Oil spill waste minimization and management. Good practice guidelines for incident management and emergency response personnel

Transcription

1 Oi spi waste minimization and management Good practice guideines for incident management and emergency response personne

2 The goba oi and gas industry association for environmenta and socia issues 5th Foor, Backfriars Road, London SE1 8NL, United Kingdom Teephone: +44 (0) Facsimie: +44 (0) E-mai: Internet: Internationa Association of Oi & Gas Producers London office 5th Foor, Backfriars Road, London SE1 8NL, United Kingdom Teephone: +44 (0) Facsimie: +44 (0) E-mai: Internet: Brusses office Bouevard du Souverain 165, 4th Foor, B-1160 Brusses, Begium Teephone: +32 (0) Facsimie: +32 (0) E-mai: Internet: OGP Report Number 507 Date of pubication: Apri 2014 IPIECA-OGP 2014 A rights reserved. No part of this pubication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieva system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, eectronic, mechanica, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of IPIECA. Discaimer Whist every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this pubication, neither IPIECA, OGP nor any of their members past, present or future warrants its accuracy or wi, regardess of its or their negigence, assume iabiity for any foreseeabe or unforeseeabe use made of this pubication. Consequenty, such use is at the recipient s own risk on the basis that any use by the recipient constitutes agreement to the terms of this discaimer. The information contained in this pubication does not purport to constitute professiona advice from the various content contributors and neither IPIECA, OGP nor its members accept any responsibiity whatsoever for the consequences of the use or misuse of such documentation. This document may provide guidance suppementa to the requirements of oca egisation. However, nothing herein is intended to repace, amend, supersede or otherwise depart from such requirements. In the event of any confict or contradiction between the provisions of this document and oca egisation, appicabe aws sha prevai.

3 Oi spi waste minimization and management Good practice guideines for incident management and emergency response personne Photographs suppied by ITOPF and CEDRE, except page 37 top and bottom which are copyright Photodisc Inc. and page 38 (top) which is copyright Shutterstock.com.

4 IPIECA OGP Preface This pubication is part of the IPIECA-OGP Good Practice Guide Series which summarizes current views on good practice for a range of oi spi preparedness and response topics. The series aims to hep aign industry practices and activities, inform stakehoders, and serve as a communication too to promote awareness and education. The series updates and repaces the we-estabished IPIECA Oi Spi Report Series pubished between 1990 and It covers topics that are broady appicabe both to exporation and production, as we as shipping and transportation activities. The revisions are being undertaken by the OGP-IPIECA Oi Spi Response Joint Industry Project (JIP). The JIP was estabished in 2011 to impement earning opportunities in respect of oi spi preparedness and response foowing the Apri 2010 we contro incident in the Guf of Mexico. The origina IPIECA Report Series wi be progressivey withdrawn upon pubication of the various tites in this new Good Practice Guide Series during Note on good practice Good practice in the context of the JIP is a statement of internationay-recognized guideines, practices and procedures that wi enabe the oi and gas industry to deiver acceptabe heath, safety and environmenta performance. Good practice for a particuar subject wi change over time in the ight of advances in technoogy, practica experience and scientific understanding, as we as changes in the poitica and socia environment. 2

5 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Contents Preface 2 Why do we need oi spi waste 4 management good practice Genera waste management considerations 8 Reguatory context 8 Waste hierarchy 9 Minimization 10 Risk assessment and option seection 11 Segregation 12 Secondary contamination 13 Heath and safety 14 Waste management strategy 15 Reationship between cean-up and 15 waste management strategies Waste types 18 Waste quantities 19 Waste management objectives and strategy/poicy 22 Oi spi waste management panning 24 Oi spi waste management pan 24 Waste management pan the detais 26 Documentation, record keeping and 27 data management References and further reading 44 Appendix A: Exampe structure of an 45 oi spi waste management pan Appendix B: Exampe of a hazardous 48 waste consignment note Terminoogy and abbreviations 49 Acknowedgements 49 Case studies Case study 1: Legisation in the UK 8 Case study 2: Waste segregation 13 Case study 3: Onshore management of 20 extremey high voumes of waste Case study 4: Waste management strategies 23 Case study 5: Waste management pan 26 Case study 6: Waste treatment and disposa 41 exporing green aternatives Waste coection and storage 28 Waste coection 28 On-site/near-site temporary storage 28 Intermediate storage 30 Long-term storage 32 Waste transportation 34 Waste consignment 35 Waste pretreatment, treatment 36 and fina disposa Waste management 42 initia response actions Concusions 43 3

6 IPIECA OGP Why do we need oi spi waste management good practice? The response to an oi spi often resuts in the rapid generation and accumuation of arge quantities of oiy waste. Emusified oi, oied sand, grave and entrained debris can increase the voume of waste to many times the voume of oi originay spit. This waste often exceeds the capacity of the ocay avaiabe waste management infrastructure. As a resut, the management of the oiy waste and other associated response-reated wastes can become the most timedemanding and costy aspect of an oi spi. Management of waste from a spi invoves the setting up of a ogistics chain to transfer waste in a safe and secure manner from the recovery point to a fina recycing or disposa faciity. In most cases this invoves the estabishment of temporary infrastructure aong the chain. The chain needs to be rapidy estabished and taiored to the spi scenario/situation. Faiure to do so can create a botteneck that hinders the efficiency of the recovery operation, and may generate additiona risks of environmenta damage and increase the costs. The waste management strategy and pan are vita components of any oi spi contingency pan and response action. The cean-up strategy and waste management strategy are interdependent and each must be deveoped with due regard for the impact on the other. A we-deveoped waste management pan addresses the foowing components: waste minimization measures; waste recovery and recycing opportunities; environmentay-sound waste disposa; and a ogistics chain comprising secure and appropriatey designed temporary storage sites and transportation that has the abiity to interface with the existing avaiabe waste infrastructure. The avaiabe resources, in terms of hardware and personne, as we as the eve of training of the organization s staff and cean-up crews, wi compement the pan. Where the ocation of impact of the oi spi is not known, it is not possibe to define the precise ocation of the waste infrastructure to support the spi response. However, it is important to identify, before a spi occurs, the nature and ocation of infrastructure within the area at risk, and the outine of the waste management strategy and pan to suppement this existing infrastructure. This exercise wi highight any barriers or gaps that may exist in the avaiabiity of equipment or personne, so that they can be addressed prior to a spi. The suitabiity of existing faciities to hande waste shoud be checked, confirming in the process the existence and vaidity of suitabe icences. The phiosophy for seection of storage sites can aso be estabished and potentia constraints identified. At the time of a spi, the waste management pan is refined to refect the actua circumstances; sites for temporary storage and fina disposa faciities can be chosen and measures to recover/recyce waste re-confirmed where practicabe. This document aims to introduce the reader to the principes invoved in considering each of the aspects of oi spi waste management highighted above. These principes are reevant to both offshore and onshore spis wordwide, and affect upstream and downstream operations from oi exporation and production, through processing, refining, transport and storage activities. Additiona sources of more detaied information can be found in the References section on page 44. 4

7 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT When an oi spi occurs, the principe aim of the response organization is to minimize the potentia damage to peope and the environment from the spit oi. The various response and cean-up techniques avaiabe to do this are discussed in detai in other pubications in the IPIECA-OGP series of good practice guides. Many of these techniques necessariy resut in the accumuation of oiy waste materia in arge voumes and over a short time period. Historica data show that oi spis that affect the shoreine can, in extreme cases, produce up to 30 or 40 times more waste than the voume of oi originay reeased (see Figure 1). It is notabe that a significant number of smaer spis have created arge amounts of waste. Figure 1 Comparison of quantities of oi reeased and waste produced for seected historic spis The voume of waste generated over a short time frame often is more than the existing infrastructure can hande. The safe and efficient handing and movement of this waste materia to a ocation where it can be treated, reused, recyced or disposed of is an important eement of the response. Poor waste management can hamper the cean-up effort, by proonging the process and potentiay introducing secondary contamination that may increase the impact of a spi. The handing and utimate disposa of waste can take the ongest time of any operation in the response sometimes taking years from the date of the spi. Unti fina disposa, there remains a higher degree of environmenta and heath risk associated with handing and storing the waste materias. In addition, certain disposa options (e.g. andfi) may be associated with a potentia environmenta iabiity risk. The management of a waste in any spi shoud, therefore, be regarded as a high priority, and pre-panning shoud be estabished in order to minimize the potentia effects. 5

8 IPIECA OGP Waste from an oi spi cean-up event typicay foows the physica transfer chain iustrated in Figure 2. In this mode, oiy materia is transferred from the cean-up site to a fina treatment, recycing or disposa faciity, either with or without the need for a series of temporary storage sites with transport between them. Figure 2 Typica waste management ogistics modes showing the stages from waste generation to fina disposa, as discussed in this document. The ogistics modes appy equay to an offshore spi or onshore spi where the oi enters a ake or river. A: an area/event where the waste quantity exceeds the pre-existing capacity of the infrastructure A B waste generated by different oi recovery methods intermediate and ong-term storage B: an area where the existing infrastructure capacity is sufficient to aow transfer directy from the spi site to treatment, recycing and disposa faciities. (For diagrammatic simpicity the transport routes from seected sites ony are represented in this case.) treatment, recycing and fina disposa of oied waste transportation The modes in Figure 2 appy equay to offshore and inand spis; in the case of the atter, in particuar where oi enters a watercourse such as a ake or river. Such a scenario is iustrated in the case study on the Kaamazoo River pipeine spi (Case Study 3). It is essentia that oi spi contingency pans incude adequate provision for the management of wastes. In addition, it is a fundamenta requirement that, as soon as an incident occurs, the right decisions are made and the contingency pans are confirmed and set in motion. This wi support a successfu waste management and cean-up operation that wi minimize environmenta impact and, subsequenty, response costs. The aim of this document is to provide information on the waste management issues reated to oi spi cean-up. It discusses the genera principes of waste management, and the panning of waste management as part of the oi spi contingency panning process, and foows the progress of waste through each stage of this mode. The document is divided into seven main sections: 1. Genera waste management considerations: describes certain basic principes that may guide the goas and the decision making process of the waste management task. 2. Waste management strategy: expains the cose reationship between the cean-up and waste management strategies, discusses the types and quantities of waste that may be encountered and reviews the process of estabishing the waste management strategy/poicy. 6

