INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CO 2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION PROCESSES

Transcription

1 THE CATALYST GROUP RESOURCES INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CO 2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION PROCESSES A techno-economic investigation commissioned by the members of the Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO2CC) Program Client Private December 2016 Gwynedd Office Park P.O. Box 680 Spring House, PA Phone: Fax: tcgr@catalystgrp.com Web Site:

2 The Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO 2 CC) Program The CO 2 CC Program is a membership-directed consortium whose members are involved in the development, monitoring and utilization of the state-of-the-art in technological progress and commercial implementation of carbon dioxide capture/clean-up and conversion. By the direction of the member companies (through balloting and other interactive means), the program delivers a range of timely and insightful information and analyses which are accessible exclusively to members and protected by confidentiality agreements. The objective is to document technically and commercially viable options for CO 2 capture/clean-up as well as its conversion into useful products which meaningfully address the challenges posed by CO 2 life-cycle and overall sustainability issues. Members receive three in-depth CO 2 CC Techno-economic Reports which are written by leading scientists and experienced industry professionals in areas selected by the membership (via ballot); weekly CO 2 CC Communiqués (delivered via ) which provide the latest updates on technical breakthroughs, commercial events and exclusive development opportunities; and attendance at the CO 2 CC Program Annual Meeting. The Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO 2 CC) Program is available on a membership basis from The Catalyst Group Resources (TCGR). For further details, please contact John J. Murphy at John.J.Murphy@catalystgrp.com or (x1121). P.O. Box 680 Spring House, PA U.S.A ph: Gwynedd Office Park P.O. Box 680 Spring House, PA Phone: Fax: tcgr@catalystgrp.com Web Site:

3 CONTENTS CONTENTS... xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... xxi 1. INTRODUCTION SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT STATIONARY SOURCES OF CO Brief Review Limiting the Scope of Sources for this Study CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES Post-Combustion Capture Post-Combustion Solvents Alternative Solvents Adsorption Membranes Other Technologies Pre-Combustion Capture IGCC Natural Gas Reforming for Power Generation Reforming for Industrial Fuel Oxy-firing Power Sector Industrial example the FCC Industrial Heater and Boilers Chemical Looping Combustion Limiting the Scope of Capture Technologies Analyzed for this Study RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS Solar Photovoltaic Power Solar Thermal Power Wind Power Biomass Combustion xv

4 1.4.5 Electricity Storage Pumped Hydroelectric Compressed Air Energy Storage Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Sodium Sulfur Battery Lithium Ion Battery CO 2 CONVERSION OPTIONS Brief Review Limiting the Scope of Conversion Technologies for this Study AUTHORS & CONTRIBUTORS REFERENCES CAPTURE SCENARIOS COAL POWER PLANT WITH POST-COMBUSTION CO 2 CAPTURE COAL IGCC POWER PLANT WITH CO 2 CAPTURE OXY-FIRED COAL POWER PLANT NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT WITH POST- COMBUSTION CO 2 CAPTURE INDUSTRIAL FIRED HEATERS AND BOILERS SUMMARY COMPARISON OF CCS CASES REFERENCES CO 2 CONVERSION SCENARIOS ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO FUEL MOLECULES AS AN ENERGY STORAGE STRATEGY ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER TO H 2 FOR CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO METHANOL REFERENCES RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION WITH CO 2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION RENEWABLE HEAT AND POWER WITH BACKUP FOR CONTINUOUS CO 2 CAPTURE OPERATION SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC WITH ENERGY STORAGE SOLAR THERMAL WITH ENERGY STORAGE TO DRIVE CO 2 CAPTURE WIND POWER WITH ENERGY STORAGE BIOENERGY WITH ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE VIA ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION xvi

5 4.6.1 Electrolytic Hydrogen Conversion of CO 2 to Methanol Using Electrolytic Hydrogen SUMMARY OF FINDINGS REGARDING RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION WITH CCS REFERENCES CONCLUSIONS INDEX FIGURES Figure Basic CO 2 Capture Options... 2 Figure Cansolv CO 2 Capture Process Typical Flow Diagram... 6 Figure MTR s Membrane CO 2 Capture Concept Figure IGCC Power Plant (No CO 2 Capture) Figure Chemical Looping Combustion Figure Installed Capacity Trends of Utility-Scale Solar PV Figure Solar PV cost Reductions Figure Solar Thermal Power Capacity and Cost Trends Figure Wind Power Installed Capacity and Projections Figure Wind power Project Costs Figure Wind Power Project PPA Price Trends Figure Bioenergy Capital Costs Figure Energy Storage Technology Map Figure Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System Figure First-generation Compressed Air Energy Storage System Figure Vanadium Flow Battery Figure Sodium-Sulfur Battery Figure Lithium-ion Battery Figure Capital Cost of Water Electrolyzers Figure DNV Electrochemical Conversion of CO 2 to Formic Acid Figure 2.1 Capital Cost Level Definitions and their Elements Figure DOE Case B12B Block Flow Diagram Supercritical Unit with CO 2 Capture Figure Block Flow Diagram for IGCC with Capture Figure DOE Current Technology Oxycombustion Block Flow Diagram xvii

6 Figure DOE NGCC with CO 2 Capture Block Flow Diagram Figure CO 2 Sources in an Oil Refinery An example of Industrial Sources Figure Block Flow Diagram H 2 Fuel Production with CO 2 Capture Figure Electrolytic Hydrogen Storage Figure Conversion of CO2 to Methanol Using Electrolytic Hydrogen Table ES-1 Table ES-2 Table ES-3 TABLES Energy Storage Technology Costs... xxvi Summary Performance and Cost of CCS Cases... xxvii Renewable Energy Integration with CO 2 Capture... xxviii Table Global Primary Energy Sources... 3 Table Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector... 3 Table Range of Composition for Industrial Streams Containing CO Table Technology Readiness Level (TRL)... 5 Table Molecular Kinetic Diameter of Various Molecules Table Permeability of Pure Gases Table Capital Costs of Coal-Fired Power Plants (no CO 2 Capture) Table Electric Grid Energy Storage Services Table Energy Storage Technology Costs Table Comparison of Commercial Hydrolysis Systems Table Supercritical PC Plant Performance and Cost Summary Table IGCC Plant Performance and Cost Summary Table Oxycombustion Plant Performance and Cost Summary Table NGCC Plant Performance and Cost Summary Table Industrial Large Scale Pre-combustion Plant Performance and Cost Summary Table Summary Performance and Cost of CCS Cases Table CO 2 -Based Methanol Plant Performance and Cost Summary Table Renewable Energy Generation Levelized Costs and Capacity Factors Table Renewable Energy Generation Overnight CAPEX and OPEX Values Table Table Solar PV Integration with Various Energy Storage and CCS Technologies Wind Power Integration with Various Energy Storage and CCS Technologies xviii

7 Table Table Biomass Power Integration with Various Energy Storage and CCS Technologies Hydrogen Production and Storage Integrated with Selected Renewable Energy Sources and CCS Operations Table Summary of Hydrogen Storage Cases Table CO 2 Conversion to Methanol Integrated with Various Renewable Energy Sources and CCS Operations Table Summary of Methanol Storage Cases Table Incremental CO 2 Emissions from Stored Methanol Power Table World Scale Renewable Methanol Case Table Summary of Select Energy Storage Technologies for Wind Powered NGCC Plant xix