Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management

Transcription

1 Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control Biofouling Risk and Biofouling Management Dr. Geoffrey Swain Florida Institute of Technology

2 Acknowledgements Staff and Students 1984 to Present

3 Outline Drivers Economics Environment Biofouling Risk What requires protection? What is the probability that fouling will occur? Biofouling Management What methods are available for control? Selection, application and maintenance.

4 Percent Increase in Drag/Fuel/Cost/GHG Drivers - Economics Notional Percent Penalty 240m Cruise Ship SPC 100 microns Old Paint 400 microns 0 Silicone SPC Old Paint Biofilm Hard Fouling Victoria Shipyard 2011

5 Drivers - Environment Exhaust Gas Emissions Ballast Tank Invasive Species Biocides and Active Ingredients Hull Cleaning Discharge

6 What Requires Protection Hull Niche Areas Seawater Systems Propeller

7 Hull Fouling FORWARD SIDE BOW THRUSTERS BULBOUS BOW Side View of Hull Fouling Condition FLATS AFT SIDE Hunsucker K, A Koka, G. Lund and G. Swain. Diatom community structure on in-service cruise ship hulls. Biofouling 30, No , Oct 2014

8 Hull Fouling Distribution and Penalty STERN AFT SIDES # 3 SIDES # 2 SIDES # Side View of Hull Fouling Condition Fouling Condition Percent Penalty No or Light Biofilm 0-5 Light to Moderate Moderate and/or Green Weed Heavy Green Weed Hard Fouling FLATS 7 8 SHOULDE R FORWARD SIDES BOW THRUSTERS BULBOUS BOW Zone Stbd Port Bulbous Bow Bow Thrusters Forward Sides Shoulders Side # Side # Side # Aft Sides Stern Flats TOTAL TOTAL SHIP 8.16

9 Niche Areas and Seawater Systems Bow Thruster Seawater Intake Stabilizer Pocket Cross Over Tank

10 Propellers Rubert Ra (CLA)* Power Rz Micron Grade Micron Increase A % B negligible C % D % E % F %

11 Risk: Biogeographic Regions and Oceanographic Data The Coastal and Marine Classification Standard may be used to identify different biozones (Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD June 2012) Satellite and model data may be used to obtain temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, ocean currents, and other data to create a fouling activity index (FAI)

12 Risk: Sources of Information Lamoine Lat: N High: 16 0 C Low: 0 0 C Miami Lat: N High: 30 0 C Low: 20 0 C Chapter 5. Marine Fouling and Its Prevention Seasonal Sequence East Coast USA

13 Risk: Factors Determining Recruitment Biogeographic Realm, Province, Ecoregion Aquatic Setting Water Column Biotic Component Ocean, Coastal, Estuarine, Freshwater Salinity, Temperature, Currents, Tides, Wave Action, Nutrients Composition of benthic communities Season Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter Structure Hull, Propeller, Sea Chest, Ballast, Other Material Steel, Coatings: Inert, Biocide, Fouling Release Modified from the Federal Geographic Data Committee. FGDC-STD June 2012

14 Cruise Ship Schedule and Fouling 10 Jun Sep 11 4 May Sep Sep Sep Apr Apr Sep Sep Oct 11-5 Apr 12 8 Oct Dec 12 3 Oct 11 5 Oct Apr Apr Sep 12 2 Oct 12 Temperate Northern Pacific Eastern and Central Indo-Pacific Temperate Australasia

15 Cruise Ship Schedule and Fouling Ecoregions Temperate Northern Pacific Eastern and Central Indo-Pacific, Temperate Australasia Temperate Northern Pacific Eastern and Central Indo- Pacific, Temperate Australasia Prop Polish Prop Polish Prop Polish Added Resistance %/month (Propulsion Dynamics)

16 Methods for Fouling Control Materials Selection Coatings Mechanical Removal Surface Treatments Chemical Treatments Electrical Radiation Thermal copper alloys Active Biocides Non-Stick Fouling Release Hard Inert brush water jetting air bubbles Contours Roughness Tecture Fibers halogenation ozonation Copper anodes or organic biocides ph high voltage / current Corrosion cathodic chalk formation ultra violet magnetic sound radioactivity Heating Freezing Biological Predation Desease Swain, G. The importance of ship hull coatings and maintenance as drivers for environmental sustainability. Proceedings of Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability. Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London March 2010.

