Impacts of the Urban Design and Planning on Energy Use and Consumption

Transcription

1 DISSERTATION PROPOSAL DEFENSE Impacts of the Urban Design and Planning on Energy Use and Consumption Presented by: Candace J. Watson, LEED AP Xi an, Shaanxi: China

2 PRESENTATION OVERVIEW o BACKGROUND o PROBLEM STATEMENT o PROJECT OBJECTIVE osignificance OF STUDY o CONCLUSION The building of cities is one of man s greatest achievement. Edmund Bacon 2

3 ENERGY WORLD MARKET ENERGY CONSUMPTION World Marketed Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) Projected World Marketed Energy Consumption (Quadrillion Btu) 3

4 ENERGY WORLD MARKET ENERGY CONSUMPTION 4

5 ENERGY WORLD MARKET ENERGY CONSUMPTION Canada United States World Total othe United States consumes 372.8%more energy per capita than the national average. o Canada consumes 513.0% more energy per capita than the national average. 5

6 ENERGY UNITED STATES MARKET ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION *export 73 Btu Produced 33 Btu Imported 7 Btu 98 Btu Consumed *import Exported Primary Energy Overview, 2008 (quadrillion Btu) Energy Consumption by Source, 2008 (quadrillion Btu) Energy Production by Source, 2008 (quadrillion Btu) *this project focuses on fossil fuel resource consumption. 6

7 ENERGY UNITED STATES MARKET ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION Undiscovered Conventionally Reservoired Fields 73% 26% 1% Discovered Conventionally Reservoired Fields Unconventionally Reservoired Fields Crude Oil: 178 billion barrels Demand for petroleum has seen a slight increase of 2% in recent years. 47% 32% 21% Natural Gas: 1,533 trillion cubic feet 26% 61% 13% Liquid Natural Gas : 30 billion barrels 7

8 ENERGY UNITED STATES MARKET ENERGY CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION Population growth and urbanization the primary factors that this project will focus on. United States End-Use Sector Shares of Total Energy Consumption, 2008 Increases in Energy Consumption *It is important to understand what sector is consuming energy in order to focus our efforts providing energy efficient suggestions to these sectors, thus resulting in the biggest impact. *By focusing on residential and commercial (consuming a 41% of total energy produced) significant benefits can be realized. Factors that Contribute to Increased Consumption of resources 8

9 POPULATION GROWTH MOST POPULOUS COUNTRIES Country Rank Population (millions) Rank Population (millions) China 1 1, ,437 India 2 1, ,748 United States Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Congo, Dominican Republic Philippines oaccording to the Population Reference Bureau, 90%of the world s population growth was recorded in under-developed countries during the 20 th century. oit is estimated that between 2009 and 2050 under-developed countries will see increases in population from 5.6 billion to 8.1 billion. odeveloped countries (U.S. and Canada) will see population growth from 1.2 billion to 1.3 billion. 9

10 POPULATION GROWTH 50% world TRENDS IN WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 53% Under-developed 2007: 50% LIVED IN URBAN AREAS 2015: 53% WILL LIVE IN URBAN AREAS 2030: 60% WILL LIVE IN URBAN AREAS Projected Population Growth % developed % world 76% Under-developed 48% developed % world 81% Under-developed 56% developed

11 POPULATION GROWTH UNITED STATES POPULATION STATISTICS osouth region accounted for 36.3% of the total U.S. population. osouth region contains 16 of the 50 U.S> states (32%). *U.S. Census Bureau indicated that from 1993 to 2020 the southeastern region will remain and continue to be the most populous region in the U.S. *In the past decade the southeast has experienced a 20% population increase. Northeast Midwest South West United States Regional Population (million), 2005 According to the 2000 U.S Census Bureau, 79% of the total U.S. population resided in urban areas. 11

12 URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT DEFINITION According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is when built-up areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. Buildings and Paved Surfaces Replacement of trees and vegetation with hard surfaces Tall buildings and narrow streets *For cities with more than 1 million people, temperature increases could potentially reach F (1-3 C) warmer than surrounding areas. *During evening hours, this difference in temperature can potentially reach as high as 22 F (12 C). *Elevated temperature from urban heat islands, particularly in the summer, can affect a community s environment and quality of life. *While some heat island impacts seem positive, such as lengthening the plant-growing season, most impacts are negative. 12