9 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 3. Oi spi waste management panning: the pan detais how the waste management goas are to be achieved and by who, and describes the processes and procedures for addressing uncertainty. 4. Waste coection and storage 5. Waste transportation 6. Waste pretreatment, treatment and fina disposa 7. Waste management: initia response actions: addresses the eary actions that shoud be taken in the event of a spi that hep to refine the waste management pan and mobiize resources in a timey manner. The principes described in this document can be appied to offshore, nearshore and onshore spis, to exporation and production operations and oi transport by tanker or pipeine, and to processing operations incuding, for exampe, refinery activities. Case studies of waste management that describe historic spi responses are used to iustrate certain points being raised in the document and to give practica iustrations of the waste management chaenges inherent in oi spi response operations. 7

10 IPIECA OGP Genera waste management considerations In designing and impementing a waste management strategy and pan, consideration shoud be given to a number of basic principes and the context within which the strategy and pan sit. Reguatory context The precise reguatory context within which oi spi management operations are carried out wi differ depending on its geographic ocation. In genera, however, oiy materia that is cassified as waste is aso categorized as being hazardous in nature. In an internationa context, the Base Convention on the Contro of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposa (1989) appies. Under this Convention, oiy waste is cassified as hazardous and thus subject to the provisions of the Convention. These require that any pans to transfer oiy waste internationay, to or from a country that has signed the Convention, need to compy with the provisions of the Convention, incuding gaining government permission for the transboundary dispatch and receipt. At a nationa eve the reguatory framework is ikey to embrace some, if not a, of the actions and activities reating to the management and processing of oi spi-reated waste. This can incude the activities of segregation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposa of oiy waste materia. It is essentia, therefore, that those in the response team invoved in the decision making process are aware of the reevant egisation concerning any aspect of the waste management chain. They shoud consut and iaise reguary with the reevant reguator s representatives, some of whom may be embedded in the response teams. CASE STUDY 1: Legisation in the UK The UK is a member of the European Union, and a hazardous waste in the UK is therefore stricty controed by the European Counci Directive 91/689/EEC on Hazardous Waste, as amended by Directive 2008/98/EC, the Waste Framework Directive. The Specia Waste Reguations 1996 and subsequent amendments impement the Hazardous Waste Directive in the UK. Oi spi waste is considered a hazardous waste under these reguations. A system of consignment notes and icensing, administered by the Environment Agency, ensures that wastes are tracked from the point of generation to the point of disposa. Both temporary storage and transport of a oi spi waste must, therefore, be carefuy documented and icensed. Athough this specific egisation does not appy directy to other ega jurisdictions it can be seen as a system of good practice in any spi situation. When deaing with sma spis these reguations shoud not present difficuties, as there are ikey to be adequate icensed hazardous waste carriers and storage/disposa routes to manage the waste. Practica difficuties may arise, however, when arge spis occur. The norma disposa routes may become overrun and new carriers and temporary storage sites must be identified. Licences wi have to be issued or verified as vaid before they can be used, which wi amost certainy hinder the cean-up operation. It is up to the reevant authorities (in the UK the Loca Authority and the Environment Agency) to work together to resove this issue. To aid this the Hazardous Waste Directive states that: In cases of emergency or grave danger, Member States sha take a necessary steps, incuding, where appropriate, temporary derogations to ensure that hazardous waste is so deat with as not to constitute a threat to popuation or the environment. In addition, it is good practice during the contingency panning process to iaise with the reguatory authorities to anticipate events for which rapid reguatory decisions on icensing may be needed. This wi give the opportunity to prepare in advance for such events in order to ease the icensing process. 8

11 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT The cost of waste treatment can represent a significant proportion of the overa cost of response operations. Some internationa conventions, reated to oi spi compensation, are reevant and may appy to waste management. Compensation for damage caused by spis of persistent oi originating from tankers is now based on three internationa agreements the 1992 Civi Liabiity Convention, the 1992 Fund Convention and the 2003 Protoco to the 1992 Fund Convention. This regime can cover reasonabe expenses reated to oi spi waste storage, transport, handing and treatment operations. To support caims under these Conventions, data on waste quantities, types and fina destinations must be recorded and kept. For more detais on caims and compensation aspects see IPIECA/ITOPF, Waste hierarchy A usefu mode when deaing with a waste stream originating from any source is the waste hierarchy (Figure 3). This concept uses principes of waste avoidance/reduction to minimize the amount of waste produced and reuse/recycing to minimize the residua waste materia. It thereby reduces the environmenta and economic costs and ensures a consistent approach with egisative intent. It provides a too for structuring a waste management strategy and can be used as a mode for a waste management operations, incuding those associated with oi spi response activities. Figure 3 The waste hierarchy provides a too for structuring an efficient waste management strategy Avoidance/eimination In determining the oi spi cean-up strategy, consideration shoud first be given to techniques that avoid or eiminate the production of waste. Reduction Efficient methods shoud be deveoped for oi spi ceanup to ensure that a minima amount of materia is used and/or contaminated during the process. Reuse The reuse of an item for its origina purpose, e.g. cean-up equipment that has itsef been ceaned and reused in pace of a new, disposabe item. Recovery/ recycing The production of a marketabe product from waste, e.g. taking waste oi to a refinery for conversion into useabe products. This wi be directy affected by the quaity of the recovered product, i.e. highy contaminated materia is ess ikey to be suitabe for recycing. Aso incudes composting and energy recovery processes. Residue The fina disposa of residua materia this is the east desirabe option. If none of the above methods can be carried out, the residua waste shoud be disposed of through some means. This may be the case for highy mixed wastes of oi, pastics, organic debris, water, sediments, etc. where they cannot be separated. It aso incudes the residua waste materia from certain recycing/recovery processes. 9

12 IPIECA OGP Minimization Minimization refers to methods that reduce the amount or hazardous nature of waste entering the waste stream. It comprises the eements of avoidance/eimination, reduction and re-use of the waste hierarchy. Waste minimization is essentia for reducing the amount of waste for fina disposa or for easing difficuties in finding suitabe disposa routes, thus imiting the environmenta and economic impacts of a spi. A number of waste minimization methods are avaiabe; these incude management arrangements, methods of avoiding waste production, ways to reduce the hazardous nature of the waste and efforts to reduce the quantity of waste produced. Exampes of usefu methods are provided in the boxes beow according to their predominant aim. In considering the various options to minimize waste voumes, consider the impact of additiona waste streams that may be created and whether resources are avaiabe to impement the minimization technique. For exampe, washing PPE for reuse is abour intensive and generates an oiy water waste stream that then aso requires management. Management arrangements to minimize waste Devise a cean-up strategy that accounts for the end point of any part of the response, consciousy taking into account the waste at every stage of the cean-up process. Provide training to the cean-up crews to raise awareness of the requirements to minimize and segregate waste; provide training prior to and during an event, for exampe through toobox taks. Provide a cear definition of management responsibiities with regard to waste, and provide the resources to support response staff in execution of these responsibiities. Waste avoidance Prevent secondary contamination (see section beow) of cean-up and storage sites and transport routes. Identify potentia impact sites (IPIECA-OGP, 2014a) and, where possibe, cear any pre-existing debris and rubbish to reduce the amount of oiy debris that woud need to be deat with shoud the oi reach that area. Recovery equipment shoud be ceaned and reused rather than discarded. Reusabe persona protective equipment (PPE) shoud be seected where appropriate and procured for use. For exampe, products such as rubber boots may be ceaned and reused. Waste reduction Use sorbents sparingy and effectivey. Minimize excavation of materia: prioritize manua methods of recovery over mechanica means because it aows for remova of oi with ess associated substrate (e.g. sand). As far as practicabe in the scenario, choose cean-up techniques that separate the oi from the sediment, such as fushing oi buried in sand to the surface using air and water injected by hose. Use of in-situ treatment technoogies reduces the amount of waste requiring transport, treatment and disposa. These methods can incude washing (e.g. surf), burning (if permitted), sand sieving and bioremediation. As far as practicabe, segregate at source the different types of contaminated wastes (iquid, soid, debris, PPE, etc.). Minimize rainwater infitration and creation of additiona types and voumes of waste. Containment sites and containers shoud, where possibe, have a waterproof cover to prevent rainwater infitration. Make use of separation treatment technoogies, i.e. a setting system (e.g. gravity separator) for oiy wastewater that aows for the draining of separated water. 10

13 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 1 2 CEDRE CEDRE Waste minimization: 1. Fushing aows seective recovery of oi without taking too much sediment. 2. Washing pebbes at the site. 3. Washing containment boom prior to reuse. 3 ITOPF Risk assessment and option seection During a response effort, it may be necessary to choose from a variety of avaiabe options for cean-up, waste treatment and disposa. For onshore spis, for exampe, options may exist to treat contaminated soi in situ as an aternative to excavating it for treatment esewhere which may be ogisticay chaenging and more costy. For offshore spis in high energy, rocky coastines various options exist for removing oi, ranging from active washing of the rock to eaving the oi to weather naturay. The options wi each have different environmenta, heath and safety, and socia risks associated with them that need to be considered with regard to the specific scenario and ocation. Where options exist it is usefu to conduct a comparative risk assessment and incude consideration of their reative positions in the waste hierarchy. The aim of this risk assessment is to identify the Best Practicabe Environmenta Option (BPEO), Best Avaiabe Technique (BAT) (for environmenta protection) or the option that represents the east overa risk to environment or peope. 11

14 IPIECA OGP The risk assessment may be quaitative, semi-quantitative or quantitative, depending on the circumstances in which it is being conducted. It may incude anaysis of the environmenta, heath and safety and socia risks associated with each option, with a comparison of the risks eading to an overa ranking process to identify the preferred option. The assessment process may incude an economic eement to identify where expenditure on a given technique ranks compared to the reduction in risk that such a technique may generate. Note that, in certain jurisdictions, a BPEO or BAT anaysis may be a forma reguatory requirement, and specific standards or guidance may be avaiabe to guide the anaysis. Segregation Beow: a suitaby ined, temporary storage pit, but with poor waste segregation; this wi create difficuties for future handing and disposa. In the event of a spi, the subsequent cean-up operation shoud incude segregating coected oi and oied debris, as we as other wastes produced during the cean-up activity. The segregation process shoud take the form of channeing the waste into separate, temporary storage faciities with consideration for the most suitabe containment for each waste stream. It shoud consider avaiabe reuse, recycing or disposa routes as we as the nature and compatibiity of the materias. In addition, consideration shoud be given to the storage and transport chains that ead to the utimate treatment, recycing or disposa ocation. There may be circumstances where further segregation of waste is preferabe to ease its storage, handing and transportation. The requirements for segregation that derive from these considerations shoud be understood and defined as eary as possibe, ideay in the contingency panning stage. Waste coection methods in the fied shoud be designed with minimization and segregation strategies in mind. It is important to interact with the teams coecting the waste and make sure that their proposed coection procedures and methodoogies are aigned appropriatey with the waste management strategy. Tips to assist segregation Segregate at source the different types of waste (oiy iquid, soid, debris, PPE, etc.). Where possibe, use different types of containers for different waste streams. Know/understand the character of the waste, with particuar regard to its hazards and components. Identify and abe containers ceary to prevent them from being mixed up. Raise staff awareness, through training and spi dris and exercises, of the importance of sorting waste, and of the reated consequences and costs of poor segregation. ITOPF 12

