WATER FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Transcription

1 WATER FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Shared Groundwater Resources for Sustainable Development Stakeholder Meeting on Sustainable Groundwater Management in Bangkok, Thailand 17 March 2006 Friday h 4 th World Water Forum, MEXICO CITY

2 2 International Research on Sustainable Water Management Policy Dr. Xu He and his team Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University Tianjin, China Dr. Mukand Singh Babel and Ms. Niña Donna Sto. Domingo Asian Institute of Technology Dr. Nguyen Phuoc Dan, Ho Chi Min City University of Technology Bangkok, Thailand Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Colombo, Kandy, Sri Lanka Bandung, Indonesia Dr. Setiawan Wangsaatmaja and his team West Java Environmental Protection Agency

3 CASE STUDY AREA 10,300 km 2 total area 10.6 million people (2003) 3

4 4 GROUNDWATER SYSTEM 8 confining aquifer layers Most extraction from 3 aquifers at depths m (PD, NL & NB) Nonthaburi (NB) Aquifer very productive; yields up to 200 m 3 /h of excellent quality water Deeper aquifers recently exploited by industries Aquifer 1 Bangkok Aquifer 2 Phra Pradaeng Aquifer 3 Nakhon Luang Aquifer 4 Nonthaburi Aquifer 5 Sam Khok Aquifer 6 Phaya Thai Aquifer 7 Thonburi Aquifer 8 Pak Nam Aquifer Code BK PD NL NB SK PT TB PN Zone 50-m zone 100-m zone 150-m zone 200-m zone 300-m zone 350-m zone 450-m zone 550-m zone

5 GROUNDWATER USE Mid-1950 s: extensive use of groundwater started Continuous increase in GW use until 1997 According to DGR, in 2004: Total GW use = 2.2 MCM/d Private pumpage = 1.8 MCM/d Private users largest groundwater consumers Industry 85-90% Pumpage (m 3 /d) 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 0 Groundwater Pumpage in Bangkok and Surrounding Areas Total Pumpage MWA Pumpage (Various Studies) MWA Pumpage (collected from MWA in 2004) MWA Pumpage (DMR, 1998) Estimated Private Pumpage (Various Studies) Estimated Private Pumpage (DMR, 1998) Estimated Private Pumpage (Kasetsart Univ., 2004) Estimated Public Pumpage (Kasetsart Univ., 2004) Total Pumpage (Kasetsart Univ., 2004) Year 5

6 6 Well Distribution 1. Bangkok Aquifer 2. Phra Pradaeng Aquifer 3. Nakhon Luang Aquifer 4. Nonthaburi Aquifer 5. Sam Khok Aquifer 6. Phaya Thai Aquifer 7. Thonburi Aquifer 8. Pak Nam Aquifer

7 GW Use/Wells per Sector Agriculture Sector Relatively small amounts Use as supplement water source Domestic Water Supply MWA: reduced use but still using PWA: main water source Used by private users (w/o access to water supply services) Industrial Sector Relies heavily on groundwater Industrial/ Commercial 64.36% Agricultural 1.47% Domestic Industrial/ Commercial Agricultural Domestic 34.17% Total Registered Groundwater Wells per User Sector (Since 1978) (Source: Kasetsart University (for DGR), 2005) 7

8 8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Groundwater Drawdown Water levels dropped 5-10 m (late 1970s to 1980s) Slight recovery after 1983 Subsequent decline reaching maximum around 1997 Maximum total decline = m in each of the 3 most used aquifers Land Subsidence Due to groundwater over extraction Damage to infrastructure Deteriorate drainage systems Water Quality Deterioration Saltwater of 2000 ppm intruded about 65 to 80 km inland (Source: JICA 1995; Data collected in 1993)

9 9 #2 Phra Pradaeng Aquifer Water Level (m below G.L.) Apr-78 Jan-81 Oct-83 Jul-86 Apr-89 Dec-91 Sep-94 Jun-97 Mar-00 Dec PD0055 Bang Bauthong, Nonthaburi PD0002 Muang, Samut Prakan PD0040 Minburi, Bangkok PD0068 Bang Sai, Ayutthaya PD0059 Lat Lumkaew, Pathm Thani PD0053 Nakhon Chaisiri, Nakhon Pathom PD0018 Kra Thumbaen, Samut Sakhon Samut Sakhon

10 10 #3 Nakhon Luang Aquifer 0 10 Apr-78 Jan-81 Oct-83 Jul-86 Apr-89 Dec-91 Sep-94 Jun-97 Mar-00 Dec-02 Water Level (m below G.L.) NL0005 Bang Bauthong, Nonthaburi NL0055 Muang, Samut Prakan NL0016 Minburi, Bangkok NL0012 Bang Sai, Ayutthaya NL0071 Lat Lumkaew, Pathum Thani NL0068 Nakhon Chaisiri, Nakhon Pathom NL0032 Kra Thumbaen, Samut Sakhon

