Section 1: Spain s Empire and European Absolutism

Transcription

1 Chapter 21

2 Section 1: Spain s Empire and European Absolutism Ruled the Holy Roman Empire * split holdings when he retired *Ferdinand -brother got Austria and Holy Roman Empire *Phillip II - son got Spain and it s colonies Charles V of Spain

3 Philip II expanded holdings by taking Portugal tried to invade England but failed

4 Problems in Spain price of goods constantly rose unfair taxes more products were purchased from other lands causing money to flow to enemies. lost land due to 7 provinces rising up in Dutch Republic

5 Dutch Republic elected leaders practiced religious tolerance established a trade empire

6 Absolute Monarch hold all the power believed in divine right - the idea that God created the monarchy Examples were the leaders of Spain and France

7 Section 1 Review Question Explain what Absolutism is in Europe and how absolute monarchs used divine right.

8 Section 2: The Reign of Louis XIV

9 Religious Wars in France 8 Religious wars in France from Protestant Prince Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV

10 Accomplishments of Henry changed religion to Catholic issued the Edict of Nantes - allowed French Protestants the right to live in peace and have their own churches rebuilt French economy brought peace

11 Henry s Son and Cardinal Richelieu Henry s son was a weak ruler Son appointed Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister - ruled France Richelieu cut noble power used the middle class as government workers

12 Louis XIV Comes to Power Louis the Boy King: Cardinal Mazarin was the true ruler because Louis was to young to take over as ruler Under Cardinal Mazarin the nobles revolted and attempted to kill Louis When Cardinal Mazarin died Louis was 22 years old and he took control of the government.

13 Louis XIV Became a powerful ruler - total control or absolute ruler Froze the nobles out of his government because they tried to kill him when he was young tried to increase the wealth of France by working with Jean Baptiste Colbert

14 Jean Baptiste Colbert Chief minister of finance tried to build French industry by getting people to buy French made products urged people to move to the Canadian colony in the new world.

15 Louis XIV Life Louis lived a life of luxury. His palace at Versailles is a popular tourist destination today.

16 France under Louis made France the most powerful nation in Europe Large army that fought in a lot of battles which caused problems later Countries banded together to stop the expansion of France

17 War of Spanish Succession Charles II of Spain died without any children He promised the throne to Louis XIV s 16 year old grandson Philip of Anjou Other countries joined together to stop Phillip from getting throne because they thought Louis would be in control of both countries. Treaty of Utricht - Philip could be King as long as Spain and France did not unite.

18 Louis s Death Louis was quoted as saying I am the state. He was also known as the Sun King. The people were tired of him because he spent a great deal of money on palaces and items of splendor. They rejoiced at his death He made France a great power but caused much turmoil and resentment

19 Section 2 Review question Describe Louis XIV. Explain his character and experiences. Do you respect him? Explain why or why not.

20 Central European Monarchs Clash Marie Therese of Austria Frederick the Great

21 Thirty Years War Mounting tension between the Catholics, Protestants and the Calvinist lead to the creation of the Protestant Union and the Catholic League The spark of the revolt came when Ferdinand II was head of the Hapsburg family and Holy Roman emperor. He is Catholic. He closed some Protestant Churches which lead to the Thirty Years War, which is a conflict between European ruling families over religion and territory.

22 Thirty Years War Continued Hapsburg Triumphs: crushed the troops of the Protestant princes. Ferdinand II allowed his army to plunder, or rob German villages and destroy everything in their path. Hapsburg Defeats: the Swiss and two French Cardinals dominated the remaining years of the war. The Cardinals are Catholic, but they feared the Hapsburg s more than the Protestants.

23 Thirty Years War Continued Germany was heavily damaged by the war. Trade, agriculture and population were all reduced. Peace of Westphalia: ended war, weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria Strengthened France bc it received German lands German princes were independent of the Holy Roman emperor ended religious wars in Europe introduced a new way to settle problems by meeting and deciding terms of peace ended the idea of a Catholic empire that ruled most of Europe

24 Images

25 Hapsburg s of Austria Took several steps to become absolute monarchs during 30 yrs war they conquered Bohemia, and killed the Protestants there and created a Czech nobility centralized the gov t and created a standing army took Hungary from the Ottoman Empire Charles VI became ruler

26 Maria Theresa inherits the Austrian Throne Charles worked to insure that his daughter would inherit all the lands he had worked so hard to claim. He had European leaders sign a treaty agreeing to acknowledge her as his heir. This should have guaranteed Maria theresa a peaceful reign instead she faced years of war

27 Prussia Challenges Austria Rise of Prussia: ruled by the Hohenzollerns Frederick Williams became leader and decided a strong army was the way to go and created permanent taxation to pay for the army