15 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Consideration shoud aso be given to the capacity and management of the chain of transport, storage and treatment faciities to ensure that it is capabe of handing the segregated waste. It is not uncommon for the capacity of storage faciities to be exceeded by the voume of waste recovered from the cean-up sites. Cose management of the storage site may aso be needed to ensure that it is used as designed. Systems designed to segregate waste can break down, either due to waste of different types being deposited together in the imited storage space avaiabe, or due to waste transporters faiing to appreciate the segregation requirements at the storage site. The Prestige case study (beow) iustrates some of the chaenges of maintaining segregated waste during the response to arge-scae oi spis. CASE STUDY 2: Waste segregation Prestige, Spain 2002 The oi tanker Prestige suffered engine faiure off the north-west coast of Spain in November After severa days at sea the ship broke up, spiing approximatey 63,000 tonnes of heavy fue oi to sea. This emusified and resuted in 128,000 tonnes of emusion that had to be addressed. A massive cean-up operation was mounted with arge numbers of miitary, vounteer and speciaist contractors on each affected site. Systems were put in pace and workers briefed to segregate the coected waste. Oi-tight containment was provided for each waste type but, utimatey, through haste and operationa pressures, workers sti mixed the wastes. The faiure to rigorousy impement a comprehensive waste management pan meant coected wastes were deposited together in ined pits with no segregation for recycing or fina disposa; the disposa process for this mixed waste was expensive and took years to compete. Secondary contamination Secondary contamination is the spread of oi to otherwise unpouted areas via response activities associated with peope, transport and equipment. This shoud be avoided to contro the overa impact of the spi, and can be achieved in a number of ways. For exampe: designating cean and contaminated zones at the worksite; decontaminating personne and equipment before eaving the work zone; conducting reguar checks of a storage areas, pumps and hoses for eaks; ensuring a storage areas are impermeabe to oi and water to prevent eakage, e.g. by carrying out maintenance type inspections during the response and, if waste is stored for ong periods, through integrity assurance; ensuring that drainage from waste storage areas is adequatey and propery contained; ining and decontaminating a vehices intended for waste transportation before eaving the site or carrying wastes; and estabishing a traffic management pan. Decontamination sites shoud be estabished between the dirty and cean areas of the worksite. Ideay, decontamination shoud be carried out in stages to minimize the use of disposabe materias. Sorbents, for exampe, shoud be reserved for the fina ceaning stage. Personne shoud foow the decontamination chain from dirtiest to ceanest on a watertight patform where the washing effuents can be drained and coected. A separate area shoud be used for the decontamination of vehices and heavy machinery. 13

16 IPIECA OGP Secondary contamination due to degradation and inappropriate storage of pastic sacks fied with oiy waste. ITOPF Heath and safety A hydrocarbons potentiay pose some degree of heath risk, and it is therefore essentia that a heath and safety pan be drawn up before any activity commences. Risks from physica hazards, such as storage pits, shoud not be overooked. Each stage of the management process shoud be assessed to estabish any potentia heath and safety risks together with appropriate mitigating methods. Further information can be found in the IPIECA-OGP good practice guide, Oi spi responder heath and safety (IPIECA-OGP, 2012). 14

17 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Waste management strategy The waste management strategy represents the product of the first part of the panning process, defining at a high eve what needs to be done. It shoud be estabished before a spi, as part of contingency panning, and be re-confirmed or revised as appropriate at the start of a spi response. Deveoping the strategy invoves: estabishing the waste management objectives/poicy; reviewing the objectives in the ight of oca circumstances, egisation, avaiabe resources etc.; and estabishing the eements of the strategy that are required to achieve the objectives, e.g. characterization of waste types and quantities. This section detais some of the main considerations in estabishing a waste management strategy for a spi response. It ooks at the reationship between the cean-up and waste management strategies, the possibe range of waste types and the quantities of waste that may be encountered, and discusses the steps invoved in estabishing the waste management objectives/poicy and eements of the strategy. Reationship between cean-up and waste management strategies In the event of an oi spi, the type and quantity of soid and iquid waste produced is determined by the extent of the spi, the different environments that become oied and the cean-up techniques empoyed. The cose inkage between the cean-up strategy and the waste produced is iustrated in Tabe 1, which outines possibe response strategies and the types of waste that each of these can generate. Thus, the types and voumes of waste generated are heaviy infuenced by the cean-up objectives set during contingency panning or by the spi management team. For exampe, if conditions permit, and the decision is taken to aow natura recovery of a shoreine, then itte waste may be generated. Simiary, protection of shoreines through dispersant spraying offshore wi reduce the amount of waste generated. Further, where oi is stranded on the shoreine of the sea, estuary or river, the main strategic cean-up considerations wi be (a) the desired treatment end point (i.e. how cean) and (b) which treatment or cean-up methods shoud be used. Both decisions can have a fundamenta infuence on the type and quantity of waste produced. In the case of inand spis, decisions regarding the technique to be used for the cean-up of contaminated soi, e.g. in-situ ceanup or off-site cean-up foowing excavation, wi simiary affect the quantity of waste produced. Considerations of waste management are aso important in the decision-making process whie deveoping the cean-up strategy and techniques. Factors such as the capacity of the infrastructure to manage any waste produced and aso the guiding principe of waste minimization must be baanced against other factors that infuence the cean-up strategy. Ideay, waste minimization wi be one of the principa guiding objectives of the cean-up operation. 15

18 IPIECA OGP Tabe 1 Categories of response strategy and types of waste typicay generated Cean-up technique Effect on waste stream Type of waste generated Dispersant appication (IPIECA-OGP, 2014c) Dispersant chemicas are used to break down the oi sick into sma dropets so that the diuting effect of the ocean is better abe to reduce hydrocarbon concentrations. This strategy wi not work with a ois and is not appropriate for use in certain environments. Waste concentrations are minima as oi is suspended in the water coumn and aowed to degrade naturay. PPE Empty dispersant drums At-sea containment and recovery operations (IPIECA-OGP, 2014e) Recovery devices, e.g. booms and skimmers, are depoyed from ships or sma craft to recover oi from the sea surface. Suitaby sized storage systems may be needed which, in the case of highy viscous or waxy ois, wi require heating eements. Transfer systems and reception faciities wi aso be needed to sustain operations over the ong term. Recovery operations potentiay give rise to a arge quantity of waste oi and water for treatment. The voume of the storage systems avaiabe must be consistent with the recovery capacity of the skimmers. The type of oi spit wi have an effect on the resutant waste; viscous and waxy ois in particuar wi entrain debris and can create arge voumes of waste. Such ois can aso present severe handing difficuties. Oied equipment/vesses Oied PPE Recovered oi Oiy water Oied vegetation Oied sorbent materias Oied fotsam and jetsam: organic and inorganic Anima carcasses Shoreine cean-up (IPIECA-OGP, 2014a) Onshore cean-up (IPIECA-OGP, 2014f). Ois are recovered from shoreines or onshore ocations using either mechanica or manua means. Machines can be used to transport the waste from the shoreine or onshore cean-up ocation to the primary storage site. Portabe tanks or ined pits can be used to consoidate recovered oi at the operating site. The shoreine type and degree of access to it wi dictate the strategies used which, in turn, wi determine the amount of waste generated. In certain onshore cean-up situations, in-situ treatment of the oied materia may be an aternative to excavation. Manua recovery is preferred over mechanica recovery because it has the effect of minimizing the amount of waste generated. The type of oi spit wi often have a profound effect on the amount of oiy waste generated. Waste segregation and minimization techniques are key to ensuring an efficient operation. These shoud be estabished at the initia recovery site and maintained through to the fina disposa site. If this is not done, waste voumes may spira out of contro. Waste sites shoud be managed in such a way as to prevent secondary poution. Oied equipment/vesses Oied PPE Recovered oi Oied vegetation Oiy water Oied sorbent materias Oied beach or and materia: (sand, shinge, cobbes, soi) Oied fotsam and jetsam: organic and inorganic Anima carcasses Oied transport Controed in-situ burning (IPIECA-OGP, 2014b) This invoves burning spied oi using fire booms to thicken the oi ayer to sustain combustion. Weathering and emusification of oi wi inhibit the process. The strategy cannot be used on a oi types or in a environments. Air contamination from smoke and possibe production of viscous residues may, in certain circumstances, imit the appication of this strategy. Controed, in-situ burning can reduce the amount of oi in the environment. Aso, an atmospheric waste stream, smoke, is produced. Burnt oi residues Oi/fire damaged boom Oied vesse Oied PPE 16

