Malang. Malang. Malang

Transcription

1 Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: ISSN: , Vol. 493, pp doi: / Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Energy Conversion in Compliance of Energy Self-Sufficient Village Program. Case study: Jarak Village Dr. tech Christia Meidiana., ST., M.Eng 1, a, Ir. Ismu Rini Dwi Ari., MT., PhD 2, b, Ema Pratnya Paramita 3, c 1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Brawijaya, MT Haryono No. 167 Malang 2 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Brawijaya, MT Haryono No. 167 Malang 3 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Brawijaya, MT Haryono No. 167 Malang a c_meidiana@yahoo.de, b is_2mu@yahoo.com, c e_pratnya@yahoo.com Keywords: The Energy-Self Sufficient Village, manure waste, biogas Abstract. The Energy Self-Sufficient Village (ESSV) is one of the main programs from Goverment of Indonesia (GoI) initiated in 2007 and addressed to improve the capability of rural areas to meet the local energy demand from renewable energy. The fulfillment of 60% energy demand is required in ESSV and the source of the energy must be renewable energy. Jarak Village has potentialas to be developed as an ESSV since it has 237 cattles generated manure waste can be converted into biogas. However, the actual conditions showed that the utilization of manure waste as source of biogas is only 14% or about 124,2 kwh covering the energy demand from 40 households. The estimation of the total cattle available in the village can actually covers up to 62% energy demand. The existing numbers of cows generate 82.8 m 3 biogas equivalents to 124,2 kwh. Nevertheless, only 124,2 kwh 14% has been consumed by 40 households. It indicates that the consumption of biogas is not optimal. Therefore, the study purposes to evaluate and to estimate the capability of the village to meet the criteria of ESV. With the assumption that there is population growth 0.01%, the criteria of ESV can be fulfilled in The energy supply of ESV in 2014 is 62%. It indicates that the Jarak Village can actually meet the criteria of ESV in Introduction Indonesian is very potential to be developed in order to improve energy access in communities especially in the village, there are non-renewable and renewable energy sources [5]. However, the source has not been utilized optimally. The dependence on fossil fuel consumption which is about 60% is one of the reasons for the limited utilization of renewable energy in Indonesia. The availability of renewable energy sources in Indonesia is a potential to secure the national energy supply. Therefore, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) has initiated a national program called The Energy Self-Sufficient Village (ESSV) in The program aims to improve the energy supply in rural areas, to decrease the depedence on fossil fuel and to develop the utilization of renewable energy. Based on the data [8], animal waste based bioenergy has the greatest level of success and sustainability. This is a potential for Indonesia since there is 16.7 million cattle [3]. If it is assumed that a cow produces 29 kg of faeces per day, there is approximately as liters of liquids with solids content of 14.34%. Potential animal waste from large animals is projected to be million m3 of solids. Biogas can be generated in volume of 0.31 m3 per kg solids. Caloric value of 1 m3 biogas is about 6,000 watt hours which is equivalent to half a liter of diesel oil. It is estimated that the total potential of biogas is 21.5 million m3 per day which is equivalent to a savings of million liters of oil or 9.89 million kg of LPG gas or tons of firewood [5]. Biogas is suitable as alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly and a substitutione for kerosene, LPG, butane, coal, and other materials derived from fossil [9]. All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications, (ID: , Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-11/05/16,06:39:12)

