Empirical Analysis about Satisfaction Influencing Factors of Core Employee in Chinese Small and Micro Enterprise

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1 Joural of Huma Resource ad Sustaablty Studes, 03,, 85-9 Publshed Ole December 03 ( Emprcal Aalyss about Satsfacto Ifluecg Factors of Core Employee Chese Small ad Mcro Eterprse Pgpg Xu, Lg Qu School of Maagemet, Shagha Uversty of Egeerg Scece, Shagha, Cha Emal: Receved October 6, 03; revsed November 8, 03; accepted December 6, 03 Copyrght 03 Pgpg Xu, Lg Qu. Ths s a ope access artcle dstrbuted uder the Creatve Commos Attrbuto Lcese, whch permts urestrcted use, dstrbuto, ad reproducto ay medum, provded the orgal work s properly cted. I accordace of the Creatve Commos Attrbuto Lcese all Copyrghts 03 are reserved for SCIRP ad the ower of the tellectual property Pgpg Xu, Lg Qu. All Copyrght 03 are guarded by law ad by SCIRP as a guarda. ABSTRACT The small ad mcro eterprses have made a mportat part of the atoal ecoomy, ad they develop rapdly recet years. Now, there are a large umber of small ad mcro eterprses Cha. They have strog employmet absorpto ablty, ad they are mportat obects that are supported by the state. However, the average lfe of small ad mcro eterprses s relatvely short ad the ablty of sustaable developmet s ot strog. The ma reaso s the turover of eterprses core staff. There are may reasos that cause the loss of core staff, cludg the developmet scale ad developmet prospect of the small mcro eterprse, ad the related huma resource decsos. Therefore, ths paper s devoted to the study of factors that affect satsfacto of core staff small ad mcro eterprses, ad eplores what factor plays a key role mprovg the core employee satsfacto. The characterstc of ths paper s to evaluate the satsfacto degree by combg the method of etropy weght method wth grey relatoal aalyss, ad to establsh the correspodg model. The model ca reduce the fluece of subectve factors, ad mprove the aalyss accuracy of satsfacto fluecg factors, thus practcally provde a theoretcal bass for the decso-makg about huma resources of small mcro eterprse. Keywords: Small ad Mcro Eterprses; Core Employee; Satsfacto; Etropy Weght Method; Grey Relatoal Aalyss. Itroducto Small ad mcro eterprse s a mportat part of Chese ecoomc socety. I recet years, uder the costat support of atoal polcy, small busess has sprug up lke mushrooms. Although the scale of the eterprse s small ad the amout of moey s lmted, t has the vtal sgfcace to epad the socal employmet ad make the atoal ecoomy stable. But ow the developmet prospect of small ad mcro eterprse s ot optmstc, especally the part of huma resources, talet turover rate s really hgh. The ma reaso s that the eterprse s hard to attract the core talets because of ts ow factors such as scale ad fudg []. I addto, huma resources maagemet mode s stll ts facy most of small ad mcro eterprse, so that the mproper talet maagemet leads to the loss of the core staffs. For small ad mcro eterprse growth, the core staffs are a mportat part of eterprse s core competetveess, also they are the backboe of eterprse devele- pmet. The loss of the core talets wll make the eterprse a passve posto the market competto []. Therefore, how to mprove the small eterprse s huma resources maagemet system, ehace the satsfacto of eterprse s core employees, ad reduce the turover of them become the research focus.. Revew of Relevat Cocepts.. The Characterstcs of Small ad Mcro Eterprse Small ad mcro eterprse s a ufed ame of small busess, mature eterprse, cottage dustry eterprse ad dvdual dustral ad commercal households [3]. Ths paper defes small ad mcro eterprse as the eterprse that has smaller scale of busess ad fuds ad less umber of employees. Small ad mcro eterprse has a very wde rage of dstrbuto, such as servces, maufacturg, commodty crculato dustry, etc. Spe-