17 Fouling Control Coatings Plenty of options: 350+ different coatings on vessels arriving in California since 2008 (Chris Scianni 2016) Factors to consider: Vessel type and construction Where on the ship: Hull, Ballast, Seawater Systems, Niche Areas Operating profile Ship speed In-water maintenance Planned periods between dry-docking Regulations BIOFOULING MINISYMPOSIUM: MARINE FOULING ISSUES April 21 st, Wyss Institute, Harvard.

18 Selection, Application and Maintenance Coating Supplier Sales Specifications Field Tests Static Dynamic Clean/Groom Hydrodynamic Dry Dock Application Historical Data In-Service Key Performance Indicators Hull Inspection In-Water Maintenance BIOFOULING MINISYMPOSIUM: MARINE FOULING ISSUES April 21 st, Wyss Institute, Harvard.

19 Technical Data Sheets

20 Materials Safety Data Sheets

21 Environmental Considerations Biocide Based FCC Biocides Copper, Irgarol 1051, Sea-Nine 211, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, diuron, TCMS pyridine, TCMTB, zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione, econea, selektope and zineb Copper Output Cruise Ship 320m length Wetted Surface Area 13,000 m 2 Output Output (ug/cm2/day) (tonnes/years)

22 Field Testing Side by Side Comparison of Coating Performance Coating Development Static Immersion niche areas pier side Dynamic Immersion at sea Cleaning/Grooming Hydrodynamic Static Immersion Cleaning or Grooming Biofouling Biofouling Adhesion Physical Condition Roughness Hydrodynamic Properties Hydrodynamic Evaluation Dynamic Immersion Swain Geoffrey, Brett Kovach, Arthur Touzot, Franck Casse, Christopher J Kavanagh. Measuring the performance of today s antifouling coatings. Journal of Ship Production, Aug 2007, V23, n. 3, pp

23 Dry Dock Quality control Measure the condition at in-docking. Monitor surface preparation Monitor coating application. Measure the condition at out-docking. Knowledge Coating performance database Optimize antifouling coating selection Maintenance and life cycle costs Identify areas for improvement Swain G and G Lund (2016) Dry-dock inspection methods for improved fouling control coating performance. Journal of Ship Production and Design, Vol. 32, No.3, August 2016, pp.1-8.

24 In-Service Key Performance Indicators Geographical Location/ Marine Ecosystems NOAA Environmental Data (SST, Sal, MODIS) Hull Inspection In-water Maintenance Vessel Powering Data Functional Model for Coating Condition In-water Inspections Dry Dock Data

25 Hull Maintenance Hull Cleaning + Capture Hull Grooming Reactive Fouling Penalty Increased GHG Emissions Powerful Brushes or Water Jets Coating Damage Treatment for Discharge Risk of Invasive Species Proactive groom before you go Enhanced Performance Reduced GHG Emissions Gentle Brushes Coating Longevity Minimum Discharge Prevents Invasive Species Tribou M, and G Swain. Grooming using rotating brushes as a proactive method to control fouling. Biofouling 31, No. 4, May 2015

26 Rt50 (μm) Hull Cleaning or Grooming Comparison between Cleaning and Grooming Ablative Copper AF Coating Roughness 250 Cleaned after 22 months static immersion Groomed for 1 year 50 0 As Applied Groomed Weekly For 1 Year Cleaned After 22 Months Immersion

27 Environmental Benefits of Fouling 7.5 liter tanks filled with lagoon seawater. One tank had four oyster shells fouled with: Aborescent Bryozoan, Encrusting Bryozoan, Colonial Tunicate, Sea Squirt, Calcareous Tubeworm, Sedimentary Tubeworm, Mussel, Barnacle, Amphipods

28 Summary A well managed biofouling control program will: Reduce fuel consumption Reduce costs Reduce exhaust gas emissions Reduce biocide output Reduce invasive species Reduce damage to the environment Rhincodon typus Distribution: All tropical and temperate seas Speed: Slow Moving (3 knots) Size: Length 0-12m and Mass > 36 tonnes Design life years No dry docking No fouling Cradle to Cradle