Chapter 5. Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Transcription

1 Chapter 5 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

2 Absolutism in Europe Absolute Monarchs: kings or queens who held all of the power within their states Divine Right: God created the monarchy the monarch acted as God s representative on Earth answered only to God

3 Causes of Absolutism Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops

4 Effects of Absolutism Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries economy

5 Section 1 Spain s Empire And European Absolutism

6 Philip II s Empire Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies

7 Defender of Catholicism Deeply religious and hard working Believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism The Escorial: a monastery and a palace

8

9

10

11 Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature El Greco The Greek Diego Velasquez Cervantes wrote Don Quixote (first modern novel)

12 The Dutch Revolt The Netherlands - many Protestants Philip tried to raise taxes in the Netherlands and force the people to follow Catholicism

13 The Dutch Revolt The Dutch fight the Spanish for 11 years The seven Northern Provinces declare their independence from Spain

14 The Dutch Prosper Practiced religious toleration Became a republic Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer The Dutch East India Company Became the bankers of Europe

15 Section 2 The Reign of Louis XIV

16 Henry of Navarre Inherited the throne in 1589 First king of the Bourbon dynasty He was a Huguenot Chose to give up Protestantism to become Catholic

17 Henry of Navarre Henry declares that Huguenots could set up their own houses of worship in some cities Edict of Nantes: declaration of religious toleration

18 Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIII was a weak king Appointed Cardinal Richelieu minister

19 Richelieu wanted to accomplish three things.. 1. Increase the power of the Bourbon dynasty 2. Weaken the power of the nobles 3. Make France the strongest state in Europe

20 Louis XIV Comes to Power Most powerful ruler in French history 14 when he came to power Mazarin ruled in his name The nobles did not like Mazarin, and revolted against his policies

21 Louis XIV Took power in his own name at age 22 Decreased the power of the nobles Increased the power of the intendants

22 Jean Baptiste Colbert Minister of finance who believed in the theory of mercantilism Gave funds and tax breaks to French companies Taxes imported goods Recognized the importance of the colonies

23 Louis s Mistakes Announced a policy that slowed France s economic progress Cancelled the Edict of Nantes

24 The Sun King s Grand Style Louis surrounded himself with luxury Built a palace at Versailles The purpose of art was to glorify the king and promote values that supported Louis s rule

25

26 Louis Fights Disastrous Wars Fought wars to expand territory The War of Spanish Succession was fought to keep the Bourbons from ruling both France and Spain

27 Louis s Death Realized that his wars had ruined France Regretted the suffering he had brought to his people He died in 1715

28 Section 3 Central European Monarchs Clash

29 The Thirty Years War A conflict over religion, territory and power among European ruling families The war has two phases 1. Hapsburg triumphs 2. Hapsburg defeats

30 Hapsburg Triumphs First 12 years of the war Succeeded in defeating the German Protestants

31 Hapsburg Defeats drove the Hapsburg armies out of Northern Germany The French sent troops to join against the Hapsburgs

32 Peace of Westphalia Weakened Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria Strengthened France by awarding it German territory Made German Princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor Ended religious wars in Europe Began a new method of peace negotiations

33 Central Europe Developed more slowly Still used a form of feudalism Had no strong leaders A power vacuum was caused by the lack of leadership

34 Austria Grows Stronger Ruled by the Hapsburg family Took steps to become absolute monarchs

35 Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne Leaders signed an agreement that would recognize Charles VI s older daughter, Maria Theresa, as heir to all Hapsburg territories

36 Prussia Challenges Austria Ruled by the Hohenzollerns Frederick William moved toward absolute monarchy Created the best army in Europe

37 The Junkers Prussian landowning nobility Resisted the king s power King Frederick William I received their cooperation

38 Frederick the Great Frederick II continued his father s military policies Made some changes as well: 1. Encouraged religious toleration 2. Enacted legal reform 3. Believed a ruler should be like a father to his people

39 War of Austrian Succession 1740 Maria Theresa inherits the throne Frederick wants the Austrian land of Silesia As a woman, he felt Maria Theresa could not defend her land

40 War of Austrian Succession Maria Theresa asked the Hungarian nobles for aid Both the Hungarians and the British helped Austria Maria Theresa stopped Prussia aggression, but still lost Silesia

41 The Seven Years War Fought in Europe, North America and India Great Britain came out the real winners Gained France s North American colonies Gave Britain sole domination of India

42 Section 4 Absolute Rulers in Russia

43 The First Czar Ivan the Terrible came to the throne when he was 3 years old Boyars fought to control young Ivan Boyars are Russia s landowning nobles

44 The First Czar At 16, Ivan seized power for his own Crowned himself czar 1547 to 1560 were Ivan s good years

45 Ruled by Terror The bad period began in 1560 His wife had died He turned against the boyars Formed a secret police force He killed thousands He killed his oldest son and heir Left his weak second son to rule

46 Rise of the Romanovs Ivan s son died without an heir Time of Troubles: when boyars struggled for power In 1613, a meeting was held to choose next czar Chose Michael Romanov Romanov s would rule Russia for 300 years

47 Peter the Great The Romanovs restored order in Russia Led the way for absolute ruler, Czar Peter I Increased the czar s power

48 Peter Visits the West Peter was fascinated by modern tools and machines that foreigners had Had a passion for the sea and ships Russia s future depended on having a warm water port

