Greenland Ice Sheet albedo ( ) Insights from a regional climate model and remote sensing data
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1 Greenland Ice Sheet albedo ( ) Insights from a regional climate model and remote sensing data Patrick Alexander, City College of New York Advisor: Marco Tedesco, CCNY Collaborators: X. FeAweis, ULG, Belgium C.J.P.P. Smeets, R.S.W. van de Wal, IMAU Utrecht
2 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 1 The Greenland Ice Sheet Area: 1.7 million km 2 Thickness: 1-3 km (½ - 2 miles) Contains enough ice to raise sea levels by 7.2 m Google Earth, 2013
3 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 2 Greenland Mass Balance Mass Balance (MB) = Surface Mass Balance (SMB) - Discharge (D) Evapora\on + Sublima\on Precipita\on Runoff Surface Mass Balance (SMB) = Precipita\on (Evapora\on + Sublima\on) Runoff Discharge (D) Adapted from Cuffey and Paterson, 2013
4 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 2 Greenland Mass Balance Zones Adapted from Cuffey and Paterson, 2013
5 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 3 Energy Balance Incoming Shortwave Reflected Shortwave Net Longwave Radia\on Sensible Heat Latent Heat Ground Heat F net = SW - αsw LW SH LH + G Ground Heat
6 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 4 What is Albedo? (α) SW SW α = SW SW
7 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 5 Why is Albedo Important?
8 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 6 The Albedo Feedback Temperature Anomalies NASA Earth Observatory
9 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 7 The Albedo Feedback
10 Assessing Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 8 Regional Climate Models (RCMs) Physical models of the land- atmosphere system forced by reanalysis data or General Circula\on Models (GCMs) at boundaries. Seth and Giorgi. (1991) EAema et al. (2009)
11 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 9 Projec\ons: Greenland s Contribu\on to Sea Level Rise FeAweis et al. (2013)
12 Assessing Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 10 RCMs over Greenland Sta\s\cs for different models, (Forced by ERA- Interim or ERA- 40(*) reanalysis) MODEL SMB (Gt/yr) Precip. Runoff Refreezing Albedo Scheme ResoluKo n RACMO2* 486 ± Snow Density (recently updated) 11 km MAR 358 ± Snow Grains 25 km HadRM3P 511 ± Temperature ~25 km HIRHAM5 188 ± Temperature ~27 km Hanna et al. (2008) 336 ± 107 Rae et al. (2012)
13 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 11 An Integrated Approach Use mul\ple tools to beaer understand Greenland Ice Sheet albedo variability: Regional Climate Model Satellite Data Weather Sta\on Data Stroeve et al Van Angelen et al. 2012
14 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 12 An Integrated Approach to Albedo Regional Climate Model Advantage: Predicts quan\\es that can t easily be measured. Disadvantage: It s not reality. Satellite Data Advantage: Con\nuous spa\al and temporal measurements. Disadvantage: The atmosphere gets in the way. In Situ measurements Advantage: Direct local measurements of albedo. Disadvantage: Small scale, limited loca\ons.
15 Ice Sheet Albedo: Data and Methods Slide 13 The MAR Regional Climate Model Fluxes of Mass and Energy Crocus Snow Model Source: X. FeAweis
16 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Data and Methods Slide 14 MAR Albedo Simula\on Grain Proper\es: func\on of snowpack temperature and liquid water content Albedo is a func\on of grain proper\es over 3 spectral bands ( µm) Bare ice albedo = 0.45 Source: Crocus snow model documenta\on
17 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Data and Methods Slide 15 Satellite Albedo Data (MODIS) Two MODIS Products (~500 m spa\al resolu\on, aggregated to MAR grid): MODIS Daily Albedo (Best daily measurement) ( µm) MODIS 16- day Albedo ( µm) Semi- empirical Bidirec\onal Reflectance Func\on for Diffuse (White Sky) and Direct (Black Sky) Components Quality flags for good vs. other quality.