11 #4 Nonthaburi Aquifer 0 10 Apr-78 Jan-81 Oct-83 Jul-86 Apr-89 Dec-91 Sep-94 Jun-97 Mar-00 Dec-02 Water Level (m below G.L.) NB0004 Bang Bauthong, Nonthaburi NB0049 Muang, Samut Prakan NB0046 Minburi, Bangkok NB0069 Bang Sai, Ayutthaya NB0015 Lat Lumkaew, Pathum Thani NB0020 Nakhon Chaisiri, Nakhon Pathom NB0025 Kra Thumbaen, Samut Sakhon Bangkok Samut Sakhon 11

12 Land Subsidence First noticed in the 1960s Since 1978: ~1.0 m : 5-10 cm/yr in many areas Subsiding areas coincide with cone of groundwater depression Still occurring (~1.0 cm/yr in most parts) Surrounding areas at risk Land subsidence between (Source: DGR, 2005) 12

13 13 Subsidence ( )

14 Subsidence ( ) 14

15 Subsidence ( ) 15

16 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT 1969: Land subsidence given public attention 1978: Enforced Groundwater Act, B.E (1977); Start licensing for groundwater activities 1983: Critical Zone identified (4 provinces) 1984: Groundwater tariff of 1 Bt/m 3 imposed (6 provinces) (1 Bt = 2.5 Cents US) 1992: Groundwater Act amended 1994: Tariff increased to 3.5 Bt/m 3 (6 provinces) 1995: All provinces must pay groundwater charge; Critical Zone expanded (7 provinces) : Tariff increased from 3.5 to 8.25 Bt/m 3 (in Critical Zone) 2003: Groundwater Act amended 2004: Tariff increased to 8.5 Bt/m 3 (Critical Zone); Groundwater Preservation Charge imposed in Critical Zone 16

17 Critical Zone 1983 Critical Zone 4 Provinces 1995 Critical Zone 7 Provinces 17

18 Groundwater Use Charge Effectivity Period February 3, 1985** 1 Groundwater Tariff (Baht/m 3 ) 7 Provinces* Other Provinces July 1, July 1-31, August 1 - September 30, October 1 - December 31, January 1 - March 31, April 1 - June 30, July 1 - September 30, October 1 - December 31, January 1 - March 31, April 1 - June 30, July 1- September 30, October 1 - December 31, January 1 - March 31, April 1, Present * Bangkok Metropolis, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Ayutthaya, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom ** Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pathumthani, Ayutthaya, Samut Prakarn and partially in Samut Sa With exemptions and discounts for areas w/o water supply 18

19 Groundwater Preservation Charge For all registered groundwater users in Critical Zone For research and preservation and conservation of groundwater resources and the environment Date/Month/Year Cost (Bt/m 3 ) 1-30 Sept Oct. 31 Dec Jan. 31 Mar Apr. 30 Jun Jul. 30 Sept Oct. 31 Dec Jan. 31 Mar Apr. 30 Jun Beyond 1 Jul For Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pathumthani, Ayutthaya, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, and Nakhon Pathom 19

20 Total Groundwater Charges Total Groundwater Charge THB Groundwater Preservation Charge Groundwater Use Charge TOTAL CHARGE THB 8.50 THB 8.50 THB 3.50 THB Jan-84 Jan-85 Jan-86 Jan-87 Jan-88 Jan-89 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Date Charge (Bt/m 3 )

21 21 MWA water supply rates since 1999 Residence Quantity (m 3 ) 0 30 (minimum 45 Baht) > 200 Cost (Baht/m 3 ) Commerce, Government Agency, State Enterprise, Industry and others Cost Quantity (m 3 ) (Baht/m 3 ) 0 10 (minimum 90 Baht) >

22 PWA water supply rates since 2000 Level of water Domestic Official and Small State Enterprise, Indus. used Connection Businesses and Large Businesses m 3 /mo Baht/m 3 Baht/m 3 Baht/m more than Low Level Rate Low Level Rate Low Level Rate 30 Baht 50 Baht 100 Baht 22

