Activity. What is source reduction?

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1 Source Reduction

2 Activity What is source reduction? Write down as many source reduction activities/opportunities as possible in 60 s. Share your ideas with one person next to you.

3 Activity How could a government agency encourage source reduction? Write down your ideas in 60 s. Share your ideas with a different classmate.

4 Activity How can source reduction be measured? Write down your ideas in 60 s. Share your ideas with yet a different classmate.

5 Sample Measurement Strategy Household Hazardous Waste Determine annual product consumption Determine average container size and weight Calculate the average pounds per household per year of active ingredient that could be prevented through the use of alternative products

6 Prevention Estimates Product Prevent (lb/hh/y) Window cleaner 0.58 Surface cleaner 0.65 Furniture polish 0.65 Air/rug freshener 0.64 Drain opener 0.50 Fabric softener 5.10 Insect spray 0.18

7 Example: Shopping Bags Assume 1,000 paper bags = 140 lb 1,000 plastic bags = 15.6 lb 52 trips per year 6 paper bags or 12 plastic bags used per trip Reusable grocery bags prevent Plastic: 9.73 lb/hh/y Paper: lb/hh/y

8 Example: Double-Sided Copying Save <50% of paper due to mistakes Cost of copier maintenance increased Reduced postage? Reduced storage required?

9 Specific Benefits Avoided waste removal costs Avoided purchasing costs Profits from reselling Avoided pollution Improved image

10 Impacts on Waste Management

11 Key Elements of Source Reduction Program Obtaining top level management support Selecting a solid waste reduction team Selecting a facilitator to manage the program Educating employees Brainstorming waste reduction ideas Evaluating the ideas Implementing the best ideas Monitoring and evaluating the program

12 Activity Which materials should be targeted?

13 Activity It s so great, so why isn t it pursued more frequently?

14 Recycling Chapters 9, 12, and 15

15 Amount of Recycling (2007)

16 Activity What could be the objective(s) of a recycling program? Get in a group of 3 total and write down as many ideas as you can in 2 min.

17 When to Recycle??? You have a plan in place but when do you go forward and implement it?

18 What to Recycle???

19 Examples of Markets

20 1990s Cost to Recycle in U.S. Annual Economics Activity $/household $/ton Avoided disposal Collection Processing Total Revenue (1997) Net Cost 21 97

21 Other Issues with Implementation Participation Complacency Effects on current operations Political atmosphere Adequate methods available to collect, separate, and transport in addition to processing

22 Curbside Collection

23 Drop-Off Centers

24 Buy-Back Centers

25 Processing Modify physical characteristics for easier removal Remove specific components and contaminants Prepare separated materials for subsequent uses

26 Physical Processing Volume Reduction Separation Size Reduction

27 Material Recovery Facility (MRF) Centralized facility for the separation, cleaning, packaging, and shipping of large volumes of materials recovered from MSW

28 Process Flow Diagram & Layout

29 Material Recovery Rate MRR = Composition Factor x Recovery Factor x Participation Factor Composition factor = fraction of waste component in total waste Recovery factor = fraction of material recovered by a unit operation or recycling program Participation factor = fraction of the public that participates in recycling program

30 Maximum Recycling Potential Program recycling potential (PRP) = Targeted waste stream fraction x program recovery rate MRP = (PRP) Category % Waste Stream % Removal PRP (%) Newspaper Cardboard Etc. Total

31 Material Balances & Loading Rates Accumulation = Inflow Outflow Loading rate = Mass Rate Processed (tpd) Operating Hours

32 Equipment Efficiency Examples Problems 12-8 and 12-9 (p. 607)

33 1990s MRF Capital Cost Capacity Cost Per Ton of Daily Capacity (tpd) Range Average 25 and less 11,250-30,000 20, ,875-37,500 27, ,000-37,500 30, and higher 13,325-53,325 27,728 All 11,250-53,325 27,767

34 1990s MRF Operating Costs Capacity Cost Per Ton of Daily Capacity (tpd) Operating Facilities Planned Facilities 100 tpd and less > 100 tpd All

35 1990s Primary Cost Components Percent of Costs Component Range Average Labor Building rental/amortization Equipment amortization General administration Insurance, property taxes, Residue hauling/disposal Maintenance/repairs

36 1990s Processing Costs Material Cost Per Ton of Material Range Average Paper Commingled Clear glass PETE Newspaper All

37 Composting Chapters 9, 14, 15-8, and 15-9

38 Source Material Controlled aerobic partial degradation of organic wastes

39 Source Issues

40 Composting System Collection Pre-processing of MSW Decomposition of organic fraction Post-processing

41 Collection

42 Pre-Processing Wood Chipper Tub Grinder Shredder Hammermill

43 Composting Process H 2 O Heat CO 2 O 2 Nutrients H 2 O Microorganisms & Macroorganisms + Biodegradable Materials

44 Windrow Composting

45 Static Pile

46 In-Vessel System Enclosed Curing Area

47 Site location Selecting Composting Technology Amount of land, including buffer Volume during peak seasons Labor and equipment costs Financial resources for capital improvements and O&M Market niche for end product(s)

48 Summary of Technologies Factor Minimal Medium High Process retention Very long Long Short Period (mo) Buffer zone (ft) Product quality Unrefined Refined Refined Capital cost Low Medium High O&M costs Low Medium High Equipment Loader Loaders Grinder/Shredder Windrow turner Screen Water truck Loaders Grinder/Shredder Windrow turner Screen Water truck Aeration system T. monitoring sys

49 Post-Processing Screen Conveyor to Screen Ballistic Separator Vibrating Screen to Destoner/Cyclone

50 Final Product Desired

51 Benefits/Marketing

52 Access Road Example Layout Receiving/Mixing Area Windrow Area Leaves Chipped Brush Grass Brush Storage Pile Grinding & Screening Equipment Building Curing/Storage Area Finished Mulch Finished Compost

PB389 Integrated Solid Waste Management

PB389 Integrated Solid Waste Management Numfon Eaktasang, Ph.D. Thammasat University Solid Waste Management Waste generation Waste reduction and separation at the source Collection Transportation Separation,