2 86 P. P. XU, L. QIU calzed servce ablty of small eterprse s very strog, so that t ca carry o the specalzed servce for specfc customer demad. The developmet space of small busess s very huge, ad wth the support of govermet polcy, small ad mcro eterprse s cotuously thrvg. The most otable characterstc of small eterprse s that t has a strog ablty to absorb employmet, whch wll play a mportat role solvg the hard stuato of Chese curret socal employmet. Small busess ca also cotuously attract vestmet, so that to ehace the vtalty of market ecoomy ad promote the developmet of the market competto... The Cootato of the Core Staffs May maagers thk that ma beefts of eterprse are created by a hadful of employees, who s called core staffs. The core talets have the ature of scarcty, geerally accout for 0% - 30% of total umber of employees, but the value they create accouts for 80% of the total value of the eterprse [4]. Ths paper defes the core staffs as the employees that grasp kowledge ad techology, have the ablty to do core busess, ad occupy mportat postos the eterprse. The core staffs have a strog sese of self-awareess ad self-coscousess, they ca help eterprse to create hgher value, ad acheve the goals of the eterprse, so as to mprove the core compettve advatage of t. Ad for the eterprses developmet, the core staffs also have a specal strategc vso, so they ca help the eterprse to chage the busess strategy. They have made outstadg cotrbutos to the eperece ad growth of the eterprse. The bggest characterstc of the core talets s that they ca t be replaced, because they have key kowledge ad sklls of the eterprse, so that ordary employees ca ot replace them mportat postos for eterprse operato. I addto, the core employees ofte focus o play of ther sklls ad developmet of themselves, so they have a strog desre to realze themselves. They wll motvate ad urge themselves to acheve these two goals. The core staffs epect to realze ts ow value eterprse ad ga recogto from the socety, ad they have stroger achevemet motvato tha ordary staffs. Just because of partcularty of the core employees, ther satsfacto requremets are very hgh. If the eterprse ca ot meet ther eeds, or they feel developmet space for them s lmted whch make ther developmet s blocked, so they wll choose to leave, ad ths leads to the loss of them. 3. The Research Methods 3.. Questoare Through lterature readg, eterprse tervew, ad related scholars advce, the paper determes the factors that affect the small ad mcro eterprse s employee satsfacto. After sortg ad classfyg, maly dvde the fluece factors to s categores, respectvely s: ob, work evromet, career developmet, role satsfacto, ob retur, as well as the eterprse developmet, ad these are ma factors [5]. It also cocretely dvdes the ma factors to the sub factors, whch s order to research the factors more specfcally [6]. I cocluso, there are 30 detaled sub factors, ad o the bass of t, desg the satsfacto survey questoare. Moreover, choose the LIKERT fve-pot scorg method, each de respectvely s very satsfed, satsfed, geeral, dssatsfed ad very dssatsfed [7]. I order to obta the relable data, ths study selects several typcal Chese small ad mcro eterprses, ad dstrbutes a total of 48 questoares, ad there are 3 vald questoares. Respodets are maly the kowledge employees the small ad mcro eterprses. Kowledge employees are the staffs that grasp kowledge ad techology, have the ablty to do the core busess, ad occupy the mportat postos the eterprse. 