19 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Tabe 2 Oiy and oi contaminated wastes (percentages are indicative) Category Characteristics Exampes Comments Oiy iquids Generay oi and water, with the water content ranging from 0 to 90%+, usuay towards the top end of that range. Minor amounts of minera or organic matter may be present. Liquid recovered from sediment or equipment washing activities Accumuated water from storage areas Liquids recovered from skimming operations Remove as much water as possibe before managing the remaining iquid. Pastes and soids 1. Pastes/soids dominated by oi 2. Pastes/soids dominated by fine minera matter Both may contain reativey ow (<10%) amounts of water and/or organic matter. Tar bas Waxy deposits Oiy sand/sit Oiy soi/sediment from onshore spis Materia recovered from onshore spis and river environments may contain significant quantities of organic matter and/or free water. Pebbes and stones Generay ow in free water (1%) and organic content (<10%). The oi content varies depending on the size of the stones and degree of oiing (often > 10%). Pebbes on higher energy beaches Coarse grave hard standing areas onshore Sorbent materia Natura and synthetic materias used to absorb oi, either from the water s surface or from the and. The buk of the waste consists of the sorbent materia itsef. Oi content is often > 5% but variabe. Water, minera matter is ow (< 10%) and organic matter very ow (< 5%). Buk Mops Piows Sheets Natura materias (e.g. straw) The oi content is highy variabe. Sorbents with a high surface area to voume ratio, used in heaviy oied areas may contain significanty more than 5% oi. Organic matter Typicay consists of more than 80% vegetative materia, 5+% oi with the remainder water and minera matter. Seaweed Waterside vegetation Terrestria vegetation for onshore spiages Biodegradabe substances. Sme and toxicity hazards associated with decomposition. Soid waste Soid materia of various sorts that has become oied. Oi content variabe (>5%), water and minera matter ow (<10%), organic matter variabe and high if the waste is itsef organic. Debris ying on the oi affected area (e.g. pastics, wood, metas) PPE (e.g. goves, boots, coveras, etc.) Used cean-up equipment; booms, buckets, scrapers etc. For PPE and cean-up equipment, consider washing and re-use. Oied fauna Fauna that has become oied. The anima is organic (>70%), with the oi content variabe (>5%), free water (<15%) and minera matter (<10%) being ow. Mainy birds Aso fish, mammas, repties Live fauna shoud be sent to speciaist ceaning faciities. A corpses shoud be counted before disposa. Some may be kept for necropsies and scientific studies. 17

20 IPIECA OGP Waste types One of the most fundamenta steps in deveoping a waste management strategy is to categorize the wastes produced. Tabes 2 and 3 provide exampes of cassification systems for oiy/oicontaminated wastes and non-oiy wastes, respectivey. Simiar cassification systems may be used as a basis for panning, accounting aso for oca egisative requirements, with each category typicay corresponding to distinct management and treatment processes. The cassification system wi need to be customized to account for oca egisative and reguatory requirements or avaiabiity of treatment and disposa options. Tabe 3 Uncontaminated and anciary wastes Category Characteristics Exampes Comments Uncontaminated debris Moveabe soid debris ying on a site that may become contaminated as the spi deveops. Generay nonhazardous/inert in nature. Wood Pastics, packaging, toys etc. Metas Remova of debris from the area at risk of oiing reduces the amount of hazardous waste that may be generated. Uncontaminated organic matter Vegetative or anima matter (excuding wood) that is ikey to decompose rapidy. Seaweed Loose vegetation Anima carcasses Biodegradabe substances. Sme and toxicity hazards associated with decomposition. Remova prior to oiing reduces risks of secondary contamination and may ease disposa. Industria soid materias Soid waste generated at the response site. Packaging materias of spi response equipment Empty dispersant drums Batteries Estabish the oca hazard cassification and segregate, treat and dispose of the waste accordingy. Water/foam mix from fire fighting foam Liquid waste with potentiay high oxygen demand and toxicity, depending on the foam used Various foam types depending on appication, e.g. aqueous fim forming foam (AFFF), fimforming fuoroprotein (FFFP) Contain to prevent water and foam entering watercourses. Pan for disposa according to materia data sheet recommendations. Kitchen/gaey waste Soid waste surpus food and products of food and drink preparation and provision. Food waste Disposabe pates/cutery Paper napkins Food packaging Cans, tins Some of the waste may be recycabe. Segregate and dispose of as required ocay. Medica wastes Variabe materias reated to first aid provision. Syringes, needes Bandages, pasters Keep segregated. Grey water Predominanty water, with minor detergents. Wash water from kitchen faciities Wash water from toiet bocks Back water Sewerage Toiet bocks Office wastes Wastes produced during the operation of the response centre(s). Paper Pastic packaging Spent printer cartridges Batteries The hazardous nature of the wastes may vary. Materias shoud be segregated and disposed of as per norma office operationa activity. 18

21 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Waste quantities The quantity of waste produced from a spi is infuenced by many factors, principay the quantity of oi spied, the environmenta fate of that oi and the cean-up strategy and techniques adopted. Due to the variabiity in these factors, a precise estimation of the quantity of waste that may be produced is not possibe, particuary in the panning phase prior to a spi event. Nonetheess, a high eve estimate of the amount of waste that may be encountered is usefu in identifying the waste management resources that may be needed. Anaysis of the waste produced by historica spis (see Figure 4) can give some indication of the potentia order of magnitude of buk waste that may be produced from a spi. The buk quantity of waste produced by the offshore spis shown in Figure 4 was typicay between 40% and 200% of the quantity of spit oi. The outiers to this range occur for a variety of reasons; for exampe, in the Braer incident (2%), environmenta conditions dispersed the majority of the oi before it hit the shoreine, significanty reducing the voume of waste produced. At the other extreme, circumstances can resut in greater quantities of waste. Exampes incude the Erika spi (>1300%), Seendang Ayu (>600%) and Vogoneft 139 (>3800%). In the Erika incident, emusification, seaweed and arge quantities of construction materia used in the temporary storage sites buked up the waste. The quantity of waste produced in the Vogoneft 139 incident is considered to be exceptiona for an offshore spi. Data on waste generated from onshore spis are ess readiy avaiabe than from offshore incidents. Onshore incidents generay offer ess opportunity for natura dispersion of the spied oi, and typicay resut in contamination of vegetation and soi, if not water (both surface water and groundwater) depending on the situation. Where the response effort requires recovery and treatment of contaminated materia, the quantity of waste is ikey to exceed the quantity of Figure 4 The tota quantity of waste produced in various historica spi incidents, expressed as a percentage of the spi quantity (the y-axis is a ogarithmic scae). 19

22 IPIECA OGP spied oi. Athough it may represent an extreme case, it is notabe that for the onshore Kaamazoo River spi, the tota voume of waste produced represented an estimated 4,000% of the reported spi voume (Case Study 3). The buk of this waste was oi-contaminated soi/sediment and contaminated water. CASE STUDY 3: Management of waste from an onshore spi Kaamazoo River pipeine, USA 2010 The geographic area affected by many onshore spis is imited in extent as the product spied becomes contained either by the on-site containment arrangements or by the soi or ground into which it seeps. The response to such spis is typicay ess compex than a response to an offshore spi that may have a potentia impact on the shoreine. The situation may become more compex, for exampe, if a spi reaches drainage networks and watercourses, when the response may become simiar, in ogistica terms, to a marine shoreine response. The case of the 2010 pipeine spiage into the Kaamazoo River iustrates this point. In Juy 2010, approximatey 3,100 m 3 of crude oi with benzene diuent were reported to have been reeased from a ruptured pipeine near Marsha, Michigan, USA. The spi entered Tamadge Creek and the Kaamazoo River, 80 mies upstream of Lake Michigan and affected approximatey 40 mies of waterway. Wastes produced from the cean-up operation incuded: oi and oi/water mixtures coected from 40 different containment areas aong the system, by vacuum truck, skimmers and absorbents; oied vegetation from both submerged and bankside ocations; heaviy oi saturated sois particuary at the pipeine eak and aong a two-mie stretch of Tamadge Creek; weathered oi, oi/water/sediment mixtures from the riverbed; and water, 53,000 m 3 removed from the Kaamazoo river, treated and returned to the river under permit. With the exception of the water returned to the river, these wastes were managed at severa constructed transportation staging areas and removed for disposa off-site. Lined and bermed staging areas were constructed for the temporary storage whie the wastes were samped/characterized for off-site disposa or recycing. Soids were paced into ined/bermed areas whie iquid wastes were paced in fractionation tanks within the bermed areas. As of March 2011, the foowing quantities of waste had been handed: iquids, disposed of as hazardous waste: 13,600 m 3 iquids, disposed of as non-hazardous waste: 36,300 m 3 Oi recovered: 2,900 m 3 Soi: 73,200 m 3 Debris, non hazardous: 1,600 tonnes Debris, hazardous: 9,200 m 3 20

23 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Figure 5 The proportion of soid waste as a percentage of the tota waste produced in various historica spi incidents The proportion of waste that constitutes soid waste of some description typicay exceeds 90%, and refects the dominant waste produced from shoreine and physica cean-up techniques used in a response (see Figure 5). Where containment and recovery techniques have been used, the proportion of iquid waste produced increases. Attempts are being made to more accuratey predict waste quantities (e.g. Poaris, 2009) with simpe computer-based modes being deveoped to assist in the estimation. This is an evoving area and one that, as the modes improve, shoud offer opportunities to better understand, during contingency panning and the eary stages of a response, the potentia waste management task that may be faced. In using such modes, however, it shoud be recognized that the quaity of the output depends directy on the quaity of the data input. Caution shoud be exercised both in interpreting and reying on the resuts. During a spi response itsef, shoreine assessment techniques (IPIECA-OGP, 2014a) may be used to gain a better estimate of the ikey types and quantities of waste that may be generated. 21

24 IPIECA OGP Waste management objectives and strategy/poicy Ideay, the spi response objectives wi incude consideration of the waste management component as they are deveoped. Consideration shoud be given to objectives based on: use of the waste hierarchy; minimization of waste, risk and impact; ega compiance; heath and safety; and supporting the efficient impementation of the cean-up strategy. The quantity, composition and characteristics of the waste, its ocation reative to the waste infrastructure, and oca reguatory and stakehoder requirements, amongst other factors, may a infuence the objectives and the strategy required to achieve those objectives. It is important, therefore, to gain information on these factors and buid this into the decision making process before the objectives and, subsequenty, the strategy/poicy, are finaized. Each objective shoud be supported by one or more strategy (aso sometimes referred to as poicy) statements. These define, at a high eve, what sha be done to meet the objective. Tabe 4 gives an exampe of possibe objectives and supporting strategy statements. Tabe 4 Exampes of oi spi response/waste management objectives and how they may transate into strategy/poicy statements Response/waste management objective Strategy/poicy Compy with reguatory requirements Use ony icenced, reputabe waste management companies. Impement a data and record management system. Ensure, through training and support, that staff are aware of reguatory requirements. Identify requirements for a waste management pan (WMP). Minimize oiy waste disposed to andfi Incorporate waste minimization measures in cean-up techniques. Investigate and evauate aternatives to andfi disposa. Evauate ways to appy the waste hierarchy. As the waste management strategy is deveoped, options for waste pretreatment, treatment and disposa wi become apparent which may have impications for the cean-up strategy and techniques. Within the context of the overa spi response objectives it is, therefore, important to maintain a feedback oop between the cean-up and waste management strategies to ensure that they compement each other to the fuest possibe extent. The Guser Ana spi (Case Study 4) iustrates an exampe of this in practice, and shows how the ogistica difficuties in handing waste had a direct infuence on the techniques used for beach cean-up. 22

