Overseas Departments) but excludes international transport. Note: The percentages in parentheses correspond to the change in emissions between 199 and 27 (Overseas Departments included for France). Source: European Environment Agency, June

16 4.4 Industry-related CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions in the Industrial Sector in France 4.5 CO2 Emissions in the Other Sectors Energy-related CO2 Emissions in other Sectors 1 in the EU Industrial sector /27 Total % of which: steel industry % chemical % agribusiness, bottling and tobacco % 1. Including building and civil engineering but excluding energy. Index base 1 in 199 Individual CO2 Emissions of Selected Energy-Intensive Products in France Raw Steel Glass Unit: Mt CO Production (Mt) t CO2 / t steel Production (Mt) t CO2 / t glass Production (Mt) t CO2 / t clinker Index base 1 in Constituent of cement that stems from the cooking of a mix of silica, oxid of iron and lime. Source: European Environment Agency according to CITEPA, June 29. Specific CO2 emissions Agribusiness, bottling and tobacco Chemical Total Steel Industry Clinker 1 Glass Raw Steel Sources: Fédération Française de l Acier (FFA), Fédération des Chambres Syndicales de l Industrie du Verre (FCSIV), Syndicat Français de l Industrie Cimentière (SFIC). Unit: Mt CO /27 Total % of which: residential % tertiary % Index base 1 in 199 Energy-related CO2 Emissions in other Sectors in France 1 (Overseas Departments Included) Unit: Mt CO /27 Total % of which: residential % tertiary % Index base 1 in Direct emissions of sectors other than energy production and conversion, transportation and industry. Tertiary Residential Source: European Environment Agency according to CITEPA, June 29. In 27, the slump of the emissions in the residential/tertiary sector is primarily due to exceptionnaly mild temperatures. Tertiary Residential Source: European Environment Agency, June

17 4.5 CO2 Emissions in the Other Sectors Distribution by Fuel Type of Emissions Related to Heating in Metropolitan France Gas (excluding LP Gas) Fuel Oil LP Gas Coal Unit: % 4.6 CO2 Emissions excluding Fuel Combustion CO2 Emissions except Fuel Combustion in UE Unit: Mt CO /27 Total % Industrial Processes % Solvent and Other Product Use % Waste % LP Gas 2% Coal 8% Fuel Oil 52% Gas 39% LP Gas 2% Fuel Oil 41% Coal 3% Gas 54% Index base 1 in Industrial Processes Solvent and Other Product Use Waste Source: SOeS according to CEREN. Between 199 and 27, the substitution of coal and fuel oil by natural gas explains the increase in its contribution to CO2 emissions in the residential / tertiary sectors. Distribution by Fuel Type of Emissions Related to Water Heating and Cooking in Metropolitan France Gas (excluding LP Gas) Fuel Oil LP Gas Coal Unit: % CO2 Emissions except Fuel Combustion in France (Overseas Departments included) Unit: Mt CO /27 Total % Industrial Processes % Solvent and Other Product Use % Waste % Source: European Environment Agency, June 29. Fuel Oil 36% Coal 3% LP Gas 19% Gas 42% LP Gas 14% Fuel Oil 26% Coal 1% Gas 59% Index base 1 in Industrial Processes Solvent and Other Product Use Waste Source: European Environment Agency according to CITEPA, June 29. Source: SOeS according to CEREN. 1. Industry excluding fuel combustion. 2. Excluding the incineration of waste with recuperation of heat (included in Electricity and Heat Production ). 3 31

18 5.1 The Kyoto Protocol A Major Step in Increasing International Awareness Brundtland Report, Birth of the concept of Sustainable Development United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Implementation of the Kyoto protocol First Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol Implementation of the Protocol Signed in 1997, the Protocol should be ratified by at least 55 countries representing a minimum of 55% of Annex B emissions in 199. This quorum was achieved in September of 24 after the ratification of the Protocol by Russia which allowed its implementation in 25. The United-States did not ratify the Protocol and therefore are not subject to the fixed reduction objectives for Toronto Conference of the IPCC Signing of the European Kyoto Protocol Directive Instituting the CO2 Cap-and-Trade Scheme First Period of European Carbon Market Second Period of the European Carbon Market European Union commitments 3x2 State of Kyoto Protocol ratification in 29 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The UNFCCC, adopted in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, is the first international treaty addressing climate change with an aim to prevent dangerous human effects on the climate. The Treaty recognizes 3 principles: - The precautionary principle: lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures. - The principle of common, but differentiated, responsibility: each signatory country recognizes the effects of its GHG emissions on global warming. The most industrialized countries carry a greater responsibility accrued by their earlier development and historically higher emission levels. - The principle of the right to development: measures will take into consideration the right to economic development of every country. Annex B Countries - Signed and ratified Annex B Countries - Signed, ratification pending Non-signatories Signed and ratified Source: UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, established the targets and mechanisms necessary to implement the UNFCCC. The emissions of the 39 most industrialized countries (listed in Annex B of the Protocol) are to be reduced by at least 5% between 28 and 212 compared to 199 levels. The target is differentiated by country. Six GHG induced by human activity are included: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6. Non-Annex B countries have no set objectives. These reductions must occur between The Protocol classifies a country s emissions into 6 categories: Energy, Industrial Processes, Use of Solvents, Agriculture, Waste, and LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry). Kyoto, a Flexible Protocol To aid Annex B countries in achieving their reduction objectives, the Protocol includes three Mechanisms 1. An international carbon market for Annex B countries. Each one receives as many Assigned Amount Units (AAU) as its GHG emissions objective fixed under the Protocol. Countries can sell AAUs to other countries. 2 & 3. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the Joint Implementation (JI) allow countries to fund emissions reductions outside of their national territory. Annex B countries must submit as many AAUs and carbon credits as the actual emissions to be compliant. The UNFCCC Secretariat oversees the functioning of the system, through the International Transaction Log (ITL). Each Annex B country is obligated to develop a standardized national registry connected to the ITL