3.. Use Delph Method ad Etropy Weght Method to Determe the Weght of S Idees 3... The Delph Method O. Helm ad N. Dalke (940s) frstly created Delph method. Ad after further developmet by T.J. Golde ad the Rad Corporato, t became mature. The Delph method s a kd of subectve predcto method. It uses back to back commucato mode to cosult eperts predctve opo, ad after several rouds of cosultato, opos from the epert pael ted to be cocetrated. As a result, t ca forecast the market future tred. Delph method s based o the applcato of system, ad combes wth the method of aoymous commets. It meas that team members ca ot dscuss wth each other, or have lateral coecto. They ca oly have a relatoshp wth vestgators, ad fll the questoare, so that the vestgators ca gather opos from all respodets. Fally, ths method ca costruct the team commucato process, ad solve comple task problem 3... The Defto of Etropy Weght Method Choose to represet the umber epert score to the de, ad the stadardze the de data [8]: ma m m The proporto of the stadardzed scores ca be epressed as follows:

3 P. P. XU, L. QIU 87 p,,,, m;,,, m m 0, 6 Etropy value of the de m s: H k p lp Amog the above formula, ca be epressed as: m H p l p l m Amog the above equato, k l m, ad H also H 0, ;,,, m;,,,, ad f p 0, p l p 0, the dfferece coeffcet of de s: G H,,,,. The larger value of G, the more mportat of the de. At last, the weght of each de s value ca be computed as follows: G w,,,, G Results of Specalst Research After survey, t ca get scores of fluecg factors from huma resource eperts, research results are show Table. Table. Ratgs of the mportace of the fluecg factors scored by huma resource eperts. Job Work evromet Career developmet Role satsfacto Job retur Eterprse developmet Usg etropy weght method to calculate the scores Table, t ca get etropy value of each fluecg factors, respectvely s: H = (0.837, 0.864, 0.88, 0.846, 0.8, 0.838), the etropy weght of each fluecg factors s: w = ( , 0.76, 0.58, 0.9, 0.66). Therefore, from the large to small of the etropy weght, fluecg factors respectvely s: Job, Career developmet, Eterprse developmet, Role satsfacto, ad Work evromet The Grey Correlato Aalyss Model Polarty Reversal of the Data Through questoare survey, t ca get values of fve levels of each affectg factors, ad use Z to represet the de value of umber factor. The calculato process of grey correlato model s as follows. Used Z to represet referece sequece of data behavor of each fluecg factor, legth of Z s, terval of t s, Z z, z,, z. Due to the survey data have both the proftablty de ad cost de, ad the lower value of cost de meas the hgher satsfacto of the employees. O the cotrary, for the proftablty de, the larger value of t meas the hgher satsfacto of the employees. So frstly coduct a polarty reversal to the data [9]. ) Trasform the orgal mamum sequece as the way follows: z y,, m ma y m Amog the above equato, represets the umber of the fluecg factors, meas the fve de values. ) Trasform the orgal mmum sequece as the way follows: y m m y, m, z I the above formula, represets the umber of the fluecg factors, meas the fve de values. represets the ew sequece after the polarty reversal, ad after the trasformato, all the de values are betwee 0 ~, s o half of the optmal value, 0 s the worst value Gray Absolute Correlato Degrees Also use the behavor sequece of the two fluecg factors Y ad Y the part (), deal wth Y ad Y as the followg formula [0]: 0 Y y k y, k,,,. The avalable equato s:

4 88 P. P. XU, L. QIU,,, y y y y As the same way to compute Y, Y y, y,, y ; 0 0 The s y k y k s y k y ; 0 0 k s s y k y k y k y k Fally, use to represet the correlato betwee X ad X (The bgger umercal value of, the hgher correlato of the two data s behavor sequece). s s s s s s Grey Relatve Correlato Degrees Also use the behavor sequece of the two fluecg factors Y ad Y the part (), deal wth Y ad Y as the followg way: 0 y k y k, k,,3,, y The avalable equato s:,,, Y y y y The process the data as follows: y 0 y 0 k y 0, k,,3,, The avalable equato s:,,, Y y y y As the same way to compute Y : Y y, y,, y ; 0 0 The s y k y s s k s y k y ; 0 0 k y k y k y k y k Use to represet the relatve correlato betwee Y ad Y, ad get the result though the followg equato. (The bgger umercal value of, the hgher relatve correlato of the two data s behavor sequece). s s s s ss Gray Comprehesve Correlato Degrees ad respectvely represets the gray absolute ad grey relatve of the y ad y. So s called gray comprehesve. 