25 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY 4: Interaction between waste management and cean-up strategies Guser Ana, Madagascar 2009 On 26 August 2009, the Guser Ana became grounded off the southern coast of Madagascar, reeasing 568 tonnes of intermediate fue oi and 66 tonnes of diese oi. Approximatey 68 km of coastine was oied in a remote setting, 175 km from the nearest town and 3 days drive from the capita, Antananarivo. There was no road access to the coast and the beach materia was not strong enough to carry heavy vehice traffic. The remote setting and access difficuties had a particuar infuence on the cean-up and waste management strategy. Mutipe, temporary, intermediate storage sites had to be estabished aong the beach and between the beachhead and the nearest road. These incuded sites at the beachhead, 700 m back from the beach and then 3 km from the beach at a point where orries coud gain access. Transport of waste aong the beach and to the intermediate storage sites was by hand and/or by aterrain vehice. This difficuty in transportation focused attention on the advantage of minimizing the waste coected at the source. Manua ceaning was conducted using sma hand toos such as ightweight pywood scrapers, oiy sand being scraped into dustpans, transferred to buckets and then into pastic bags. In many cases new sand had been washed over the oied ayer. In these cases, to minimize the waste coected, the cean sand was scraped off the top and then the oied sand removed from beow. To faciitate handing of the waste between storage sites prior to those with road access, a strict weight imit per bag of 10 kg was enforced. At the main storage sites with road access, these bags were then transferred into arger sacks suitabe for oading onto traier trucks. The waste of 335 tonnes of oiy sand and tar bas was transferred by road to a waste handing faciity in Antananarivo. Here it was mixed with quickime to stabiize the oi and produce a sandy product suitabe for use as a foundation materia for a new hard standing area in the waste handing faciity. 23

26 IPIECA OGP Oi spi waste management panning The coection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposa of oi and oiy waste consitute a major exercise in terms of ogistics. The waste management part of the oi spi contingency pan must define how this ogistics chain is to be executed. It is difficut to devise and estabish such a ogistics chain in a hurry and, particuary, during a spi when pressure to act may encourage suboptima decisions. This, together with the cose interreationship between cean-up strategy and waste management strategy, makes it essentia to devote a part of the contingency panning process to an in-depth consideration of waste management. In addition, the incusion of waste management considerations during the panning stage wi enabe any potentia barriers to efficient and more sustainabe handing of waste to be identified, and wi aow time for these to be removed before a spi occurs. Oi spi waste management pan Whie the waste management strategy identifies the waste to be handed, and the goas and broad approaches and programmes of the waste management task, the waste management pan (WMP) defines the detai of how the work is to be done and by whom. The reative roes of the strategy and pan are iustrated in Tabe 5. Tabe 5 Iustration of the reative roes and eves of detai of waste management objectives, strategy/poicy and pan Response/waste management objective Strategy/poicy Waste management pan Compy with reguatory requirements Use ony icenced waste management companies Lists icenced waste management companies and contact detais Defines due diigence requirements to precede use (audit/inspection/discussion with reguator) Impement a data and record management system Defines what data and records need to be produced and kept, by whom and for how ong Identifies resources avaiabe/ required to set up a data management system Ensure, through training and support, that staff are aware of reguatory requirements Defines what training is required for whom and when/how it shoud be given Aocates responsibiities for ensuring training is conducted Identifies resources to ensure ongoing support of operationa staff (e.g. inspectors/advisers) Minimize oiy waste disposed to andfi Incorporate waste minimization measures in cean-up techniques Defines the cean-up techniques required for each substrate type Identifies resources avaiabe to support cean-up techniques Investigate and evauate aternatives to andfi disposa (BPEO/ BAT appication) Describes the programme required to investigate and evauate aternatives, responsibiities and resources to impement the programme, and the process of decision making confirming the acceptabiity of aternatives 24

27 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT The WMP shoud cover a eements of the waste management activities, incuding: the egisative context in which it sits; the quantities and types of waste that may be generated under the spi scenarios in the contingency pan; the organizationa and human resource arrangements; decision making processes; and a aspects of waste handing from coection and storage, through to fina disposa. The WMP shoud be documented, either within the oi spi contingency pan or as a separate document, appropriatey cross-referenced within the oi spi contingency pan. An exampe of the contents ist of a detaied oi spi waste management pan is contained in Appendix A, together with some usefu questions to ask whie estabishing or reviewing pans. It shoud be noted that the detais of any part of the pan (egisation, waste treatment sites, contact ists, etc.) wi become dated as circumstances change. A review process is required to ensure that the information in the pan is kept up to date. Where severa organizations in the same geographic area are maintaining oi spi contingency pans, consideration can be given to making this review process more efficient through the sharing of information about externa factors such as egisation, infrastructure and the resuts of audits and inspections. At the stage of contingency panning, there exists a degree of uncertainty about the ocation, size and fate of a spi that may become the subject of a ater response. This uncertainty about aspects of the actua spi transates into uncertainty about the precise requirements of the waste management activities required to support the spi response. The need for, and the precise ocations of, some of the waste management infrastructure (e.g. storage sites) may be difficut to define and agree in advance of a spi. Spi modeing and anaysis of the potentia wastes that may be generated wi increase understanding of the scae, ocation and ikeihood of the scenarios that may be faced. The WMP shoud be designed to dea with these scenarios and to accommodate any remaining uncertainty. In this respect, it shoud be: a) scaabe refecting the range of scenarios that may occur, defining threshod points in ogistica support needs; b) fexibe where uncertainty remains, estabishing the processes and principes of decision making to be used when more information becomes avaiabe; c) risk-based focusing panning effort on resoving barriers to effective waste management in proportion to risk factors; and d) timey identifying matters that may invove ong ead times (e.g. permitting, site seection and construction) and actions that may be taken in advance of a spi that seek to shorten this ead time. The purpose of the contingency panning stage, therefore, is to estabish the principes, overa framework and ogistica needs of responses to the range of potentia spis that may be encountered. The strategy and pan must be refined at the initia stage of an oi spi response effort to make it specific to the actua situation on the ground. 25

28 IPIECA OGP Waste management pan the detais The pan shoud be examined in detai and exercised where possibe in order to improve the chances of it being impemented successfuy. Questions that shoud be addressed incude: What human resources are needed to support the physica eements of the pan? What skis must they have and what process is required to find and empoy these peope? What management support information is required and who wi deiver it? Providing answers to questions such as these can hep to ensure the successfu impementation of the pan and avoid difficuties arising ater on. The response to the Deepwater Horizon incident (Case Study 5) iustrates some of the detaied arrangements that were necessary to support an effective response. CASE STUDY 5: Waste management pan some detaied considerations Deepwater Horizon, USA 2010 The Deepwater Horizon spi in the Guf of Mexico occurred in a ocation where there is a mature and extensive industry that is used to deaing with oi products and wastes. Marine and road transport, mobie containers and a variety of recycing and disposa sites were readiy avaiabe for use by the response team. These aowed for an approach where intermediate storage sites were not needed despite the arge scae of the cean-up operation. The ogistics operation was managed such that waste coud be picked up from the beachhead and dock faciities and deivered directy to fina treatment and disposa sites. The vaue of this approach was that it effectivey eiminated the environmenta risks associated with the estabishment, management and recamation of intermediate disposa sites. However, to manage such an operation effectivey required a high eve of operationa contro, supported by exceent information management that aowed transport resources to be directed in a timey manner to where they were needed. Overa, this was a massive cean-up operation that invoved waste produced by both onshore and offshore activities and the resources of the waste management team were stretched consideraby. Of the many factors contributing to operationa success, the foowing five were notabe: 1) Team member skis: in addition to technica skis, good interpersona and communication skis, initiative, the abiity to adapt to changing situations and a strong work ethic were important individua attributes. 2) Linkages to operations: open, timey and transparent communications between the waste management team and the operations staff enabed both parties to communicate the reevant aspects of the waste management pan, and to receive feedback where changing conditions required a change to the pan. 3) Data management: the estabishment and use of a web-based data management system aowed staff at the cean-up sites to input reevant data concerning waste, and support staff to read, anayse and act on such information; this was critica in aowing rea-time dispatching of containers and transportation equipment to the cean-up sites. 4) Maintaining compiance: this is a chaenge for a arge operation spread over a wide area incuding mutipe States. Particuar focus therefore was paced on a high eve of inspection of, and iaison with, operationa sites and personne as we as audit of waste treatment and disposa activities. 5) Green aternatives: see Case Study 6. For more detai on each of these factors see Sweeten,

29 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Documentation, record keeping and data management The waste management activity must be accompanied by a rigorous system of documentation, record keeping and data management. This system is required to manage the waste operation and to provide assurance that waste is stored, transported and disposed of in accordance with reguatory requirements as we as the waste management pan. Accurate records wi be required to support financia caims that may be made, or to aocate payments for waste management services procured. In addition, there is often an interest in knowing the fate of the oi spied and, in particuar, knowing the quantity of oi recovered compared to that spied. Data shoud be generated for waste produced, transported, stored, treated and, finay, disposed of. It shoud differentiate between the various casses of waste determined as reevant for the spi. For responses covering mutipe cean-up sites, storage faciities and waste management/disposa sites, the data management task may be arge and compex. As we as recording weights or voumes of a types of waste generated and transferred between sites, anaysis of sampes may be desirabe in order to estimate the quantity of oi in the waste. For accounting purposes it can be usefu to maintain two types of baance sheet, one for waste and another for oi. The first provides a record of a waste produced and tracks its progress to fina reuse or disposa. The second records the quantity of oi recovered and its fate. The potentia nature and magnitude of the data management task shoud be considered in the contingency panning stages, and outine protocos produced or resources identified with expertise in this area that can be contracted to assist in the event of a spi. Waste consignment notes shoud be used to record the transfer of waste from one ocation to another and, in particuar, where responsibiity for managing the waste changes e.g. generator to transporter. A typica exampe of a waste consignment note is provided in Appendix B. Data and records of the waste operation shoud be retained for a specified period after the spi response effort has finished. The minimum retention period for this information shoud be determined taking into account egisative, financia and externa interest requirements and this shoud be detaied in the contingency pan or waste management pan. 27