2 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol The improper management of manure waste can affect the environment adversely. Furthermore, the waste causes problems such as unhygienic production process declining the milk quality, odor problems, water pollution, and water borne diseases [3]. Therefore is required to manage the manure waste by utilizing it as a source of biogas. In order to optimize the utilization of manure waste as a source of renewable energy, a fouryear-program called Home-based Biogas Program or BIRU has been launched. The program is managed and implemented by Hivos (Institute for Development Cooperation Humanitarian) with technical assistance from SNV (Netherlands Development Organization) which is responsible for the exchange of knowledge during the implementation phase of the program [8]. Started on May 15, 2009, the program is funded entirely by the Royal Netherlands Embassy and fully supported by Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia. The overall program of Home Biogas development aims to expand the biogas reactors as a source of local sustainable energy. Some provinces are selected in Indonesi which are West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali and Lombok, South Sulawesi and NTT [8]. The area of study is Jarak Village located in Wonosalam District, Jombang Regency having potentials of 237 cattle. The project of biogas installation has been initiated in 2010 by Nestle and started to disseminate the importance of treating waste manure for alternative energy. Nestle provided 2 units of biogas installation. Until 2013, there are 25 spots of biogas installation for 25 households with size 6 m 3 provided by HIVOS and Nestle, and 4 units of biogas (1 unit of 3 units of district and provincial) from Ministry of Environment with capacity of m 3 which can supply energy for 15 families. In addition, people have started to gain benefits and the villager can construct the biogas installation by themselves. There are 3 units biogas installation for 3 families and consumed for lighting. Methods Data collection had taken by secondary survey. Data whose had taken in the form statistical and data from 2010 until Those data show the number of cattle in Jarak Village. Then, those data is used to calculated the number of biogas whose can be produced. Method used to know the number of biogas whose can be produce and meet an ESSV is Supply Method. Beside that, Supply method used to determine the amount of available energy source that is used as an alternative energy. The method is used to determine the source of cow manure that can be used as an alternative energy source for biogas. The existing number of cattle is 115 cows and it is assumed that 1 cow can produce 20 Kg dung[2]. In addition, based on research had done before. Each 10 kg of cattle dung could potentially produce 360 liters / 0.36 m3 of biogas [11]. Analysis of supply is expected to be used to determine in the future to meet the needs of the Jarak Village electricity from biogas energy. Formulations to convert the number of cattle waste into energy using the formula [7]: Where : Q = Quantity of biomass [m3/day] H = Heating Value, constants for 1 m3 of biogas calorific value = 6000 Watt Hours [9] Co = Conversion efficiency, In a study conducted by Kalbande, 2011 for the biogas that is 25%. DISCUSSION Energy Biogas Utilization of Existing Conditions Energy Self-Sufficient Village is a village whose people have the ability to fulfill more than 60% of the energy demand (electricity and fuel) from the potential renewable energy through utilization of local resources. In real terms, the Energy Self-Sufficient Village aims to create jobs, reduce poverty, and create productive economic activities. The program aims to create the spirit of Eq.1

3 212 Advances in Applied Mechanics and Materials self help among the villagers so that they are capable to fulfil their own basic energy needs for cooking, lighting, and to generate economic activities through utilizing locally available renewable energy sources.. The concept of Energy Self-Sufficient Village is developing in Indonesia. Development of energy self-sufficient village based on the effort to fulfill the energy demand by be energy selfsufficiency. The concept of Energy Self-Sufficient Village is based on the utilization of renewable energy and community development. Energy self-sufficient village concept is considered in accordance with the conditions in Indonesia that have high biodiversity and diverse geographical conditions. This condition causes some scattered villages sometimes are not able to access energy sources such as fuel and electricity to rural development was being choked. In the village energy independent, the community can meet its own energy needs without having to pay high transport costs and can be transferred as an opportunity cost of producing its own energy. Opportunity cost which rotates in the rural communities themselves provide manifold benefits (multiplier effect). In addition to improving the community towards Energy Self-Sufficient Village, public welfare will also increase because the money will be spinning in the village sphere by creating new jobs, which in turn drive the rural economy as a whole [10]. Supply analysis is used to determine the amount of potential energy sources that can be used for biogas and energy needs for lighting. So hopefully with the potential that exists to make Energy Self-Sufficient Village. Projected growth in the number of cows seen from the data the number of cows before and saw the development of the number of cows increase with the rolling system. The formulation of the projected number of head of cattle. Eksisiting formulations adapted to conditions in the historical village of Distance number of livestock in the previous year. Jarak village is one of the villages of 9 villages in the Wonosalam District. Jarak village of geographically located in mountainous areas with a total area of ha. Jarak village administrative boundaries are as follows: North South West East : Sambirejo Village, Wonosalam District : Galengdowo Village, Wonosalam District : Village Wonomerto, Wonosalam District : Forest Park Raden Suryo Jarak village has potential that there are 237 cattles in Jarak Village and the second largest milk producer after Wonosalam Village of 583,000 liters [4]. Based on the available potential can be used as an alternative material in the form of biogas. Existing conditions in the Jarak village utilizing biogas as many as 40 families of 596 families. However, the potential of cattle waste not be used as a whole. Size of the digester is used to process the biogas process, consisting of 4 units with a size of m3 for the user as much as 15 families and 25 units with a size of 4-6 m3 for the user as much as 25 families. Cattle manure needed for the size of 4-6 m3 digester is 2-3 cows. While the size of m3 digester requires a head of cattle [9]. Number of livestock waste to 1 cow is 20 Kg / day, data retrieved from the primary survey in the Jarak village. So the potential waste of cattle in the village of 115 Tails existing is 2300 Kg / day, equivalent to 82.8 dirt m3/day biogas. So that the energy produced from the biogas by 124,2 Kwh or watt hours. Needs of the energy used to power 1 families of 450 watt hours. So that total needs of the existing watt hours for 40 families. Service level energy requirements of biogas energy only by 14%. Fulfillment Target Energy as a Rural Energy Self-Sufficient Village Biogas energy needs for can solve the target of The Energy Self-Sufficient Village is more than 60% people covered. Number of households used 60% of 596 is 357 families. The asumsions that every house use 450 watt hour. Than in 2014, asumstion that number of 237 cattle potential can produce electrical energy for watt hour. While the energy requirements to serve 357 families of watt hours. So that in 2014 the Jarak Village has qualified to be Energy Self-