0,, usually select 0.5 as the value of []. If you pay more atteto o relatoshp betwee the absolute amouts, the you ca take a few bgger, o the other had, take smaller The Results ad Aalyss Through the data sortg, t ca get the orgal data sequece as show Table. I Table, represets the sub factors that are correspodg to ma factors. The umber of people fve levels of evaluato of the questoare s marked by the order from low satsfacto to hgh. Ad use N to show the fve levels, N = (,,3,4,5). ) meas very dssatsfed, ) represets dssatsfed, 3) s geeral ad so o. I the process of calculato, because of the polarty reversal to the data, so the orgal data sequece s trasformed to the mamum polarty sequece. Accordg to characterstcs of the mamum polarty sequece, ths paper wll choose the mamum value of each fve evaluato levels as the referece sequece, amely the selected feature sequeces that correspodg to the fve evaluato value sequeces s C = (,,,,). O ths bass, take the data from the mamum polarty sequece to the grey correlato aalyss model, ad coduct the calculato of gray absolute, gray relatve, ad the grey comprehesve. Calculato results are respectvely show Tables 3-8. Each table meas the grey correlato degree of sub factors that are correspodg to ma factors. Accordg to the data above table, t ca get grey comprehesve degrees of each factor. The, Separately multply the degrees by ther weght, amely respectvely by ( , 0.76, 0.58, 0.76, 0.58). multply factors uder the de of ob by the weghts ca get the correspodg results: (0.7, 0.44, 0.36, 0.49, 0.58, 0.8, 0.58); multply factors uder the de of work evromet by the weghts ca get the correspodg results: (0.0, 0.5, 0.9, 0.04, 0.09, 0.8); multply factors uder the de of career developmet by the weghts ca get the correspodg results: (0.7, 0.44, 0.65); multply factors uder the de of role satsfac-

5 P. P. XU, L. QIU 89 N Table. Orgal survey data. Satsfacto degree to by the weghts ca get the correspodg results: (0.39, 0.3, 0.43); multply factors uder the de of ob retur by the weghts ca get the correspodg results: (0.60, 0.64, 0.49, 0.49, 0.49, 0.77); multply factors uder the de of eterprse developmet by the weghts ca get the correspodg results: (0.34, 0.30, 0.47, 0.39, 0.5). Thus, after multply comprehesve by ts etropy weght, the followg dees fally have relatvely hgher : The level of Table 3. The calculato results of grey correlato degree about the related factors uder the ob de. The fluecg factors of Satsfacto Competece for the posto Challege ad mportace of the work Developmet space of the work 3 Protecto ad stablty of the work 4 Dversfcato of the work cotet 5 correlato degrees Gray relatve correlato degrees Grey comprehesve Job terest Job autoomy ad fleblty Table 4. The calculato results of grey correlato degree about the related factors uder the de of work evromet. The fluecg factors of Satsfacto Natural evromet Offce codtos correlato degrees Gray relatve correlato degrees Grey comprehesve Work ad rest tme arragemet Securty Style of leadershp ad maagemet mode 5 Iteral harmoous relatos dvdual efforts ad pay that reflected by dvdual compesato; Learg ad trag opportutes; Promoto chaels ad rsg space; Far ad reasoable promoto system ; The value dfferece of teral obs that reflected by dvdual compesato; Job autoomy ad fleblty; The dversfcato of work cotet; The partcpato degree eterprse maagemet. I vew of the above results, the small ad mcro eterprse ca take the followg measures to mprove the employee satsfacto: Frst of all, mprove the eter-