30 IPIECA OGP Waste coection and storage Waste coection Coection shoud be organized so that waste materia can be removed efficienty from the water or and. Techniques for coection shoud seek to minimize the quantity of waste generated, and segregate waste appropriatey. On-site/near-site temporary storage The estabishment and management of temporary storage of waste, where required, must remain a high focus area of the response operation. Mismanagement of key contros such as the waste inventory, tracking of waste movement, waste samping or rainwater run-off may cause difficuties in terms of additiona contamination, unsegregated waste or suboptima treatment and disposa. These may add to the time, cost and potentia environmenta impact of the spi response operation. On-site, temporary storage areas are often estabished cose to the cean-up sites in order to faciitate the cean-up activity and pace the oiy waste in a position where it is not remobiized by the environment. These are usuay sma, short-ived, emergency areas for the immediate deposit of waste arising from a cean-up before transfer to an intermediate or ong-term storage site or to a treatment and disposa faciity. They may aso be important ocations for segregating and quantifying the types and voumes of waste, and for undertaking on-site pretreatment to reduce the voumes of waste requiring transport. It shoud be noted that, in certain circumstances, appropriate equipment and transport may be avaiabe which aows the oiy waste to be transported directy from the contaminated site to a treatment/disposa faciity without the requirement for on-site storage. Where storage areas are required, particuar consideration shoud be given to sites in cose proximity to the cean-up sites; care shoud be taken to ensure that these are ocated away from sensitive areas or habitats, out of reach of the sea, tide, waves or variabe river eves and away from residentia areas. There shoud be sufficient space for waste segregation and, ideay, the sites shoud be accessibe by road. The permission of andowners, the oca authority and environmenta reguators shoud be obtained before setting up the site. Consideration shoud be given, during contingency panning, to the need for and roe of on-site/near-site temporary storage. Ideay, where possibe, sites shoud be identified, agreed with the reevant parties invoved and incuded in contingency pans. Where this is not possibe, the contingency pans shoud incude guidance on the criteria for site seection, and sensitivity maps shoud incude information reated to these criteria. The temporary storage site shoud be prepared in a way that aows for safe and efficient handing and storage of waste, to avoid contamination of the surrounding area. Soi and subsoi shoud be protected with watertight membranes or geotextie, ideay underain with fine grave or sand to prevent puncturing of the membrane. Waste in containers shoud be protected from rainfa through the use of covers (e.g. tarpauins or ids on containers) and drainage of the area shoud be through a channe system. In regions subjected to extreme heat, certain storage containers, especiay pastic bags, shoud be protected from proonged exposure to direct sunight as this can cause breakdown of the materia. 28

31 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Tabe 6 Exampes of temporary and on-site storage and reevant considerations Storage type Considerations At sea/on water In-buit vesse tanks Infatabe barges/badders Wastes shoud be segregated to optimize storage, handing and disposa. Water recovery shoud be kept to the minimum in order to maximize the space avaiabe for recovered oi. The use of vesse-tanks can incur high costs, and these can be difficut to empty and cean after the operation. Deck storage must be secured tighty to prevent spiage. Lids are required to prevent spiage with vesse movement. Heated vesse tanks are strongy recommended to ease the transfer of oi from the vesse. When seecting at-sea storage, consideration shoud be given to shoreine transfer faciities to ensure that the waste can be transferred effectivey. Heated tanks At the shoreine/on and Skips Sacks Portabe tanks Barres Wastes shoud be segregated to optimize storage, handing and disposa. Storage tanks must be ocated on firm, eve ground and designed to prevent secondary contamination. Faciities shoud be within cose proximity to the recovery. equipment to imit the potentia for secondary contamination. Adequate access is required for heavy vehices to remove water and wastes from the site. Storage faciities shoud be ocated above variabe water eves, e.g. tida ranges, food prone areas. A water-tight covering is required to prevent rainwater infitration. Rainfa run-off from potentiay contaminated areas shoud be routed to an oi trap. Pits must be ined with impermeabe materias to prevent ground contamination. Storage areas shoud be marked ceary and cordoned off where there is a risk to persona safety. Security may be required to prevent unauthorized dumping. Lined pits 29

32 IPIECA OGP On-site, temporary storage of waste in sacks aid on impermeabe sheeting at the beachhead. Storage containers shoud be abeed with the contents, quantities and reevant hazard abes before transportation, and reevant documentation passed to the driver or waste manager. In some countries this is enforced by egisation. Storage equipment shoud be chosen and set up according to the site and poution characteristics. Consideration shoud be given aso to the accessibiity of the site to transport. Tabe 6 presents severa different exampes of possibe storage methods. ITOPF Intermediate storage After the waste has been segregated and stored in appropriate containers on site it wi often be transported to storage sites where it remains pending fina disposa. In certain circumstances, where oca infrastructure aows, the waste may go directy to a fina reuse, recycing or disposa site (see Case Study 5). Where possibe, this is preferred as it reduces unnecessary handing and opportunities for mismanaging wastes. Sending the waste directy to its fina destination wi aso reduce the overa cean-up costs because of reduced handing, transportation and storage costs. Beow: remova of waste from the recovery site wi aow the cean-up operation to continue unhampered. Figure 2, on page 6, shows aternative schematic geographica structures of the stages of waste storage. Efficient transfer and storage of recovered waste is an essentia part of waste management. If waste is not removed from the recovery site, further operations coud be hampered, both upstream and downstream. The purpose of setting up intermediate waste storage is to estabish a buffer site between the temporary storage at the cean-up sites and treatment faciities or ong-term storage sites. This buffer heps to manage fuctuating waste fows and aeviates situations where the capacity of temporary storage or treatment sites, or transportation, may be exceeded. The intermediate storage site aso aows for the sorting, repackaging and accounting for waste before transferring to ongterm storage or treatment. Typicay, these faciities shoud be temporary, existing for a few weeks to a few months, with the site being rehabiitated once a materias are transferred to ong-term storage or to a treatment/disposa faciity. However, in designing the site, the potentia that it may be occupied for onger, even years, shoud be considered. 30

33 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT A range of criteria shoud be considered when seecting a site (or sites) for intermediate storage, i.e. the site shoud: be abe to service mutipe temporary storage sites that are typicay about 5 to 30 km away; be sited at an appropriate distance from residentia areas; be situated on eve ground, on a cose-to-eve gradient, or at a site that can be graded as such; aow for good access for heavy-duty orries and other equipment, with consideration of the impact of traffic movements on the oca road network; contain sufficient area to aow for effective waste segregation, decontamination of vehices and machinery, an encosed drainage system with oi traps, security fencing, and the estabishment of a one-way traffic system; provide a means for protecting the waste from the eements (e.g. wind and rain); ideay, be situated at a ocation where the underying surface of the storage area is impermeabe; and be ocated away from wetands, water catchment areas, areas prone to fooding or areas which form natura drainage paths. The design of the faciity shoud provide protection of the soi through the use of a thick, impermeabe membrane pus geotextie and fine grave to prevent punctures. An interna drainage system shoud be designed, incorporating an oi trap with a faciity to recover the oi. Cean and potentiay contaminated areas shoud be segregated, and the run-off from cean areas diverted away from the site. A one-way traffic system shoud be organized to faciitate efficient operation and minimize coision risks. In addition, an area shoud be designated for washing down orries and other equipment. It is recommended that the advice of speciaists (e.g. hydrogeoogists) is sought with regard to the design and siting of intermediate storage sites to ensure that the risk of further environmenta damage and the potentia for onger-term iabiity is minimized. The authorities shoud aso be consuted to ensure that the sites compy with oca reguations. In most cases a icence wi need to be obtained from the oca authorities. Temporary storage areas shoud be inspected reguary to ensure compiance with appicabe reguatory requirements and proper containment. Any deficiencies identified during the inspection shoud be corrected as soon as practicabe. Operationa management considerations for waste storage sites Waste handers shoud have proof of competence such as ega registration or, where no such registration exists, demonstrabe experience of waste handing. Batches of waste shoud be marked according to the type of waste and source, date received and date samped. Documents shoud be retained for a defined period of time. Sites shoud be we set up in areas with good access routes. Storage containers shoud be compatibe with the types of waste. Where feasibe, consideration shoud be given to consoidating waste using compactors to reduce the voume of waste prior to storage or transport. Containers shoud be eakproof to avoid secondary contamination. A contaminated water produced on site shoud be deat with in a way that prevents environmenta damage. 31

34 IPIECA OGP Long-term storage Long-term waste storage, i.e. for periods exceeding one year, aows: time for fina disposa options to be confirmed or identified; the segregation of mixed wastes to be carried out; the preparation for fina disposa, negotiating contracts, permits and time-scaes etc.; and the controed reease of waste for treatment at rates that the avaiabe infrastructure can hande. The principes of site seection and design for a ong-term storage site are simiar to those for the intermediate sites (see Tabe 7). In this case however, it is possibe that the site may exist for severa years, and this onger period of occupation must therefore be taken into account in the evauation of factors reating to site seection and the quaity of design. For exampe, additiona faciities such as a dedicated unpacking area, fuy watertight and ined pits, a drainage and water recovery system with water treatment pant, covered storage faciities and a venting system to prevent gas accumuations shoud a be considered. In addition, groundwater monitoring systems shoud be considered to ensure that the system protecting the soi and groundwater is working. Again, it is ikey that the site wi need to be icenced by the oca authorities; specific conditions of the icence may be set regarding monitoring systems and reporting data. In situations where there is an existing faciity that may be avaiabe for use as a ong-term storage site, its suitabiity for such use shoud be confirmed. This may incude a review of the capacity of the site to take the additiona waste from the oi spi operation, the site s icence conditions, and an operationa record of the site owners. A pre-use audit of the faciity and its management may be usefu, and additiona management contros shoud be identified if required to ensure appropriate handing of the waste from the cean-up operation. In a cases of ong-term storage, it is worthwhie considering a programme of periodic inspection and/or audit of the faciity and its management to ensure a continued high standard of performance in poution prevention and waste management. 32

35 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Tabe 7 Summary of site seection, design and baseine considerations for intermediate and ong-term waste storage sites Criteria Occupancy Typica storage capacities Intermediate storage Pan on occupying the site for 0 1 years 1,500 to 3,000 m 2 surface area Storage pits ( m 3 ) Storage for debris, bags etc. Long-term storage Pan on occupying the site for up to 10 years 20,000 to 100,000 m 2 surface area Storage pits (1,000 10,000 m 3 ) Sorting, pretreatment, stabiization This information is usefuy gathered during contingency panning to predetermine areas that are potentiay suitabe for waste storage. Distance from recovery or previous storage site Usuay not more than 5 km Occasionay up to 30 km Not more than km or One hour by road from previous storage Access and earthworks Access by heavy orries is preferabe Access by heavy orries necessary Land conditions Fat and graded, capabe of accommodating setting tanks Rain run-off coection faciities may be required Fat and graded to accommodate setting tanks Buid appropriate rain run-off coection faciities Hydrogeoogica considerations Load-bearing capacity must be adequate Impermeabe subsoi, either natura or artificia Avoid groundwater systems Load-bearing capacity must be adequate Impermeabe subsoi, either natura or artificia Avoid groundwater systems Environmenta conditions At a safe distance from popuated areas (typicay > 100 m) Avoid cutura or archaeoogicay sensitive sites At a safe distance from popuated areas (typicay > 100 m) Pan for the impact of orries Avoid cutura or archaeoogicay sensitive sites Buffer for sensitive areas Baseine information Information reevant to potentia impacts and restoration requirements, e.g.: Soi quaity Water quaity Information reevant to potentia impacts and restoration requirements, e.g.: Soi quaity Water quaity Management and maintenance considerations Sort waste Assess quantities Organize fina disposa contracts Water management Security to prevent unauthorized dumping Site restoration Sort waste Assess quantities Organize fina disposa contracts Water management Security to prevent unauthorized dumping 33

36 IPIECA OGP Waste transportation During cean-up operations both onshore and at sea, waste wi have to be transported, both within the response area and further afied to storage and disposa sites. In some circumstances the waste may need to be taken to another country. The transportation of waste within any operationa site wi require the use of sma vehices such as dump trucks, front-end oaders and a-terrain vehices; in inaccessibe areas anding craft or, in extreme cases, heicopters may be required. In some circumstances there may be no aternative to manua transfer. In such cases, particuar attention shoud be paid during cean-up to maintaining a maximum size and weight of containers of waste materia. The transfer of waste from recovery sites to storage sites shoud aso be carried out by suitabe vehices, e.g. tankers for iquid waste and seaed trucks for soid waste. In an emergency, a variety of vehices not normay used for oi transport may be used. This may incude vacuum trucks, tipper trucks, skips or refuse trucks. Sources of transport shoud, ideay, be identified in the contingency pan, and agreements made in advance. The appropriate protection of different types of transport from oi contamination through, for exampe, ining with impermeabe materia, shoud be considered and defined. It is important to ensure that these transport vehices do not eak and are carefuy decontaminated before eaving the site in order to reduce secondary contamination of roads and access routes. Loca egisative requirements shoud be given due consideration, and it shoud be noted that transport icences wi often be required for the movement of hazardous wastes. Particuary where heavy vehices are used, transport routes shoud be panned to ensure that the operation is carried out efficienty, safey and with minima risk to the environment and community. Where narrow roads are used, the options for estabishing a one-way transport system Right: on-site remova of waste from a beach which is inaccessibe to vehices; far right: airifting bags of waste ITOPF ITOPF 34

37 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Far eft: transfer of waste to a barge which is ined to prevent contamination by oi; near eft: on-site transfer of waste ITOPF ITOPF shoud be evauated and, where possibe, impemented. Training and awareness raising for transport companies and drivers with regard to safety and the environmenta risks of the operation is usefu. Emphasis shoud be paced on safe driving at speeds suited to the road and usage by others. Waste consignment A transport of waste away from the cean-up site shoud be documented. This enabes the organization generating the waste to exert a duty of care for its handing and disposa, to reduce the potentia for fy tipping or other inappropriate storage or disposa, and to satisfy reguatory and pubic reporting requirements. Such documentation, which may take the form of consignment notes or simiar, shoud record the quantity and type of waste picked up and the receipt of the same waste at the subsequent storage site, treatment or disposa faciity. An exampe of a consignment note is provided in Appendix B. The documentation shoud record a chain of custody for the waste as the responsibiity for handing and managing it is transferred between organizations. 35

38 IPIECA OGP Waste pretreatment, treatment and fina disposa One of the objectives of any oi spi cean-up operation is utimatey to treat, recyce or dispose of the oiy waste in an efficient and environmentay sound manner. The treatment and disposa options chosen wi depend upon the amount and types of oi and contaminated debris, the ocation of the spi, environmenta and ega considerations, the avaiabe infrastructure and the ikey costs invoved. Three main categories of waste handing may be defined, i.e. pretreatment, treatment and fina use/disposa. The objective of pretreatment is generay the separation of the different phases of the waste recovered (oi, water and soids). This may serve to reduce the quantity of waste materia requiring treatment or disposa, or it may be used to separate the waste into components that are more easiy handed, treated or disposed of. Treatment of the waste is a set of activities that reduce the waste quantity or its hazard status, or which recyce the waste or increase its vaue through recovery of energy or conversion to a materia that may be used productivey. Fina management of the waste is through disposa, usuay to and or water, or productive use of residua materia that may be derived from the pretreatment and treatment activities. The broad range of options avaiabe for each of these categories is summarized in Figure 6. Figure 6 Summary of the options for pretreatment, treatment and disposa of oiy waste (source: modified after CEDRE 2011) 36

39 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Further information on a number of common casses of treatment and disposa options for waste generated during a spi response is provided in Tabe 8. Techniques are summarized aong with some considerations for assessment of the suitabiity of the treatment/disposa method. Tabe 8 Summary of treatment and disposa options avaiabe for oiy waste Treatment/disposa method Techniques Considerations Reprocessing Oi is recovered with a ow water and debris content and is then reprocessed through an oi refinery or recycing pant. Refineries cannot accept oi with a high sat content because it can cause irreversibe corrosion damage to the pipework. Oi can then be reused the preferred option as identified in the waste hierarchy (see Figure 3). Oi that is heaviy contaminated with water, sediment and debris is aso unacceptabe. Oi/water separation Separation generay occurs by gravity i.e. oiy water is put into a ined pit and aowed to separate out. A skimmer is then used to remove the oi from the surface. Specia separation equipment, portabe or found at oi processing instaations, is aso often used. Oiy water residue from separation techniques may then have to undergo further treatment, e.g. through a system of weir separators, as the hydrocarbon content wi sti be too high for reease into the environment. Speciaist centrifuges or fitration technoogy may aso be avaiabe for finer separation of oi from water. Emusion breaking Heating can be used to break emusions down to oi and water phases. In some cases speciaized emusion breaking chemicas may be required. Any chemicas used may remain in the water after separation so additiona water treatment may be required before reease into the environment. Once separated the recovered oi can be bended into refinery feedstock or reprocessed. Stabiization The oi can be stabiized using inorganic substances such as quickime (cacium oxide), fy ash or cement. Contact with quickime can cause irritation to eyes, skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestina tract. Stabiization forms an inert mixture that reduces the risk of the oi eaching out and thus can be sent to andfi with fewer restrictions than free oi. Quickime reacts with water, reeasing sufficient heat to ignite combustibe materias. The waste product is often increased in voume. Athough ess hazardous, there is a greater quantity to manage. continued 37

40 IPIECA OGP Tabe 8 Summary of treatment and disposa options avaiabe for oiy waste (continued) Treatment/disposa method Techniques Considerations Bioremediation Bioremediation is used to acceerate the natura, microbia breakdown of oi. One exampe of bioremediation is and farming. Oiy debris, with reativey ow oi content, is spread eveny over the and and thoroughy mixed into the soi promoting natura breakdown of oi by microorganisms For onshore spis, it may be possibe to remediate contaminated soi or rock in situ, thereby eiminating handing and treatment of an oiy soid waste. Bioremediated materia may need mixing at intervas to encourage aeration; fertiizer may be added if necessary and consideration shoud be given to the suitabiity of ocation e.g. adequate distance from potabe aquifers. Landfarms suitabe for bioremediation are becoming difficut to find. Space, cimate and water avaiabiity considerations may imit the usefuness of this option. Use a risk based approach to evauate if insitu bioremediation is the best practicabe environmenta option. The suitabiity of an off-site bioremediation faciity shoud be assessed before use to prevent secondary contamination and groundwater impacts. Beach washing Invoves the ceaning of pebbes and cobbes, either in situ or at a separate treatment site. For bouders and rocks coated in oi, ceaning may be carried out through washing on a gri aowing the oiy water to drain off for treatment. For ight oiing, bouders and pebbes can be moved into the surf zone for natura ceaning. The wave energy wi move them back into their origina position over time. During surf washing, poutant is coected on the sea surface by net. Remova of materia for washing shoud ony be considered when the sediments hod a arge quantity of oi because it is time consuming, costy, produces a ot of oiy water waste requiring treatment, and there is often difficuty in defining when materia is oi free and can be returned to the beach. Sand washing The preferred method is through surf washing of the sand in situ. During surf washing, poutant is coected on the sea surface by sorbent nets, booms or snares. For sandy sediments, speciaist sand ceaning equipment can be used. A suitabe sovent may aso be added, where permitted, to aid the process. In genera, excavation and washing of sand is not recommended. It is time consuming, costy, and produces a ot of oiy water waste requiring treatment. It is often difficut to determine when sediment is oi- or soventfree and can be returned to the beach. continued 38

41 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Tabe 8 Summary of treatment and disposa options avaiabe for oiy waste (continued) Treatment/disposa method Techniques Considerations Incineration A treatment technoogy invoving the destruction of waste by controed burning at high temperatures. In the instance of oied waste, the high temperatures break down the hydrocarbons. The remaining soids are reduced to a ess vouminous, generay inert ash. High temperature industria incinerators are abe to dea with oiy wastes. Sma quantities may be admitted to domestic waste incinerators. Cement factories and kins are often a permitted, viabe method and wi keep costs down, as treated waste can sometimes be used as a raw materia or as an aternative fue. Incinerator options exist that are mobie and can be estabished at the spi cean-up site. Up to 99% reduction in the voume of waste may be achieved. The use of portabe incinerators is often prohibited by egisation that stipuates that the ocation must be icenced and an environmenta impact assessment carried out because of atmospheric poution. Oi recovered from the marine environment may contain sat; its highy corrosive nature may render the waste unsuitabe for incineration. High temperature industria incinerators are imited in suppy, making them unabe to dea with arge quantities of waste, and they are often costy. Ash residue must be disposed of correcty. Pyroysis and therma desorption Pyroysis is an exampe of high temperature therma treatment. The method converts organic oiy waste into gas and soid residues through indirect heating without oxygen. The process historicay was used for distiing coa but is now used for deaing with industria oi-pouted waste materias. Therma desorption aims to separate contaminants from sediments. This is achieved by heating the waste to vaporize the contaminants, without oxidizing them. Due to the speciaized nature and sophistication of the pant, high costs may be incurred. High organic or moisture content may increase costs and increases the difficuty of treating the gas emissions. High sediment content can potentiay damage the processor unit. Anything greater than 60 mm in diameter typicay must be removed prior to processing. Therma desorption can be carried out either as high temperature therma desorption ( C) or ow temperature therma desorption ( C). The atter is most often used for remediating sois containing hydrocarbons as it enabes treated soi to retain the abiity to support bioogica activity and for recamation of the oi without it cracking. continued 39

