Personnel Management 7/26/2015. Management and Training of Dairy Personnel with Emphasis on Team Work and Performance

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1 7/6/15 Genomic Selection for Improved Fertility of Dairy Cows with Emphasis on Cyclicity and Pregnancy Personnel Management P.J. Pinedo, J.E.P. Santos, G.M. Schuenemann, R.C. Chebel, W.W. Thatcher, K.N. Galvão, R.C. Bicalho, S. Rodriguez-Zas, R.O. Gilbert, G. Rosa, C. Seabury, and J. Fetrow Management and Training of Dairy Personnel with Emphasis on Team Work and Performance Transition Period: What, How, Why, & When? Prior lact history TMR BCS Nutrition Vit & Minerals Dry Off & Late Gestation Health Immunizations Overcrowding Record-keeping Facilities/Design Dystocia Twins/Stillbirth BCS Sire Calving Economics Personnel Training Environment Protocols/Procedures VWP Economics Record-keeping NEB BCS Nutrition Diseases Diagnosis Milk Fever NS Early lactation TMR Record-keeping DA/Ketosis Economics Vit & Minerals RP Mastitis/Lameness Management Record-keeping Metritis/Edometritis Sire Fertility NEB BCS Heat Detection Nutrition Feed Inventory/Delivery Sub-Endometritis Compliance to Protocols AI tech Breeding & Lactation People Data management Semen Delivery Environment Synch protocols genetics Diseases 1

2 Percent of all calvings 7/6/15 Risk Factors for Dairy Production Systems Nutrition Environment PEOPLE Animals Fingerprint of Transition Management Program Facilities Equipment Prevalence of Calving-Related Events in US Goal:<% (6-39) (5-15) (8-8) (4-) (3-8) (1-6) (3-6) Metritis RFM Preg Loss Stillbirth MF DA Ketosis (USDA 9; Schuenemann et al., 11, JDS 94: ; Brick et al., 1, JDS 95: ; Santos et al., 1, RDA VII:387-44; Santos et al., 4, ARS 8: ) >9% of Cows in Confinement Systems (UDDA, ; USDA, 7)

3 7/6/15 Dairy Herd Performance Significant genetic (milk yield) and knowledge progress (nutrition, physiology, therapies) during the last 4 yrs Are we training human resources to meet the management demands of modern dairy cows? How about facility design? At the end of the day, PEOPLE performance will likely determine the RoI ($$$, $$$, $$$) What Makes an Effective Team? We are looking for a herd manager with PEOPLE skills, team builder (dirt under the nails experience) Owner Advisory Team (3) Herd Manager (1) Milking Pre-partum & Fresh Cows & Feeding Hoof Trimming (1) Calving (4) Hospital (4) (3) (1) Cow Pusher & Reproduction Maintenance Records Clean Stall (3) (3) () (1) SOPs for Transition Management Calving Management TMR Audits Feedbunk Management Parlor & Milking Routine Fresh Cows 3

4 7/6/15 Executing SOPs within Herd Training Knowledge Skills Attitude Performance Management Working Environment Personnel Timing Retention Attendance Practice Follow-Up Literacy Language Attitude: the way a person views something or tends to behave towards it Situations that Require Skillful Managers No-show worker, how do you deal with it? This is not my job, how do we improve attitude? Trouble-shooting low performance (e.g., PR, SCC) How do we pick the relief worker? Things that Set the Alarm On you should train the owner on calving management. We agree with the information, but we are told to do something different thank you for your training, but actually the problem around here is the constant disrespect from the herd manager 4

5 7/6/15 Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude Matter for Effective Team Work Finding well-qualified workers is a challenging task for dairy farmers and it is painful to lose them The tests of knowledge and hands-on demonstrations serve as valuable instruments to identify those workers that are skilled and able to follow the on-farm SOPs Personnel and Herd Performance Fully trained and competent workers know what to do and how to do it, and have the skills and abilities to do the work However, competent workers will often fail to perform effectively if they have a poor attitude due to conflict, lack of satisfaction, motivation, or communication Poor attitude will cause low work performance, affecting the overall herd performance How Do We Identify the Right People for the Right Task? TMR/FEEDBUNK PARLOR FRESH REPRO CALVING CALF 5

6 7/6/15 New Cases of Mastitis: How Do Workers Perform?,-cow herd Day Shift Night Shift GR SA AM AB PE TO ES IG Week Milking routine with emphasis on fresh cows, PRIM and MULT ES PE GR SA TO AM AB IG Week New Milker 13 PE GR SA TO ES PG AB IG Week Personnel Performance and Turnover -cow herd Parameters Costs/Scenarios Milk price, $/kg.41 Herd audit, $ 1, Training (4/yr), $ 1, Compliance, % 85% vs 95% Turnover, % 5% vs 3% Assumptions for the Model Personnel Performance: Compliance with milking routine SOP (85% vs 95%) Milking SOP: pre-dip/strip/towel/attach/postdip. Re-attachments (first lactation) Milk losses were set at 1 kg/cow/d due to lack of udder stimulation Turnover: worker/yr leaving the farm (5% vs 3%) Adjustment period of 14 d with a 66.5% performance was estimated for each new personnel (Schuenemann et al., 13 JDS 96:68) 6

7 7/6/ Both Personnel Performance and TO Affect the Bottom Line of Dairy Herds -cow herd From Best to Worst Cows at Risk (n) Profit ($/yr) RoI ($) 95% MPP with 5% TO 11 5,86 1:1.6 95% MPP with 3% TO ,465 1:6.7 85% MPP with 5% TO 37 34,641 1:16 85% MPP with 3% TO 34 39,951 1:18 (Schuenemann et al., 13 JDS 96:68) The estimated ROI assumes that: 1) facilities are adequate, ) participants are willing to learn and apply the newly learned concepts, and 3) the herd audit correctly identifies the needs and the training program correctly addresses them How Much Does Your Employee Turnover Cost? 7%-15% of employee annual wages Losses in productivity, time and resources spent in recruitment, selection, and hiring, as well as the orientation and initial training of new personnel (Billikopf and González, 9; Schuenemann et al., 13) 7

8 Duration (min/milking) 7/6/15 Milking High-Producing Cows 3x (every 8 h) ~9 lbs/cow/d ~14-16 lbs at peak Milking time Doulble-3 parallel Grouping cows by DIM ~55 Lbs at 6: pm Milking Routine and Parlor Management Wipe Attach Carousel Speed: 7 min 35s (1 turn) Pre-dip Strip 1 Entry 9 s 4 s Exit 7 Cows Max Milking Time ~5 min 3 Post-Dip Re-attach at times Effect of Milking Time on Milk Yield (3-cow herd) y =.693x R² = Milk Yield (lbs/milking) Duration of milking (min) =.18 + (.69 * lbs milk per milking) NOTE: great variation in milking time (low R ) 8

9 Percent Correct (%) Stillbirth (%) a 7/6/15 Estimating Milking Time Daily Production Three milking times Mein, 1998 Duration =.41 + (.11 * lbs milk per milking) Milk Yield (lbs/day) 3 x (lbs/milking) Milking time (min) (Mein, 1998; Effect of Calving Training on Personnel Knowledge Level (Schuenemann et al., 13 JDS 96:671-68) 18, cows 18 herds 7 workers (*P <.5) * Pre-Tests Post-Tests Effect of Personnel Training on Stillbirth Unresolved conflicts significantly affect personnel attitude (Schuenemann et al., 11; JDS 94:483) 15.5 Pre-Training (*P <.5) * 6.5 Post-Training 9

10 Stillbirth (%) 7/6/15 Effect of Communication at the Time of Personnel Shift Change on Stillbirth 14 1 (1 h before and 1 h after of shift change; 1 h/shift) a ( a,b P <.5) (n=853) b (n=317) (Hunter et al., 13; JDS 96:383) PRIM h MULT 1 h How to Build & Monitor Effective Teams? Establish SOPs Performance Re-Assign Tasks Regular Meeting Feedback Knowledge Skills Hands-on Training Managing the Working Environment Personnel: No resources for the tasks Day-off for Christmas or Holiday Pay raise or bonus (incentives) No-show worker Want to use cell phone Change of work shift (night vs day) Fix gate/water hose Restroom for women This is not my job! Want break Dryer/washer don t work Owner/Herd Manager: Be on time for your shift No-show worker No cell phone or texting while at work Pick up trash/clothing from lockers Improve milking routine Work as a team and communication High SCC and milk quality Keep accurate/readable records SOPs for safety/treatments SOPs for feeding/handling cows-calves Clean, clean, clean! 1

11 Stillbirth (%) Cases Identified (%) Manager (score 1-1) 7/6/15 Effect of Conflict on Personnel Performance (n = 43 workers; 8 herds) Parameter Assessed Interpersonal Problems Yes No P Knowledge, % Skills, % Performance *, % 4 3 <.5 Percentage points increase in knowledge gain by dairy personnel between pre- and post-test scores during a calving management workshop. Percentage points increase in dairy personnel skills after calving management or milking routine training. *Percentage points increase in dairy personnel performance after calving management or milking routine training. On-farm problem/issue was defined as self-reported conflict, lack of communication, disrespect, etc. with herd manager or co-worker by dairy personnel. (Schuenemann et al., 13 AABP Proceeding) Effect of Calving Personnel Performance on Stillbirth Unresolved conflicts affect attitude; no difference in knowledge and skills y = x R² = Increase in Performance (%) Animal Welfare Implications Example 3: Effect of Personnel Performance on ID Cows with Metritis Cow:Labor Ratio Metritis (%) d PR (%) Size (cows) (Schuenemann et al., 15; on-going study) 45 points Personnel Attitude & >3% TO Manager Dairy Herds

12 7/6/15 Areas for Consideration Personnel vision loss/impairment SOPs with pictures How Text May Look for Personnel with Vision Problems (Source: Resources for the Task Significantly Associated with Attitude What the Top 1% of Dairy Herds Do for their Personnel? Training and re-training programs (personnel, manager, owner) Regular meetings with personnel Monitoring performance of personnel Herd managers focused on managing the working environment (e.g., conflicts, motivation, etc.) Offer incentives based on performance and year of service 1

13 7/6/15 Example of Economic Incentive Regular pay increases based on performance (Starting at $9 per hour): 3 months --- add $.5 per hour 6 months --- add $.5 per hour 9 months --- add $.5 per hour Incentive: Based on years of service & performance Scheme (paid on anniversary day): years x daily pay or 4 days paid vacation 3 years x daily pay or 6 days paid vacation 4 years x daily pay or 8 days paid vacation 5 years x daily pay or 1 days paid vacation 6 years x daily pay or 1 days paid vacation 7 or > years x daily pay or 14 days paid vacation This example relies on honesty, trust, and objectivity For Effective Team Work, We All Have a Job to Do Award Winner This Is Not My Job (Source: Acknowledgements Collaborating dairy farms and personnel Practicing veterinarians Graduate and undergraduate students COBA-Select Sires Research Fellow and the Epperson Scholarship SARE-NCR Professional Development Program 13

14 7/6/15 Gustavo M. Schuenemann Ph: THANK YOU! ( 13 G.M. Schuenemann) 14