6 90 P. P. XU, L. QIU Table 5. The calculato results of grey correlato degree about the related factors uder the de of career developmet. The fluecg factors of Satsfacto Gray relatve Grey comprehesve Learg ad trag opportutes Promoto chaels ad rsg space Career plag gudace Table 6. The calculato results of grey correlato degree about the related factors uder the de of role satsfacto. The fluecg factors of Satsfacto Gray relatve Grey comprehesve Sese of work accomplshmet Recogto degree that gve the work Sese of belogg ad prde the eterprse Table 7. The calculato results of grey correlato degree about the related factors uder the de of ob retur. The fluecg factors of Satsfacto The value dfferece of teral obs that reflected by dvdual compesato 5 The level of dvdual efforts ad pay that reflected by dvdual compesato 5 The comparso level of pay levels betwee dvdual compesato ad eteral labor market 53 Gray relatve Grey comprehesve The suffcecy level of socal surace ad welfare system The suffcecy level of holday, physcal eamato, etc The faress level of the promoto system Table 8. The calculato results of grey correlato degree about the related factors uder the de of eterprse developmet. The fluecg factors of Satsfacto Gray relatve Grey comprehesve The detty degree to the eterprse s developmet vso The detty degree to the eterprse s busess strategy The detty degree to the eterprse s maagemet system The detty degree to the eterprse culture The partcpato degree the eterprse maagemet prse s trag mechasm, whch wll rase the ablty of employees ad promote developmet of the eterprse at the same tme []. Secodly, establsh a effectve compesato maagemet system. Compesato eeds to be lked to performace, so as to esure the faress of compesato. Thrdly, small ad mcro eterprse eeds to do career plag for core staffs, so as to realze log- term developmet of them. The, have reasoable ob desg, whch wll mprove dversty ad challege of work, thus cultvate the employees work terest [3]. Fally, crease employee partcpato maagemet. Make employees feel lke they are part of the eterprse ad eed to assume correspodg resposbltes, so as to crease ther sese of belogg to the eterprse.

7 P. P. XU, L. QIU 9 4. Coclusos Wth cotuous ad rapd developmet of Chese ecoomy, support from small mcro eterprse to ecoomy s more ad more promet. As the backboe of the eterprse, core employees are also gaed all aspects of atteto. There are may factors that may fluece satsfacto of core employees, such as corporate culture, maagemet mechasm, workg evromet ad work reward ad so o, whch wll drectly affect ther workg codto. Therefore, oly correctly graspg key eeds of employee ca make eterprse teral maagemet effectve. Geeral statstcal method eeds support of a large umber of data whch has typcal dstrbuto. Ad ts specto ad computato s very comple. So t s ot sutable for small sample system. The ths artcle chooses grey correlato aalyss model for dyamc aalyss, whch ca comprehesvely cosder radomess ad ucertaty of sub satsfacto factors. For ma factors, t selects Delph method ad etropy weght method to determe ther weghts. Wth the combato of two methods, a relatvely obectve result s obtaed. It also ca get rak of the most mportat factors. The fluece degree of factors from great to small s respectve: the level of dvdual efforts ad pays that reflected by dvdual compesato; learg ad trag opportutes; promoto chaels ad rsg space; Far ad reasoable promoto system; the value dfferece of teral obs that reflected by dvdual compesato; ob autoomy ad fleblty; the dversfcato of work cotet; the partcpato degree eterprse maagemet. Wth the research result, t ca provde a scetfc ad reasoable theoretcal bass for eterprse staff maagemet, ad mprove ob satsfacto of the core employees at the same tme. REFERENCES [] P. Jag, Research o the Problems of Huma Resources Maagemet Small Eterprse, Joural of Chese Huma Resources Developmet, 0, pp [] P. F. Rog, Y. H. Ge ad L. G. L, Research about Problems ad Coutermeasures of Huma Resources Maagemet Small ad Mcro Eterprse Takg a Headhutg Compay Zhagagag Cty as a Eample, Joural of Chese Huma Resources Developmet, Vol. 5, No. 5, 0, pp [3] L. Fag ad W. Zhog, Research about the Problems ad Coutermeasures of Ya a Small Eterprse s Huma Resources Maagemet[J], Joural of Commercal Ecoomy, Vol., No., 03, pp [4] R. Zhel, O the Maagemet Mechasm of the Kowledge-Based Core Staff Eterprses, Scece ad Techology Maagemet Research, Vol. 37, No., 0, pp [5] Y. Sh, Research about the Factors that Ifluece Employees Satsfacto New ad Hgh Techology Eterprse, Ph.D. Thess, Shadog Uversty, Shadog, 0. [6] W. H. Ta ad C. Lrog, Employee Satsfacto Evaluato System Logstcs Eterprse, Joural of Busess ad Maagemet, Vol., No., 03, pp. -. [7] Z. L, Study o Job Satsfacto Evaluato of Eterprse s Kowledge Staff, Joural of Scetfc ad Ecoomc Socety, Vol. 30, No., 0, pp [8] N. Wag, Z. Fag ad J. C. Je, Applcato of the Improved Etropy Method the Value Evaluato of Reewable Water Resource, Joural of X a Uversty of Techology, 0, pp [9] Y. G. Wag, F. Lg, L. H. Wu ad J. R. Tag, Aalyss about Satsfacto Factors of Food Safety Supervso Based o the Grey Correlato Model, Joural of Food Idustry Scece ad Techology, Vol. 34, No. 6, 03, pp [0] S. F.Lu, Y. G. Dag ad Z. G. Fag, Grey System Theory ad Its Applcato, 5th Edto, Scece Press, Beg, 00. [] K. R. Zhou ad Y. L, Employee Satsfacto Assessmet Based o the Grey Correlato Aalyss the Ralway Trasport Eterprse, Joural of Logstcs Techology, No., 008, pp [] J. M. We, Survey ad Coutermeasures about Employee Satsfacto the Prvate Eterprses, Joural of ecoomc, No. 7, 0, pp [3] P. Spagol, A. Caetao ad S. C. Satos, Satsfacto wth Job Aspects: Do Patters Chage Over Tme? Joural of Busess Research, Vol. 65, No. 5, 0, pp

8 9 P. P. XU, L. QIU Apped Questoare for ths research s show Table 9. Table 9. The questoare sample. - How are you satsfed wth competece for your curret ob? - How are you satsfed wth challege ad mportace of your work? -3 How are you satsfed wth developmet space of your work? -4 How are you satsfed wth protecto ad stablty of your ob? -5 How are you satsfed wth dversfcato of your work cotet? -6 How are you satsfed wth your ob terest? -7 How are you satsfed wth your ob autoomy ad fleblty? - How are you satsfed wth atural evromet of your ob? - How are you satsfed wth offce codtos? -3 How are you satsfed wth work ad rest tme arragemet of your ob? -4 How are you satsfed wth securty of your ob? -5 How are you satsfed wth style of leadershp ad maagemet mode? -6 How are you satsfed wth teral harmoous relatos? 3- How are you satsfed wth your learg ad trag opportutes? 3- How are you satsfed wth your ob promoto chaels ad rsg space? 3-3 How are you satsfed wth your career plag gudace? 4- How are you satsfed wth sese of accomplshmet that gve by the work? 4- How are you satsfed wth recogto degree that gve the work? 4-3 How are you satsfed wth sese of belogg ad prde to the eterprse? 5- How are you satsfed wth the value dfferece of teral obs that reflected by dvdual compesato? 5- How are you satsfed wth the level of dvdual efforts ad pay that reflected by dvdual compesato? 5-3 How are you satsfed wth the comparso level of pay levels betwee dvdual compesato ad eteral labor market? 5-4 How are you satsfed wth suffcecy level of socal surace ad welfare system? 5-5 How are you satsfed wth suffcecy level of holday, physcal eamato, etc? 5-6 How are you satsfed wth faress level of the promoto system? 6- How are you detfed wth the eterprse s developmet vso? 6- How are you detfed wth the eterprse s busess strategy? 6-3 How are you detfed wth the eterprse s maagemet system? 6-4 How are you detfed wth eterprse culture? 6-5 How are you detfed wth partcpato degree the eterprse maagemet? For all the questos, selectve aswers are fve levels, respectvely: ) very dssatsfed ) dssatsfed 3) geeral 4) satsfed 5) very satsfed.