Mumbai EBOM Rating System. Energy & Atmosphere

Transcription

1 Energy & Atmosphere 22

2 Introduction India s rapidly growing economy and population growth is creating an ever increasing energy demand. Current estimates suggest that the primary energy supply will increase by 300% to 400% by and electricity generation capacity will increase roughly 500% over 2010 capacity by the same time. Currently, generation capacity is unable to meet India s electricity demands. In the past, this electricity shortage has led to rolling blackouts, and forced load shedding. For example, in 2009 the nation of India faced an electricity shortage of 9.9% and a peak demand shortage of 16.6% (Energy Conservation and Commercialization, 2010). The daily power consumption in 2011 in the city of Mumbai was reported at 3,288MW with a projection to increase to 4,174MW. This large increase is attributable to new developments such as shopping malls and redevelopment of commercial spaces (Tembhekar, 2011). While commercial buildings currently represent 9% of electricity end-use, the commercial sector is one of the fastest increasing electricity consumers with an average growth of 13.5% from (Energy Conservation and Commercialization, 2010). As such, developing energy efficiency implementation strategies in the commercial setting is an important step towards a sustainable future in India. The Indian government has recognized these needs to curb demand by increasing energy efficiency. Key developments include the establishment of a Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in 2002, the currently voluntary Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) initially released in 2007, and the BEE Star Rating for Office Buildings. The elements of the rating system discuss below are aimed to work in conjunction with the existing energy efficiency efforts in Mumbai. 23

3 Prerequisite 1: Preliminary Energy Use and Walk -Through Analysis Intent: Develop a preliminary understanding of building energy use Requirements: Conduct a Level I Assessment as established by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). In accordance with BEE requirements, the assessment shall report the following items: Building type, use, construction, and age Condition Building Systems description: o Lighting o HVAC o Water Two years of annual utilities consumption and cost data Total energy use Energy Use Intensity A standard form jointly developed by the BEE and ECO-III Project is available to help organize the necessary preliminary information found in Appendix A. (USAID ECO-III Project, 2010) Basis of Prerequisite: The first step in increasing energy efficiency is understanding building energy use.this understanding will highlight opportunities for future energy efficiency measures and other reduction strategies. Establishing a baseline energy performance will highlight associated energy costs and help establish future energy use goals. Following the established BEE assessment method helps maintain consistency with other similar work in the local area. (USAID ECO-III Project, 2010) Credit reference: LEED v4 EB O&M 24

4 Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance Intent To reduce environmental and economic harms associated with excessive energy use by achieving higher levels of operating energy performance Requirement Options: 1) EPI Method Show that the building can meet the minimum Energy Performance Index (EPI), measured in kwh/m2/year, as established by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). The minimum values as list as follows: Building Type Office Buildings Shopping Malls BPOs Site EPI range for Site EPI range for buildings having more buildings having less than 50% occupied than 50% occupied area as air area as air conditioned conditioned 2 (kwh/m /year) (kwh/m2/year) Normalized EPI Bandwidth(kWh/m2/Year) The Office Building EPI values are applicable only for day use office buildings which operate for 260 to 300 days in a year. For office buildings which operate in multiple shifts, the projects can show compliance by simulation approach. 2) Energy Simulation Method For buildings located in cold climatic zone, other building types such as 24-hour office buildings, IT Parks, hotels, hospitals, airports, banks etc., and any other building types not mentioned above, follow ECBC (Revised Version may, 2008) whole building simulation approach. The actual annual energy consumption of the building should not exceed the base case energy consumption computed as per ECBC. Simulation is to be carried out for achieving comfort temperatures of 26 +/- 2 deg C. Note: Building types where baseline EPI have been shown can also opt for the Simulation method Documentation Required Electricity consumption details including utility power, captive generation and renewable energy of preceding 1 year EPI calculations Energy simulation report showing the annual energy consumption as per ECBC requirements visà-vis actual energy consumption. 25

5 Basis of Credit: Excess energy use has adverse environmental and economic impacts. In Mumbai, where energy and electricity can be a limited resource, buildings pursuing a rating should not use energy excessive. As such, achieving the minimum EPI range established by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency shall be pursued. Credit reference: IGBC EB O&M, LEED v4 EB O&M 26