23 ISSUES & CHALLENGES Continued land subsidence Piezometric level decline (esp. in deeper aquifers) Increased salinity Increasing water demands Insufficient public water supplies (esp. outside Bangkok) Water Level (m below GL) Water Level (m below GL) Sam Khok Aquifer Annual Average Piezometric Levels JICA0003 (Sta. 107, Lat Krabang, Bangkok) JICA0004 (Sta. 107, Lat Krabang, Bangkok) JICC0001 (Sta. 109, Muang, Samut Sakhon) #5 SAM KHOK Pak Nam Aquifer Annual Average Piezometric Levels DMW0001 (Sta. 104, Phra Pradaeng, Samut Prakan) DMW0002 (Sta. 105, Bang Khunthian, Bangkok) JICA0001 (Sta. 107, Lat Krabang, Bangkok) #8 PAK NAM

24 STAKEHOLDERS MEETING On 26 July 2005 in cooperation with DGR (Department of Groundwater Resources) 1 Day; At DGR Office in Phayathai, Bangkok 53 Registered Participants DGR Central and Provincial Offices, Industries, Industrial Estates, Specialists, Universities, MWA, PWA, Consulting Companies, Senate Committee, Provincial Industrial Offices, Other Government Offices 24

25 25 Objectives and Expected Results Examine groundwater use and management practices Discuss adverse impacts of groundwater overdraft Identify main concerns and issues Assess effectiveness and deficiencies in policies Identify suitable measures and policy options Reconcile the needs of the users and managers Identification of most appropriate and feasible policies/measures Identification of responsible agencies and/or stakeholders Recognition of possible paths for implementation

26 Meeting Glimpse 26

27 Meeting Glimpse 27

28 Meeting Glimpse 28

29 29 STAKEHOLDER-IDENTIFIED ISSUES Land subsidence, Groundwater drawdown, Salinity intrusion, Increasing demands, Insufficient SW supplies ILLEGAL GROUNDWATER USE INDUSTRIES WATER QUANTITY and QUALITY Requirements BUDGETARY CONSTRAINTS NO available ALTERNATIVES to GROUNDWATER Lack of COORDINATION among agencies EFFECTS of LIMITING GROUNDWATER USE to ECONOMY Define RESPONSIBILITIES of agencies INSUFFICIENT INSPECTIONS Awareness at POLICY- MAKER level

30 Industries and the Economy 6,000,000 5,000,000 Total GDP Manufacturing GDP GDP (Million Baht) 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000, Year GDP (Million Baht) 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, , , , ,000 Thailand Manufacturing GDP Bangkok Manufacturing GPP Study Area Manufacturing GPP Year 30

31 31 MAJOR DEFICIENCIES IDENTIFIED 1. Lack of institutional thrust (resulting in ineffective laws and regulations) Illegal wells still exist; Not all wells metered despite regulations 2. Inadequate inspection and budgetary constraints 3. Groundwater Database and Monitoring System not updated and maintained Monitoring well system does not cover all aquifers 4. Lack of alternative sources of water Limits control of groundwater use and effectiveness of charges 5. Groundwater Development Fund Difficult to use Fund by other stakeholders especially by academic institutions, and even by DGR 6. Groundwater Preservation Charge Imposed at a flat rate

32 32 MAIN SOLUTIONS PROPOSED REGULATORY MEASURES Firm implementation of regulations Stiffer penalties and proper enforcing mechanisms Pardon illegal users and ask to register afterwards Controlling the use of groundwater by industries Relocation of large groundwater users, such as industries, outside the Critical Zone Establishment of an authority that will extract groundwater for water supply to industries ECONOMIC MEASURES Develop progressive Groundwater Preservation Charge rates based on use and local groundwater conditions Charge for agricultural groundwater use

33 33 MAIN SOLUTIONS PROPOSED TECHNICAL MEASURE Artificial recharge of aquifers (ASR) SUPPORTING MEASURES Encourage public participation Update the Critical Zone Monitoring of groundwater use by private sector Improve Groundwater Monitoring and Database systems using GDF Develop alternative water sources/conjunctive use Water demand management in industries Build capacities at national and local levels Conduct further studies on groundwater management

34 LESSONS LEARNED Sharing experiences and lessons learned Dissemination and exchange of information First-hand and practical knowledge Voicing out concerns, opinions, and specialized ideas SITE-SPECIFIC SOLUTIONS BALANCED RESOLUTIONS BALANCED DISCUSSIONS APPROPRIATE MEASURES BROADER PERSPECTIVES FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS INCREASED AWARENESS BETTER INSIGHT CONSTRUCTIVE DISCUSSIONS CLEARER AND MORE BALANCED UNDERSTANDING 34

35 35 FURTHER ACTIONS 2 nd Stakeholders Meeting 04 April 2006 in cooperation with DGR Continuation of 1 st Stakeholders Meeting Further streamlining of proposed policies/ measures Implementation plan/procedure Summary report disseminated to Stakeholders Final Report to be submitted to DGR Identification of feasible alternative water sources

36 THANK YOU VERY MUCH Contact: