GEOLOGY 585: OPTICAL MINERALOGY & PETROLOGY
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1 Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University SPRING 2009 GEOLOGY 585: OPTICAL MINERALOGY & PETROLOGY
2 A Mineral must be crystalline Crystalline means that it has an orderly and repetitive atomic structure
3 The external Shape of minerals reflects their internal structure Crystal lshapes are best tdescribed din terms of Symmetry Symmetry is the repetitive i arrangement of features (faces, corners and edges) of a crystal around imaginary lines, points or planes Reflects internal ordering of atoms in the mineral structure t All shapes and properties must conform to the mineral s symmetry
4 Crystal Shape growth forms of individual id grains Special named shapes cube Pyrite dodecahedron Garnet octahedron Magnetite
5 General Shapes prismatic Crystal Shape platy blocky tabular bladed
6 Cleavage forms- Must conform to mineral symmetry Shiny, smooth, planar breakages Between weakly bonded planes in mineral structure Sometimes hard to tell from growth faces (which commonly have imperfections, not as smooth) By quality perfect good fair By shape or number cubic rhombohedral octahedral prismatic
7 Cleavage Examples Fluorite: perfect octahedral cleavage (4 directions, 8 sides) Note difference from Fluorite growth faces (cubes)
8 Rotational Symmetry in Minerals Name Short-hand Angle Symbol 1-fold fld o 2-fold o 3-fold o 4-fold 4 90 o 6-fold 6 60 o Only these five are possible!
9 Types of symmetry possible in Minerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 proper rotations m mirror planes 1 center of symmetry 4 rotoinversion i 3 rotoinversion Demonstration of 4 and 3 These can be combined in 32 ways to make crystal shapes
10 Minerals are Grouped into Six Crystal Systems based on Symmetry System Characteristic Symmetry Isometric (Cubic) System four 3 or 3 Hexagonal System one 6, 6, 3 or 3 Tetragonal lsystem one 4 or 4 Orthorhombic System three 2 and/or m Monoclinic System one 2 and/or m Triclinic System 1or1 1
11 Strategies for identifying symmetry y Grasp crystal or block with thumb and finger on opposite corners, edges or face centers, turn block 60, 90, 120 or 180, check to see if it looks the same Check for other symmetry y axes and mirror planes perpendicular to the axis you find All symmetry elements intersect at center Use flat hand or card to check for mirror planes Use knowledge of systems (I ll explain)
12 A Form is: A set of similarly shaped faces That are related to eachother by the symmetry of the crystal Forms can be open or closed
13 Isometric System Four 3 or 3 (corner-corner of reference cube) All isometric shapes also have three perpendicular 4, 4 or 2 axes These are the crystallographic axes a 1, a 2, a 3 ; all equal length All isometric forms are equidimensional Highest symmetry y system
14 The Cube and Octahedron are simple, common Isometric Forms cube octahedron
15 More Isometric Forms dodecahedron hexoctahedron tetrahedron tristetrahedron
16 Isometric Minerals: Fluorite (CaF 2 ) Name Growth Form? Twin Name Cleavage Form? To what mineral group does fluorite belong?
17 Isometric Minerals: Garnet (Ca,Fe,Mg,Mn) M 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 All isometric i minerals are isotropic which means? Name of fgarnet Growth hf Form?
18 Isometric Minerals: Pyrite Forms? Formula? Mineral Group?
19 Names of Common Nonisometric Forms: Open Forms Pedion Pinacoid Prisms Pyramids single face 2 parallel faces 3, 4, 6, 8 or 12 faces, all parallel to a common line 3, 4, 6, 8 or 12 faces that intersect at a point Use prefix to indicate System or symmetry
20 Some Open Forms tetragonal hexagonal ditrigonal prism (3- pyramid prism fold symmetry) What mineral?
21 Names of Common Non- isometric i Forms: Closed Forms dipyramid two 3-, 4-, 6-, 8- or 12- sided pyramids (top and bottom) related by a horizontal mirror plane disphenoid id 4 non-equilateral l triangular faces rhombohedron 6 rhomb-shaped faces scalenohedron 8 or 12 scalene triangle- shaped faces
22 Non-isometric Closed Forms Hexagonal dipyramid Tetragonal disphenoid Hexagonal scalenohedron
23 Rhombohedra 6 faces related by a 3-bar axis - common form for carbonates
24 Point Groups There are 32 possible combinations of the allowed symmetry y elements in minerals They re called Point Groups or Crystal Classes (more later) Can be grouped into 6 Crystal Systems
25 Grouped in Six Crystal Systems System Characteristic Symmetry Isometric (Cubic) System four 3 or 3 Hexagonal System one 6, 6, 3 or 3 Tetragonal System one 4 or 4 Orthorhombic h System three 2 and/or m Monoclinic System one 2 and/or m Triclinic System 1 or 1
26 Crystallographic Axes Reference axes Conventional ways to hold and refer to faces on crystals Different convention for each system
27 Crystallographic Axes: Isometric System Three perpendicular axes Coincide with three 4-fold or 2-fold axes +a 3 +a 2 All equal length +a 1 Called a 1, a 2, a 3
28 Crystallographic Axes: Tetragonal System Three perpendicular axes Vertical axis, c, coincides with 4 or 4-bar axis One axis, c, is longer or shorter than other two, a 1 and a 2, which are equal +a 1 +c +a 2
29 Tetragonal Examples Wulfenite PbMoO 4
30 Crystallographic Axes: Orthorhombic System Three perpendicular axes - coincide with 2-fold axes or are perpendicular to mirror planes All different lengths called a, b, c +a +c +b
31 Crystallographic Axes: Monoclinic System +c All axes different lengths Called a, b, c b axis coincides with 2- β > 90 fold axis or mirror plane o +b c is parallel to long edges a slants down to the front +a a b, b c, angle between a and c>90 o
32 Crystallographic Axes: Triclinic System No perpendicular axes +c All different lengths Called a, b, c +a +b
33 Crystallographic Axes: Hexagonal System Four axes Vertical axis, c, is longer or shorter and coincides with ih6-fold fldor 3-fold fldaxis Three horizontal axes coincide with 2-fold axes, are to c, and 120 o to each-other Three horizontal axes are +a 3 +a 1 +c 120 o +a 2 equal lengths a 1, a 2, a 3
34 Hexagonal Examples
35 Six Crystal Systems System Axial Relationships? Isometric (Cubic) System Hexagonal System Tetragonal System Orthorhombic h System Monoclinic System Triclinic System
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