6 Prerequisite 3: Building-Level Energy Metering Intent To support energy management and identify opportunities for additional energy savings by tracking building-level energy use Requirements: Install new or use existing building-level energy meters or sub meters that can be aggregated to provide building-level data representing total building energy consumption (electricity, natural gas, chilled water, steam, fuel oil, propane, etc). Utility-owned meters capable of aggregating building-level resource use are acceptable. Compile meter data into monthly and annual summaries; meter readings can be manual or automated. Commit to sharing with IGBC the resulting energy consumption data and electrical demand data (if metered) for a five-year period beginning on the date the project accepts LEED certification from the Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI) or typical occupancy, whichever comes first. At a minimum, energy consumption must be tracked at one-month intervals or at utility billing intervals. This commitment must carry forward for five years or until the building changes ownership or lessee. Basis of Credit: In order to begin to gain a complete understanding of building energy use, metered data is required. Building-level energy metering is the minimum level of detail necessary to provide the information needed for later analysis. Whole building energy metering can be utilized to define a baseline energy consumption and benchmark building performance relative to historic information and national databases, such as the BEE Star program. Credit reference: LEED v4 EB O&M 27

7 Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Intent Enhance energy efficiency of the building to reduce environmental impacts from excessive energy use Requirement Options 1) Energy Performance Index Method Prepare a plan to show increased energy efficiency or efficiency improvement as below. Each building will provide actual metered energy data for the preceding year. Office Buildings 1 points 2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points 6 points 7 points Shopping Malls 1 points 2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points 6 points 7 points BPOs 1 points 2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points 6 points 7 points EPI range for buildings having more than 50% occupied area as air conditioned (kwh/m2/year) Below 100 EPI range for buildings having less than 50% occupied area as air conditioned (kwh/m2/year) Below 45 Normalized EPI Bandwidth (kwh/m2/year) Below 250 Normalized EPI Bandwidth (kwh/m2/year) Below

8 These ranges are from the IGBC Green EBOM 2) Energy Simulation Method For other building types not mentioned above, follow ECBC Whole Building Simulation Approach. The actual annual energy consumption of the building should better the base case energy consumption computed as per ECBC. Simulation is to be carried out for achieving comfort temperatures of 26+/- 2 deg C. No of points 1 points 2 points 3 points 4 points 5 points 6 points 7 points Percentage energy savings over ECBC 10% 12.5% 15% 17.5% 20% 22.5% 25% 3) Building Benchmarking Method Prepare a plan to show that the building performs equivalent or better than the buildings studied by the BEE for their energy benchmarking study for commercial buildings. The BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)in partnership with USAID ECO III project conducted the energy benchmarking study for commercial buildings. The average benchmarking studies for different building types are shown below. (Satish Kumar, May,2010) 29

9 4) Self Comparative Method In cases when none of the above approaches are applicable, prepare a plan to enhance energy performance and compare with the electric consumption of the building in the past one year. No of points Enhancement in performance by 15% 25% 35% 50% and above Documentation Required Electricity consumption details including utility power, captive generation and renewable energy of preceding 1 year. EPI calculations Energy simulation report showing the annual energy consumption of the said plan Basis for credit The increasing demand of energy in Mumbai makes it imperative that the energy performance of buildings is monitored and tailored to keep in line with supply of electricity. Giving incentive to the existing buildings to reduce their Energy Performance Index range will ensure a control over the excessive usage of energy in the city. Credit reference: IGBC EB O&M & BEE 30

10 Credit 2: Voluntary Energy Shedding Initiative Intent: To encourage participation in allowing equal distribution of electricity to other parts of the state and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Requirements: Prepare a voluntary energy shedding plan that will enable the building to reduce its energy consumption over a period of one working year. Commit to continue this for 3 consecutive years. Performance Hours of load shedding over a year (260 Points working days=6240 hours) 390hours or 6.25% reduction in EPI 1 560hours or 9% reduction in EPI 2 650hours or 10.5% reduction in EPI 3 780hours or 12.5% reduction in EPI 4 910hours or 14.6% reduction in EPI hours or 16.7% reduction in EPI 6 Documentation required: Energy Performance Index - kwh/m2/year Note: Energy saved can be calculated as follows= EPI/6240 = EPI per hour =EPI per hour x number of hours of load shedding Basis for credit Due to the shortage in supply of electricity requirement, the Electricity Board tries to reduce all customers electricity consumption by implementing a random load shedding schedule. No electricity is supplied to the Central Northern suburbs beyond Bhandup for 3-4 hours daily. A part of satellite town Navi Mumbai also experiences severe power cuts. This forces the people to use generators/ invertors to supply power during such power cuts. In the rural areas of Maharashtra, there is no electricity for hours. Mumbai is seen as the major usurper of energy in the state. Hence voluntary energy shedding shall be a positive step in mitigating the grievances of the neighboring villages and towns. ( 31