18 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Data and Methods Slide 16 Weather Sta\on Measurements Greenland Climate Network, Kangerlussuaq Transect Albedo for 0.4 to 1.1 µm: a daily = SW SW (c) K. Steffen, 2013 Eleva\on (m)
19 Spa\al Variability of Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo
20 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 17 Mean JJA Albedo ( ) MODIS 16- day MODIS Daily MAR
21 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 18 Albedo Difference ( ) 16- day Daily MODIS MAR MODIS Daily MAR MODIS 16- day
22 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 19 Albedo vs. La\tude
23 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 20 Albedo vs. La\tude, with In situ data
24 Spa\otemporal Variability of Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo
25 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 21 Albedo 16- day Standard Devia\on MODIS 16- day MODIS Daily MAR
26 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 22 Correla\on Coefficient (r 2 ) 16- day vs. Daily MODIS 16- day MODIS vs. MAR Daily MODIS vs. MAR (16- day average)
27 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 23 Albedo: ScaAer Plots MODIS Daily MODIS 16- day MAR (16- day average) MODIS Daily (16- day average) MAR (16- day average) MODIS 16- day
28 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 24 Albedo: ScaAer Plots MODIS Daily MODIS 16- day MAR (16- day average) MODIS Daily (16- day average) MAR (16- day average) MODIS 16- day
29 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 25 Abla\on Zone Albedo Distribu\on MODIS Daily MODIS Daily MAR Grid MODIS 16- day MODIS 16- day MAR Grid MAR
30 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo Trends
31 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 26 GrIS albedo decadal trends MAR MODIS Daily MODIS 16- day
32 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 27 GrIS albedo trends: in situ data
33 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 28 Conclusions 1. MAR captures GrIS albedo spa\al variability reasonably well, but fails to capture the full range of abla\on zone albedo. The new version of the model beaer captures this variability, but albedo es\mates are too high. 2. The MODIS 16- day albedo product appears to exhibit an unrealis\c decrease in albedo north of 70 N. 3. All products show a significant decline in albedo over the period, within the GrIS abla\on zone, but in other areas further evalua\on is needed to confirm the MODIS albedo decline.
34 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 29 Future Work 1. Sensi\vity studies to determine the impact of albedo on uncertainty in surface mass balance. 2. Comparison with MODIS 16- day albedo for a smaller wavelength range will help confirm whether the 16- day product does exhibit a bias. 3. Merging of MAR results and results from the Ice Sheet System Model to es\mate Ice Sheet Mass Balance. 4. Validate SMB es\mates using Mass Balance es\mates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE).
35 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: References Slide 30 References Box, J.E. et al Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers, The Cryosphere, 6, FeAweis, X. et al EsKmaKng the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance contribukon to future sea level rise using the regional atmospheric climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 7, Steffen, K. et al Greenland climate network: GC- Net, in Colbeck, S.C. Ed. CRREL Special Report on Glaciers, Ice Sheets and Volcanoes, trib. to M. Meier, Stroeve, J et al EvaluaKon of the MODIS (MOD10A1) daily snow albedo product over the Greenland ice sheet, Remote Senst. Env., 105, Schaaf, C.B. et al Commentary on Wang and Zender MODIS snow albedo bias at high solar zenith angles relakve to theory and to in situ observakons in Greenland, Remote Sens. Env., 115, Van Angelen, J. H. et al., SensiKvity of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance to surface albedo parameterizakon: a study with a regional climate model, The Cryosphere, 6, Vernon, C.L., et al., Surface mass balance model intercomparison for the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 7, Wang, X and Zender, C.S., MODIS snow bias at high solar zenith angles relakve to theory and to in situ observakons in Greenland, Remote Sens. Env., 114,
36 Ques\ons? Thanks to: EES Department Prof. Zhang Marco Tedesco, Rajashree DaAa, Nick Steiner Erik Orantes Research Sponsored by Na\onal Science Founda\on, NASA P. Alexander / CCNY
37 MAR Valida\on Box et al. (2012) Low bias at low temperatures. Rae et al. (2012) Accumulation 20-25% too high. Lefebre et al. (2003) Timing of bare ice exposure is important.
38 Assessing Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 38 RCMs over Greenland Vernon et al., 2013
39 Assessing Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 39 The Albedo Feedback Stefan-Boltzmann Constant Solar Constant E s (1 α) 4 = fσt 4 Earth s Surface Temperature NASA Earth Observatory Albedo Greenhouse Effect (IR Transmission)
40 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Data and Methods Slide 40 In Situ Measurements Greenland Climate Network: Surface Radia\on Data Over 0.4 to 1.1 µm range. Kangerlussuaq Transect: Surface Radia\on Data for three sta\ons ( ) Albedo is computed as: a daily = SW SW A er quality control: Eleva\on (m) Exclude: SW > SW, SW < 250 W/m 2, SZA > 75 Inset
41 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 19 GrIS Albedo vs. Eleva\on
42 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Data and Methods Slide 23 GrIS Albedo Daily Standard Devia\on MODIS Daily MAR
43 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 27 Percola\on Zone Albedo Distribu\on MAR 16- day MODIS 16- day MODIS daily
44 Assessing Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 8 Greenland Mass Balance Change Van den Broeke et al. 2009
45 Assessing Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Background Slide 9 Greenland SMB Change Van den Broeke et al. 2009
46 Results: Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo Distribu\on
47 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 25 Low Eleva\on Albedo Distribu\on MAR 16- day MODIS 16- day MODIS daily
48 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 17 Mean Albedo ( ) MODIS 16- day MODIS Daily MAR
49 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 17b Mean Albedo ( ) MODIS 16- day MODIS Daily MAR
50 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 18 Albedo Difference ( ) 16- day Daily MODIS MAR MODIS Daily MAR MODIS 16- day
51 Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo: Results Slide 18 Albedo Difference ( ) 16- day Daily MODIS MAR MODIS Daily MAR MODIS 16- day
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