49 Peter Visits the West Took a long visit to Western Europe Wanted to learn European customs and manufacturing techniques Russia would compete with Europe both militarily and commercially Peter saw westernization as a way to make Russia stronger

50 Peter s Reforms Russian Orthodox Church under state control Reduced the power of the landowners Modernized his army

51 Peter s Reforms Introduced potatoes Began a newspaper Increased the status of women Give up traditional clothes Improved education (key to Russia s progress)

52 Establishing St. Petersburg Wanted a seaport to make traveling to the west easier Built the city of St. Petersburg on the Neva River Became the new capital of Russia

53 Queen Elizabeth

54

55 Came to throne in years old 3 rd of Henry s children to rule Fierce temper and robust nature

56 Understood the prejudice against a woman ruler Parliament urged her to marry Resisted the pressure to preserve her power Nicknamed The Virgin Queen

57 4 main troubles for Elizabeth Religious conflicts A rival queen Spanish ambitions Financial difficulties

58 Religious issues divided England Between Catholics and Protestants Wanted to start a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants would accept

59 Act of Uniformity: set up a national Church Only legal Church in England Required to attend its service or pay a fine Act of Supremacy: declared Elizabeth the head of England s church and state

60 Priests were allowed to marry Deliver services in English Kept rich robes and crucifixes Wording of the book of prayer was vague Loyalty and obedience mattered more than beliefs

61 Mary Stuart plotted against Elizabeth Catholic queen of Scotland Wanted to unseat Elizabeth Caught plotting against her in 1586 Beheaded in 1587

62 Philip of Spain threatened England He had been married to her sister, Mary Catholic allies Philip hopes to marry Elizabeth Elizabeth only angered Philip

63 She had the English attack Spanish treasure ships (sea dogs, Sir Francis Drake) She aided the Dutch in their fight against Spain She decided to have her cousin beheaded She wouldn t marry him

64 Philip sent his fleet to attack England The Armada Sailed in a tight crescent shaped formation England needed to break this formation to be successful Sent fire ships to break up the Spanish

65 Defeat of the Armada was a turning point in European history Spain s power began to decline England s power increased

66 Conflicts between Elizabeth and Parliament arose Her religious compromise was no longer satisfactory Puritans wished to purify the Church of England of practices too close to Catholicism

67 Elizabethan England The Golden Age

68 Late 1500 s London was England s greatest city 200,000 people Center of trade Thames River

69 Londoner s occupations Boaters Water carriers Cappers Barbers Rogues and vagabonds Jailers and executioners

70 Shakespeare Born in Stratford Upon Avon Regarded as one of the greatest writers of all time Poet and playwright Remarkable understanding of human nature

71 James Burbage open The Theater in 1576 His sons built The Globe in 1599 Became home to a company of actors, one of whom was Shakespeare

72 The English Theater Perform scenes in three places Main stage Spaced behind a drawn curtain Balcony above the stage No scenery Only props All parts played by men

73 Section 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

74 Setting the Stage Queen Elizabeth left a huge debt for her successors to deal with

75 James I First Stuart king Struggled with parliament over money Responsible for a new translation of the Bible

76 Charles I fights Parliament James I s son Needed money to fight wars but Parliament refused to give him funds He dissolved the group

77 King agreed to: Petition of Right 1. Not imprison subjects without due cause 2. Not levy taxes without Parliament s consent 3. Not house soldiers in private homes 4. No impose martial law in peace time

78 Charles I After agreeing to the Petition, he ignored it 1629 Charles dissolved Parliament and refused to recall it He heavily taxed the English people

79 The English Civil War Charles I needed money and had to recall Parliament Parliament passed laws to limit the King s power Charles tried to arrest the leaders of Parliament Led to the English Civil War

80 The English Civil War Cavaliers were loyal to Charles Roundheads supported Parliament (Puritans) Puritan general Oliver Cromwell and his army defeated the Cavaliers

81 The English Civil War Charles was put on trial for treason Found him guilty Sentenced him to death

82 Cromwell s Rule Established a commonwealth Eventually became a military dictator Enacted a Puritan society Favored religious toleration

83 Restoration and Revolution Cromwell ruled until his death A new Parliament was elected Asked the son of Charles I to rule England

84 Charles II reigns His rule is called the Restoration Parliament passed Habeas Corpus Gave every prisoner the right to be brought before a judge The judge would decide if the prisoner would be tried or set free

85 Charles II reigns Charles had no heir His brother James would succeed him He was Catholic The Whigs opposed James The Tories supported him First political parties

86 James II James appointed several Catholics to high office Parliament protested and he dissolved it James s wife then gave birth to a son Protestants became terrified about a line of Catholic kings

87 William and Mary Mary was James s daughter She was married to William of Orange Parliament invited William and Mary to overthrow James II

88 Glorious Revolution William and Mary came to London in 1688 James II fled to France Bloodless overthrow of James II

89 Limits on the Monarch s Power England became a constitutional monarchy Laws limited the rulers power Bill of Rights drafted in 1689

90 English Bill of Rights No suspending of Parliament s laws No levying taxes without a grant from Parliament No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

91 Cabinet System Develops No British monarch could rule without the consent of Parliament Parliament could not rule without the consent of the monarch Cabinet: officials who acted in the ruler s name but represented the major party in Parliament Became the center of power and policy making