4 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol Sufficient Village for having by 63%. The potential for cows in the Jarak village in 2013 amounted to 237 cattles. But that is only used in 2010 until 2013 only 115 cattles. In 2013 biogas senergy needs in the Jarak village just to meet community energy needs by 14% of> 60% (fulfillment ESV). Assumed in 2014, the number of cattle increased 237 overall utilized to meet the energy needs of the community. Thus benefit the Jarak village to become ESV to require beef number 237 and 60% of the population served. So in 2014 Jarak Village meet the needs of its population by 62% biogas energy. So that, Jarak Village actually can be ESV in 2014, if all of potential cattles in Jarak Village used to be biogas source. Summary explanation can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Target of compliance Energy in Rural Jarak Village for The Energy Self-Sufficient Year Number of Cattle Number of serve families existing Target number of families (60% of Total families) Village Total of energy needs watt hour watt hour SUPPLY PROSE- NTAcE (%) watt hour 14 % watt hour 62 % Jarak Village to become Energy Self-Sufficient Village only takes 1 year to take advantage of a whole number of cows available. Percentage rate of biogas energy services in the Jarak Village to reach 62%. Energy Self-Sufficient Village is sufficient so that the requirement to serve 357 households out of a total of 60% of households in the Jarak Village. However, its use is constrained in cost aspect. Because of the costs incurred to 4-6 m3 digester size of Rp 6 million. Amount of money at 6 million is too big for the rural level. Summary Jarak Village were able to qualify to become Energy Self-Sufficient Village pad in If all of total cows 237 tail used overall biogas for energy. That isi equivalents to watt hours. In addition, it can be able to serve 357 households from a total of 60% of the people to be Energy Self- Sufficient Village. But, constraints in communities Jarak Village does not make the whole because of the funds used to purchase equipment Biogas. Equipment that must be paid digester to the size of 4-6 m3 is 6 million. Amount of money 6 million is too big for the rural level. Expected to be able to get the target into Energy Self-Sufficient Village, than the need for financial support from the national and local authorities to be able to support the Jarak Village to be Energy Self-Sufficient Village. References [1] Agency for Health Training. Appropriate Training Modules Environmental Health. Processing of organic waste / liquid into biogas, solid and liquid fertilizers. The core material. 7 / MI-5B. Cikarang: Bapelkes. (Online) (accessed March14, 2013) [2] Bebeja. Cattle: Biogas in NTB in website (Accessed on April 5,2013) [3] Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, 2013 in website pengolahan-limbah-ternak-untuk-peningkatan-kualitas-produk-susu-dan-lingkunganhidup.html (Accessed on April 5,2013) [4] Distric in Figure 2010

5 214 Advances in Applied Mechanics and Materials [5] EBTKE-EMR. Strategy and work program to improve energy access in rural and urban areas. Jakarta: Directorate General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation of the chancelleries of Energy and Mineral Resources. (2012) [6] Fitrin DW. The Self Sufficient Village : Indonesian Economic Solutions in the 21st Century. in website (2010) (Accessed on October 1, 2012 at 20:14) [7] Kalbande, S. R. atl. "Bioenergy Assessment and Its Integration for Self Sufficient Renewable Energy Village." Karnataka J. Agric.Sci XXIV (2) (2011): [8] Model Guidelines Biogas Indonesia - Construction Manual Edition - BLUE (Household Biogas), 2011 [9] Rahayu, Sugi, dkk. "Utilization Cattle droppings as Alternative Energy Sources and Their Sustainable Socio Aspects of culture." JURNAL INOTEK XIII (2) (2009): [10] Suryadi Food Fulfillment Strategies Rural households in Ponorogo. in website (Accessed on October 1, 2012 at 20:16) [11] Ulaan, Tertius V. Y. Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources prospects Biofuels in North Sulawesi. JOURNAL FORMAS. (2008):

6 Advances in Applied Mechanics and Materials / Energy Conversion in Compliance of Energy Self-Sufficient Village Program. Case Study: Jarak Village /