11 Credit 3: Peak Electricity Demand Reduction Intent: To encourage energy conservation methods to reduce peak electricity demand. Requirements: Prepare an operative plan that will enable the building to reduce the electricity requirement during the peak period of cooling season or day. Performance Percentage reduction of electricity demand 10% 15% 20% Points Documentation required: Identify peak periods and the electricity requirements. Percentage increase in the demand compared to the average period in the preceding year Basis for credit The Peak demand shortage in India is of 16.6%.While it is essential to add new power generation capacity to meet the nation s growing energy requirements, it is equally important to look out for options that will help in reducing energy demand for various end-use sectors. Since buildings account for approximately 33% of electricity consumption and is the fastest growing sector, it is critical that policy interventions are put in place to improve energy efficiency in both new construction as well as existing buildings. (Satish Kumar, May,2010) The average temperature in the summer is 91 F during which the cooling load is maximum. When this Load is reduced, the energy consumption could be slashed off to a greater extent. Example Reduction in peak demand and electricity cost depend on electricity tariff rates, operating strategy, cool storage capacity and climatic conditions. A case study for a typical office complex in Mumbai shows that a reduction of 38% in peak demand is possible by adopting the optimal Chilled Water Storage strategy under time of use (TOU) tariff. The corresponding saving in the operating cost for the consumer is 5.9%. (S. Ashok, 2001) Other strategies like occupancy sensors, installation of thermostats, increasing the cooling set point temperature etc can also be used Credit Reference: BM Plus EB Version

12 Credit 4: Comprehensive Energy Assessment, 1 Point Intent: Identify areas for feasible energy efficiency measures and increase understanding of building energy use Requirements: Conduct a Level II Assessment as established by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. In accordance with BEE requirements, the assessment shall report the following items: Requirements of Level I Assessment Evaluation of all energy saving measures and capital investments available Identification of high potential measures for further investigation (USAID ECO-III Project, 2010) Optional: Conduct a Level III Assessment as established by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. The assessment shall report: Requirements of Level II Assessment Detailed analysis providing cost and benefits of identified feasible capital intensive energy efficiency measures (USAID ECO-III Project, 2010) Basis for Credit: The first step in increasing energy efficiency is understanding building energy use. This understanding will highlight opportunities for future energy efficiency measures and other reduction strategies. Establishing a baseline energy performance will highlight associated energy costs and help establish future energy use goals. (USAID ECO-III Project, 2010)Following the established BEE assessment, rather than another method such as ASHRAE method, helps maintain consistency with other similar work in the local area. This style of assessment appears to be more financially accessible than a formal retro-commissioning process. 33

13 Credit 5: Use Renewable Sources of Energy Intent Encourage and capture the potential of renewable sources of energy thereby reducing environmental impact by generating energy using fossil fuels. Requirement 1: On-site Renewable Energy Prepare a plan showing the use of Renewable energy for generating electricity on site for a minimum of 2.5% of the total energy consumption. Performance Renewable Energy percentage over the annual consumption of energy Points Exemplary Performance If the proposed plan shows that the renewable energy produced on site can meet more than 10% of its annual energy consumption Requirement 2: Off- site Renewable Energy Show that the building plans to purchase off-site renewable energy which would meet a minimum of 25% of the annual energy consumption of the building in the last year. Have in place a minimum contract of purchase for 2 years. Alternatively, purchase Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) equivalent to 25% of the total energy consumption.type of renewable energy source has to be in line with the definition as recommended by MNRE, Government of India and respective State Regulatory Commissions. Performance Renewable Energy percentage over the Points annual consumption of energy Exemplary Performance If the proposed plan shows that the renewable energy purchased off site can meet more than 95% of its annual energy consumption Documentation required: Total energy consumption for the preceding year Bills, Invoices, Purchase Agreements of renewable energy Credit Reference: IGBC EB O&M 34

14 Basis for credit There is high potential for generation of renewable energy from various sources wind, solar, biomass, small hydro plants. The total potential for renewable power generation in the country as on is estimated at 90,313 MW. (Govt of India, 2011) Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra. Maharashtra shows 8% potential of the total renewable power production in India. 54% of the Estimated Potential of Renewable Power in India comes from Wind Power. Maharashtra has a long coastline and can be a potential location for wind electricity farms. Considering the plot areas of the sites in Mumbai it is difficult for all buildings to be able to produce renewable energy on site. Hence the requirement for it in this rating system is kept low. 35

15 Renewable Energy Certificates- India Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) represent the attributes of electricity generated from renewable energy sources. These attributes are unbundled from the physical electricity and the two products -the attributes embodied in the certificates and the commodity electricity-may be sold or traded separately. In other words, one REC represents that 1MWh of energy is generated from renewable sources. RECs are expected to become the currency of renewable energy markets because of their flexibility and the fact that they are not subject to the geographic and physical limitations of commodity electricity. RECs can be used by the obligated entities to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements, such as Renewable Purchase Obligations. (IEX INDIA, 2013) Market to purchase off-site renewable energy, India NEW DELHI: Drug firm Sanofi India today said it has inked a pact with Suzlon Energy for a 2.1 megawatt windmill installation, to generate renewable power for captive consumption at its Ankleshwar manufacturing site. "As a global healthcare leader, Sanofi believes that reducing our carbon footprint and using energy responsibly are part of our mission to help protect life on this planet," Sanofi Managing Director-India and Vice-President South Asia Shailesh Ayyangar said. (Economic times, 2013) 36