28 Frederick the Great he followed his father s military policies encouraged religious tolerance he thought that a ruler should be like a father to his people

29 Map of Austria and Prussia

30 War of Austrian Succession between Austria and Prussia over Silesia a Austrian territory Great Britain, Hungary and Austria fought against Prussia and the French. Maria Theresa stopped the Prussian aggression, but lost the land of Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

31 7 years War Maria signed a treaty with France and Fredrick signed one with Britain, they changed sides Austria, France, Russia vs Britain and Prussia When Fredrick attacked Saxony an ally of Austria every major European power went to war Territory did not change in Europe, but in North America. France lost it colonies in North America to Britain. Britain also gained sole domination of India

32 Section 3 Question Which individual Maria Theresa or Frederick the Great was more successful in ruling their country? Use details from the notes to support your answer.

33 First Czar Section 4: Absolute Rulers of Russia Ivan the Terrible started rule at the age of 3. Took control and ruled well from Bad period of rule started in 1560 after the death of his wife. He thought the boyars had poisoned his wife and turned against them. Organized own police force (secret police) hunted down and murdered people Ivan felt were traitors. In 1581 Ivan killed his oldest son and heir. When he died the weak second son ruled.

34 Rise of the Romanovs after years of trouble the boyars selected Michael Romonov grandnephew of Ivan s wife. This started the Romanov dynasty that lasted 300 years.

35 Peter the Great comes to power he became absolute ruler of Russia Mongol rule had cute Russia off from the Renaissance and the age of exploration. Only seaport was covered with ice most of the year Religious differences also made Russia different from Europe. Russians followed the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity, where Western Europe were either Protestants or Catholics

36 Peter Visits the West Peter was tall for the time 61/2 feet Wanted Russia to have a warm sea port so they could participate in trade and exploration He decided to go on a long visit to Western Europe to learn their customs and manufacturing techniques

37 Peter Rules Absolutely after trip he decided to westernize Russia Reforms: Church was put under state control, reduced the power of the great landowners, hired European officers to teach his army and the army became a life long job for some, heavy taxes were made to pay for the 200,000 member army Westernizing Russia: introduced potatoes, started first Russian newspaper, raised women s status, ordered nobles to give up traditional cloths, advanced education

38 Establishing St. Petersburg Peter fought Sweden for 21 years to gain access to the Baltic coast St. Petersburg was built on a swamp and 25,000 to 100,000 people died By the time of Peter s death Russia was a force to be reckoned with in Europe

39 Section 4 question Explain and interpret the reforms that Peter the Great put in place in Russia.

40 Section 5: Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Monarchs Defy Parliament Elizabeth died with no children, so James Stuart the King of Scotland became King of England James fought w/ Parliament over money and did not make Puritan reforms

41 Charles I Fights Parliament always in need of money bc he was at war with Spain and France when parliament refused to give him money he dissolved it 1628 Charles was forced to call Parliament, Parliament made his sign the Petition of Rights which stated: he would not imprison subjects without cause he would not levy taxes w/o Parliament s consent he would not house soldiers in private homes he would not impose martial law in peace time after agreeing to the petition Charles ignored it

42 English Civil War Royalists/Cavaliers: people that supported Charles Roundheads: Puritan supporters of Parliament At first neither side could win but then the Roundheads found Oliver Cromwell who began to beat the Royalists Charles was brought to trial for treason against Parliament. He was sentenced to death. THIS is a first.

43 Execution of Charles I Balcony where Charles i was executed

44 Cromwell s Rule abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and established a common wealth, a type of republican government, drafted a constitution the first one Cromwell tore up document and became a military dictator

45 Puritan Morality Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society. They abolished activities such as theater, sporting events and dancing

46 Restoration and Revolution after Cromwell people were tired of military rule, a new Parliament was selected and the older son of Charles I was asked to rule Restoration: When Charles II restored the monarchy and habeas corpus was started who would rule after Charles, no legitimate children, brother was James a Catholic who was supported by the Tories and opposed by the Whigs

47 Glorious Revolution James II becomes King and dissolved Parliament Mary (James daughter) and her husband William of Orange were invited to come overthrow James which lead to the Glorious Revolution

48 Limits on Monarch s Power England became a constitutional monarchy where limits were placed on a ruler s power Bill of Rights: No suspending of Parliament s laws, no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament, no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament, no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances Cabinet System Develops: Parliament could not rule w/o consent of Monarchy, nor could Monarchy rule w/o consent of Parliament. A cabinet was created that acted in the rulers name and represented the major party in Parliament. The leader became know as the prime minister. This is the system used today in England

49 Section 5 Question What conditions in England made the execution of one king and the overthrow of another possible?