Initiatives and developments in the assessment of emerging food safety risks for mycotoxins

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1 Potential impacts of climate change on food safety and strategic identification of emerging risks 25 November 2009 Bangkok Thailand Initiatives and developments in the assessment of emerging food safety risks for mycotoxins Paola Battilani Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

2 Mycotoxins in food

3 The food chain Crop products FEED FOOD

4 Mycotoxins in Europe Toxins Fumonisins Trichothecenes Ochratoxin A Aflatoxins Zearalenone Commodities affected Maize Wheat, barley, maize Grapes, wheat Maize Maize, wheat

5 Rating health risks from foods Acute Chronic High Microbiological Mycotoxins Phycotoxins Antropogenic contaminants Some phytotoxins Some phytotoxins Mycotoxins Antropogenic contaminants Pesticide residues Food additives Low Unbalanced diet Phycotoxins Food additives Pesticide residues Microbiological Kuiper-Goodman, 2006

6 Human exposure - Feed habits Industrialised countries Emerging economies sugar seeds, nuts fruits, vegetables meat eggs, fish milk oils, fats cereals roots, tubers other Kellogs

7 Human exposure contamination level Fumonisin B Maize PMTDI = Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake White = whitin PMTDI Black = above PMTDI Marasas et al., 2008

8 Human exposure OTA intake OTA 4 from wine 2 0 Australia Brazil Croatia France Germany Greece Italy Morocco Spain Swiss Turkey women men Weekly intake /kg body weight Battilani & Silva, in press

9 Mycotoxins around the world Climate key factor for mycotoxins

10 Mycotoxins Secondary metabolites, produced by fungi, mainly in field Fusarium Aspergillus Penicillium

11 Mycotoxin producing fungi Weak parasite Very susceptible to ecological conditions Opt conditions differ for growth & tox Mycotoxins production elicited by stress

12 Fungi ecology & geographic distribution F. avenaceum F. poae F. sporotrichioides z F. culmorum F. culmorum F. graminearum F. avenaceum F. poae F. graminearum F. culmorum F. avenaceum F. cerealis Wheat - FHB Nivalenol T-2 + derivatives Diacetoxyscirpenol Moniliformin Beauvericin Enniatins Deoxynivalenol (DON) 3-AcDON 15-AcDON Nivalenol Zearalenone Zearalenols

13 Fungi - ecology & geographic distribution Maize FER F. subglutinans F. poae F. graminearum F. verticillioides F. verticilliodes F. proliferatum Moniliformin Beauvericin Fusaproliferin Deoxynivalenol Nivalenol Zearalenone Fumonisins Fusaproliferin Moniliformin Beauvericin

14 Fungi - ecology & geographic distribution F. graminearum F. verticillioides A. flavus DON FB AF Temp aw

15 Fungi - ecology & geographic distribution 2003 A. carbonarius and OTA in grapes

16 Mycotoxins management 2 MAIN LINES have been tracked to manage mycotoxin problems definition of legal limits development of guidelines for crop management

17 EU Legislation Reg. 100/2003 AF feed Reg. 1881/2006 All contaminants Reg. 1126/2007 Fusaria toxins Reg. 401/2006 Sampling Racc. 506/2006 Other tox Feed

18 Products/mycotoxins Aflatoxins Ochratoxin A Patulin DON ZEA Fumonisins Wheat Maize Nuts Grapes* Coffee Cocoa Apple* Spices * Processed products Limit defined Limit not defined Limit not planned/applicable

19 Guidelines GAP & GMP Storage Cropping system Harvest Processing

20 Climate change scenario - T More drought events

21 Climate change scenario - R More extreme rainfall

22 Effect of climate change Modification of the biogeographic scenarios of crop cultivation Variation in geographic distribution of fungal species Increase of plant and fungi stress Old problems, new challanges Miller, 2008

23 The challenge world people feed World population People feed/hectare ,5 billion ,5 billion 2030 > 8 billion people 2005 >4 people 2030 >5 people Source: FAO

24 Europe 2003 unusual situation AI < 0 Hot and dry summer AI >

25 High public attention Polenta at risk of contamination Tons of milk unusable Milk and cheese contaminated by AFM 1 -a carcinogenic substance Contamination is caused by corn, due to high temperature and drought

26 Why AFs problems in 2003??? Unpredictable situation (aridity) Difficult to prompty act on the first steps of the food chain Consumers protected Farmers struck

27 Italy 2003 reaction AFLARID (National Project) Over-all objective: To decrease the amount of aflatoxins in milk and derived products with the aid of a Decision Support System for the management of the maize-milk-cheese chain Dynamic of aflatoxins carry over Prediction of maize contamination at harvest

28 Learn from the past Develop and apply validated predictive models Involve all the actors of the food chain Take advantage of feedbacks, build their trust

29 Plan for the future Predict biogeographic distribution of crops Predict mycotoxin contamination at harvest Map new risks scenarios Key words: knowledge, prediction, involvement, worldwide vision, dissemination

30 Novel, multidisciplinary and integrated strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination in the food and feed chain worldwide Overall objectives: to develop novel solution driven methodologies and handling procedures to reduce both pre- and post-harvest contamination in selected feed and food chains to generate and disseminate information and education strategies to reduce mycotoxin risks at a global level

31 The Consortium ISM EMAN MPU LMS NMASN Project participants Associated Participants Budget 7310 M Euros Partners 25 Countries 17 Starting date May 2009 Duration 48 months

32 WP6: Detection of toxigenig fungi WP7: Analytical tools for mycotoxins WP1 Plant resistance WP2 Biocontrol WP10: Demonstration WP3 Modelling WP4 Storage WP5 Processing WP3 Modelling WP9: General and management development of Decision Support Systems Key crops: small grain, maize, grapes, nuts WP8 Support activities Dissemination Training Exploitation Education

33 Mycored Asia 2010 Joint ISM Mycored Conference Mycotoxicological problems and relief strategies in tropical and subtropical Asian countries Contact person: Beharuddin Salleh November 2010 Park Royal Hotel, Batu Feringgi Beach, Penang, Malaysia

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