16 Credit 6: Investment in Energy Efficient Appliances, 1 Point Intent: Promote and encourage the use of energy efficient appliances available in order to reduce losses and thereby the annual consumption of energy Requirement: Show that the building utilizes energy efficient appliances or has made financial arrangements to do so in the coming year. Energy efficient appliances include a wide array of products, ranging from Airconditioning units, lights, fans, refrigerators, coolers, printers, computers etc. Documentation required Invoices, bills etc if the products have been purchased recently. Detailed specification and the rated power of energy efficient products along with the quantity of the items bought An estimate of energy saved due to the increased efficiency Agreements showing commitments to purchase them Basis for credit Energy Star energy performance ratings have been incorporated into some green buildings standards, such as LEED for Existing Buildings. Energy Conservation Building Code India (Wikipedia, 2013) Directly reduces energy consumption due to the increased efficiency. More efficient appliances have lower energy losses due to heat which reduces cooling loads. A list of office based appliances/ products can be found at Credit Reference: BM Plus EB Version

17 Credit 7: Use Eco-friendly Refrigerants & Halons, 2 Points Intent To encourage the use of eco-friendly refrigerants and replace halons in the facility, thereby minimizing leakage in the atmosphere and the resultant impact on the ozone layer Requirements: Show that the new current HVAC equipment and Unitary Air-Conditioners installed in the project are CFC-free. The fire suppression systems used in the project should be free from harmful halons or other ozone depleting substances. In case of old HVAC system/fire suppression systems, prepare a phase out plan. In case of replacement and safe disposal of halons Documentation Required Documentation to show the type of refrigerant used in the HVAC systems. Documentation to show the type of gases used in the fire suppression systems. Phase out plan of CFC and halons from existing HVAC &fire fighting systems. Basis for credit: Many harmful effects of CFC refrigerants in HVAC systems, refrigerators etc have led to a mean temperature rise in the North of India. Mumbai has experienced a rise in yearly monsoon and severe extremes. Increased temperature and higher CO2 content has caused reduced crop production. Rise in sea level leading to inundation of coastal colonies of coastal colonies in Mumbai. (Juvekar, 2012) Halons 1211, 1301 and 2402 which are fully halogenated chemicals that have relatively long lifetimes in the atmosphere, are broken down in the stratosphere releasing reactive bromine that is extremely damaging to ozone: times more so than chlorine Meeting of the Parties in Copenhagen, necessitated it to phase out halons in all countries. The National Halon Bank in India helps in recycling and reusing of these halons as they cannot be destroyed. (Ozonecell, 2013) Credit reference: IGBC EB O&M, LEED v4 EB O&M 38

18 Credit 8: Energy Efficient Lighting and Ventilation Systems in Car parks Intent Encourage conservation of energy in car parks by using efficient systems for larger service oriented areas Requirement for Ventilation: Show that energy consumption in the ventilation of basement car parks can be controlled whenever possible. Examples of control systems referred to in the credit requirements include variable fan speed control, duty cycling of multiple ventilation fans according to the CO concentration in car parks, etc. Performance: Percentage reduction than the Annual Energy Consumption 20% 25% Points 2 4 Documentation required: Energy consumed annually by the ventilation system in the basement car parks. Details of the ventilation system and energy saved in case of installation of new systems CO monitoring details Requirement for Lighting: Show that energy consumption in the lighting of car parks can be controlled and minimized whenever possible. Also demonstrate that the control systems and devices shall be provided to dim the output of lighting installations when and where illumination is not required. According to ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G, the LPD in a Parking garage need not be more than 0.25 W/Sq ft Performance: Percentage reduction compared to Annual Energy Consumption 20% 25% Points 2 4 Documentation required: Energy consumed annually by the ventilation system in the basement car parks Type of lighting fixtures Basis for credit Car Parks considered as service areas consume a lot of energy in lighting and ventilation. Many strategies like changing the light fixtures, positions, installing car sensors, positioning the ventilation fans appropriately, using the energy saving systems etc and by implementing operative strategies like changing parking regulations can help save energy. Southampton City Council has reduced the energy consumption at its six-storey city centre car park by 35% per cent following the installation of lighting control systems. (HoneyWell, 2009) Credit reference: BM Plus EB Version