13 URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ADVERSE UHI AFFECTS Increased energy consumption Elevated emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases Compromised human health and comfort Higher temperatures in summer increase energy demand for cooling and add pressure to the electricity grid during peak periods of demand. One study estimates that the heat island effect is responsible for 5 10% of peak electricity demand for cooling buildings in cities. Increasing energy demand generally results in greater emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Higher air temperatures also promote the formation of ground-level ozone. Warmer days and nights, along with higher air pollution levels, can contribute to general discomfort, respiratory difficulties, heat cramps and exhaustion, non-fatal heat stroke, and heat-related mortality. Impaired water quality Hot pavement and rooftop surfaces transfer their excess heat to stormwater, which then drains into storm sewers and raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Rapid temperature changes can be stressful to aquatic ecosystems. 13

14 URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT UHI MITIGATION STRATEGIES According to the U.S. EPA there are four common UHI Mitigation strategies: COOL ROOF COOL PAVEMENTS Cool roofs and pavements are simply light colored surfaces that have high solar reflectance, which results in less heat being absorbed from the sun. Cool roofs and pavements can help reduce energy consumption, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. GREEN ROOFS INCREASED TREES AND VEGETATION COVERAGE Trees, vegetation and green roofs can contribute to improving the overall air quality and aesthetics of an urban environment, by removing air pollutants from the atmosphere, sequestering and storing carbon dioxide, improving stormwater control and water quality, and creating habitats 14

15 LITERATURE REVIEW CITY MITIGATION STRATEGY BENEFITS ECONOMIC BENEFITS oresearch indicates that paved surfaces can achieve CHICAGO TUCSON SACRAMENTO CHICAGO CHICAGO GREEN ROOF: City Hall COOL ROOF Administration Building TREES AND VEGETATION GREEN ALLEY INITIATIVE (POROUS PAVING) ROOF (25% OR HIGHER SOLAR REFLECTANCE) Saved: 9,270 kwhours electricity and 740 M Btu of natural gas 400 M Btu 28,000 sq. ft white coatings 350,000 SHADE TREES 46 ALLIES; 2,000 miles $3,600 annually $4,000 annually temperatures as high as 100 F. oshaded surfaces can be F cooler than peak temperatures of unshaded materials. oapproximately 30-45% of urban land cover is paved surfaces. 15

16 PROBLEM STATEMENT othe global community is already struggling to meet current energy demands. oincreases in world population will place a larger burden on the already limited resources used for energy production. ounder-developed countries are looking to Canada and the United States for suggestions on how to manage predicted population growth. oan existing imbalance of global energy consumption could potentially be problematic if under-developed nations rise up and demand their fair share. PROJECT MOTIVATIONS The cities will be part of the country; I shall drive 30 miles from my office in one direction, under a pine tree; my secretary will live 30 miles away from it too, in the other direction, under another pine tree. We shall both have our own car. We shall use up tires, wear out road surfaces and gears, consume oil and gasoline. All of which will necessitate a great deal of work enough for all. - LeCorbusier (Architect) 16

17 PROJECT PHASES 1. Determination of the extent of the Urban Heat Island Effect 2. Conduct a city-scale site analysis 3. Perform heat transfer calculations (studies of material heat transfer properties) 4. Compare energy consumption on a global scale (by country) 5. Create graphic images of urban retrofit suggestions for the City of Birmingham (Greater Birmingham Regional Planning Commission) STAR T JANUARY 18, 2010 M T W TR F SAT SUN MARCH 11, 2011 M T W TR F SAT SUN FINISH 17

18 PROJECT OBJECTIVE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY QUESTIONS Develop a best practices guide for holistic sustainable cities, thereby improving energy and resource consumption through design methods and material selection of built infrastructure. The purpose of the study is to provide existing cities and new cities with a set of suggestions and recommendations on how to design or improve the design of their city with proven best practices that achieve the goal of reducing energy consumption and creating sustainable environments. Provided recommendations can be applied to an entire city, not for single-building use. 1. What are the correlations between LEED certified buildings and their impact on UHI effects, compared to non-leed certified buildings? 2. Is there a correlation between neighboring buildings material selection, height and orientation (with respect to other buildings) on energy consumption? 3. Is it counterintuitive to apply UHI mitigation strategies to one city block, one building, or one zone, while the rest of the city is still performing at less than sustainable standards? 18

19 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis will be run on the following comparisons: 1.Urban vs. Rural ambient air temperature. 2.Ambient air temperature vs. surface temperature differences. 3.Average daily difference between surface and ambient air temperature for each surface category. 4.Daily standard deviation for average surface temperatures compared to the average daily ambient air temperatures. 5.Atmospheric air temperature vs. roof surface temperature. 6.Cloudy day vs. sunny days. *In addition, correlations analysis will be run on daily surface temperature data compared to ambient air temperature data. 19

20 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY odetermine most beneficial design methods. odetermine the interrelationships between buildings. ocreate a simulation software program that has the capabilities to evaluate an entire city s energy performance, taking design ad interrelationships of buildings into consideration. oencourage more private owners and city officials to support and implement sustainable techniques into design with numbers proving results. odetermine how we can improve our knowledge of existing sustainable design methods to improve how cities work as a whole. ocompare cost to determine the added benefits of a sustainable community. 20

21 DELIVERABLES 1. A compilation of Best Practices (for designs that support energy efficiency) for existing cities and future cities to reference as a standard (similar to the LEED standard). 2. Suggestions and recommendations for the Greater Birmingham Regional Planning Commission providing design methods that support energy efficiency. 3. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) for the city of Birmingham on the suggestions and recommendations. 4. Provide a foundation for the creation of a simulation software that is able to analyze how buildings impact other buildings and is able to evaluate the overall performance (concerning energy) of an urban area. 21

22 CONCLUSION PROBLEM STATEMENT: Under-developed countries are expected to experience a population growth of 44.6% over the next 40 years. Limited resource availability and poor design methods will make managing this increase in population difficult. 5 PROJECT PHASES 60 WEEKS 418 DAYS 130 DATA POINTS ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Increasing energy efficiency through improvement of holistic urban design methods. 17 URBAN AREAS 65 SUBURBAN (RURAL) CITIES 22

23 REFERENCE SAMPLING 1. Brockerhoff, Martin P. Population Bulletin: An Urbanizing World. PRB CDC, 2009 Center for Disease Control, Extreme Heat: A Prevention Guide to Promote Your Personal Healthand Safety. CDC, 31 July Web. 22 April Urban Design, 2009 Center for Design Excellence, Urban Design. CDE. Web. 24 March Duany, Andres, E. Plater-Zyberk, and J. Speck Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream.New York, New York. North Point Press. 5. EIA, 2009 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review EIA, 19 December Web. 05 April Environmental Protection Agency Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies.Washington D.C. 7. EPA, 2009b Environmental Protection Agency, Basic Information. EPA, 9 February Web. 10 April EPA, 2009c -Environmental Protection Agency, Heat Island Impacts. EPA, 9 February Web. 10 April EPA, 2009d - Environmental Protection Agency, Trees and Vegetation. EPA, 9 February Web. 10 April EPA, 2009e - Environmental Protection Agency, Cool Pavements. EPA, 9 February Web. 10 April EPA, 2009f - Environmental Protection Agency, Cool Roofs. EPA, 16 September Web. 10 April James, W Green Roads: Research into Permeable Pavers. Stormwater3(2): Levinson, R., H. Akbari, S. Konopacki, and S. Bretz Inclusion of Cool Roofs in Nonresidential Title 24 Prescriptive Requirements (64 pp, 492K). Paper LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 14. Lukez, Paul Suburban Transformations. New York, New York. Princeton Architecture Press. 15. McPherson, E.G., J. R. Simpson, P. J. Peper, S. E. Maco, and Q. Xiao Municipal forest benefits and costs in five US cities(6 pp, 267K). Journal of Forestry 103(8): Navidi William Statistics for Engineers and Scientist.2 nd Edition. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17. Pitt, Brad. Design: e 2. Kontentreal. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), DVD. 18. PRB, 2009 Population Reference Bureau, World Population Highlights: Key Findings from PRB s 2009 World Population Data Sheet. PRB, August Web. March 25, True Random Number Service. What s the Fuss about True Randomness. October, Web. January 7, Wood, John H., G. R. Long, and D.F. Morehouse Long-Term World Oil Supply Scenarios: The Future is Neither as Bleak or Rosy as Some Assert.Energy Information Administration with Department of Energy. 21. United States Department of Energy. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy State Activities and Partnerships. U.S. DOE 8 April Web. April 18, Zhang, Chunlong Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23