42 IPIECA OGP Tabe 8 Summary of treatment and disposa options avaiabe for oiy waste (continued) Treatment/disposa method Techniques Considerations Landfi Oiy waste containing a ow percentage of oi (% variabe depending on oca circumstances) may be suitabe for codisposa with non-hazardous, domestic waste and taken to designated andfi sites. Estabished andfi sites are usuay ined, which is a requirement for oiy waste as it prevents the oi eaching out into surface water and aquifers. They are aso usuay covered daiy, which prevents infitration of rainwater thus reducing the potentia for an increase in generation of eachate. The andfi sites may need specia permission from the oca reguatory authority to receive this type of waste and voumes are often imited. Chemica testing shoud be conducted to determine the hazardous content of the oi at this stage. Space and iabiity concerns are reducing the avaiabiity of andfi sites suited to taking oiy waste. Subject to stringent ong-term monitoring. Increases the ong-term iabiity risk. The most appropriate choice of treatment and disposa options wi depend on the type of waste. Tabe 9 identifies some of the different treatment and disposa options avaiabe reative to different categories of waste that may be encountered. It is worthwhie, as part of the contingency panning process, to create a simiar tabe to match the ikey wastes that may be encountered with the practica options for treatment and disposa avaiabe ocay. Tabe 9 Compatibiity of different treatment and disposa methods with various waste types Waste type Treatment/disposa method Reprocessing Oi-water separation Emusion breaking Stabiization Bioremediation Sediment washing Therma treatment Heavy fue use Landfi Pure oi Oi and water Oi and sediment (fine or coarse) Oi and organic debris Oi and PPE/ equipment

43 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY 6: Waste treatment and disposa exporing green aternatives Deepwater Horizon, USA 2010 (see aso Sweeten, 2012b) A gas reease and subsequent exposion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oi rig whie driing an exporation we at the Macondo prospect in the Guf of Mexico. This resuted in a reease of crude oi to the sea before the we was seaed. The offshore and onshore response invoved, at its peak, some 47,000 peope. To dea with the arge quantity of iquid and soid oiy waste that was being generated a waste management team of some 125 peope was estabished, spit between the command centres and the fied sites. Part of this team was dedicated to finding and evauating options to reuse or recyce the various waste types being generated, as a Green Aternatives programme. This programme tested the ogistica feasibiity of the promising options for recycing/reuse before impementing those that proved feasibe in the circumstances of this spi. The options that progressed to fu-scae impementation incuded: recycing poypropyene from sorbent boom for use in pastics for vehice parts; recovery of energy from 3.8 miion feet of damaged hard containment boom; and recycing and processing of iquid oi and emusions to minera oi products. Athough the use of oied sand and tar bas as input materias for asphat was eventuay proven in concept, the time taken to satisfy the reguatory process for the piot phase deayed fu-scae impementation to the point where it was impractica to incude it in the waste management programme. The key benefits of recycing/reuse and green aternatives incuded: preserving critica andfi space and/or treatment throughput capacity; creating useabe products; and creating energy vaue. Evauation of the options avaiabe for pretreatment and treatment of waste shoud take account of the waste hierarchy in the decision making process, with the aim of estabishing the Best Practicabe Environmenta Option (BPEO) or Best Avaiabe Technique (BAT) given the circumstances of the spi. Technoogies that resut in reduction or beneficia use of waste shoud be given priority where practicabe. For spis that produce arge quantities of waste of different types it can be vauabe to aocate accountabiity to a part of the response team to expore and evauate recycing/reuse options. In some cases, as in the response to the Deepwater Horizon spi in 2010 (Case Study 6 and Figure 7), opportunities may become avaiabe that were not envisaged during contingency panning. Figure 7 Iustration of a recycing process from boom materia to pastic products Saturated absorbents Centrifuge Dry absorbent Reuse Disposa Oi and water extracted Bae absorbents Injection mouded into pastic parts Resin Processing Shredding Courtesy of BP 41

44 IPIECA OGP Waste management initia response actions At the beginning of a response to an oi spi, the waste management strategy and pan must be refined to match the circumstances of the spi in question. In addition, certain eary actions are usefu to ensure the waste management eement of the response starts in a timey manner. Some of the practica actions that can be taken are summarized in Tabe 10. Tabe 10 Practica eary actions to take in response to an oi spi to confirm and impement the waste management strategy Aspect Practica actions Estabish the nature of the task Gather information through A guide to oied shoreine assessment (SCAT) surveys (IPIECA-OGP, 2014a), predicting ikey ocations, quantities and types of oiy waste that wi be produced. Confirm the types of waste that may be expected. Make an initia quaitative/semi-quantitative estimate of the ikey voume of waste. Take eary action Notify appicabe reguatory agencies. Mobiize initia oi spi response teams. Notify/mobiize waste management support companies. Take eary steps to minimize the oiy waste produced. Predict which coastine may be oied and act to remove debris from that area prior to oi anding. Depoy resources to minimize impacts on human heath and the environment. Waste management strategy and pan Confirm avaiabiity of permitted faciities and waste users. Confirm storage capacity of existing infrastructure. Consider the environment and the heath of pubic and responders. Refine the waste management strategy and pan, refecting the practica situation. Confirm cassification of the wastes. Define waste minimization and segregation needs. Estimate infrastructure required to support the waste management strategy. Identify issues to be resoved and aocate accountabiities for their resoution, incuding iaison with reguators. Communication/ training Ensure the spi management and cean-up teams are famiiar with the defined waste management strategy. Ensure good, ongoing communication inks between the cean-up operations teams and those responsibe for waste management. Recruitment Set up a defined recruitment process to ensure human resource needs are met with suitaby quaified individuas. Ensure adequate staffing eves are avaiabe for a continuous response effort. Compiance For compex ogistica arrangements consider impementing a compiance assurance system incuding inspections, audits, waste management advisers at cean-up sites, consignment notes. Green aternatives Test the options generated during contingency panning. It is possibe that ocation, ogistics, economics or reguatory hurdes may make an option unsuitabe for this particuar spi. Identify and evauate new options for reuse and recycing. 42

45 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Concusions Waste management is an important component of most, if not a, oi spi response efforts. Furthermore, it may be one of the most significant aspects, in terms of both the operationa impact and the environmenta and financia burdens, in both the ong and short term. Effective waste management faciitates an efficient cean-up operation, may reduce environmenta risk/iabiities and enabes environmentay beneficia actions through recycing, reuse or energy recovery. Conversey, poor management of waste may hamper the cean-up effort, increase environmenta risk and financia cost, and potentiay generate onger-term iabiities from secondary contamination. The waste management activities may be compex and require significant resources. They may invove mutipe types of waste, both oiy and non-oiy, be controed by nationa and, potentiay, internationa egisation, and require a ogistics chain of waste coection and transportation, temporary storage site(s) and mutipe recycing and/or disposa sites. For the effective management of waste it is essentia that this potentia for compexity and the issues it may raise are we understood in advance of a spi event so that they can be panned for and mitigated. Waste management panning for oi spi response, therefore, is a fundamenta part of the contingency panning process and principay invoves: anticipating the types, associated hazards and potentia quantities of wastes that may be generated in oi spi scenarios; identifying the ega requirements reating to a potentia waste types and, specificay, how they are managed, in terms of their storage, transportation, treatment and disposa; identifying the existing baseine infrastructure of waste storage sites, transport, treatment and disposa faciities and their capabiity; estabishing the waste management objectives of a cean-up, ideay buiding into the design of the cean-up strategy the concept of the waste management hierarchy, and especiay prioritizing waste avoidance and reduction; further, for wastes generated, identifying and giving priority to options that recover, reuse or recyce materia or energy; estabishing a waste management strategy and pan as a component of the contingency pans that identify the waste management requirements and resources avaiabe to impement the pan. This panning process shoud highight potentia risks to the efficient execution of a waste management pan. Identifying and understanding these risks in advance can enabe appropriate mitigating actions to be taken in a timey manner. In the event of a spi, the waste management strategy and pan shoud be re-examined and refreshed to ensure that they refect the practica situation encountered and compement the cean-up strategy for this particuar response. Key decisions on the soutions for the management of waste are best confirmed during the initia response effort when it is possibe to make reaistic expectations of waste quantity and type. The use of good practice techniques described in this document, together with the deveopment and impementation of an effective waste management pan, compementing the oi spi contingency pan, shoud contribute to an effective response to an oi spi. 43

46 IPIECA OGP References and further reading CEDRE (2011). Guidance on Waste Management During a Shoreine Poution Incident. Operationa Guideines. Detaied and practica manua guiding a aspects of waste management during a shoreine poution incident. Usefu tips and checkists on what to do and what not to do for each aspect. Points are we iustrated with diagrams and photographs. (80 pages.) IPIECA/ITOPF (2007): Oi Spi Compensation: A Guide to the Internationa Conventions on Liabiity and Compensation for Oi Poution Damage. A guide providing a summary of the fundamenta features of the Conventions. Comprises an expanatory text and a series of answers to commony asked questions. (21 pp.) ITOPF (2011). Disposa of Oi and Debris. Technica Information Paper no. 9. This paper summarises the nature of waste generated from oi spis and how to minimize, hande, store, transport and treat such waste. Based on extensive experience of ITOPF in spi response. Usefuy iustrated with photographs. (11 pp.) MCA (2010a). Panning the Processing of Waste arising from a Marine Oi Spi: Part 3: Post Incident Panning. Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Estabishes a process for reviewing and confirming the waste management strategy at the time of an oi spi incident. Created for the purpose of deaing with an oi spi incident in the UK, the principes within the document have wider appicabiity. (202 pp.) MCA (2010b), Panning the Processing of Waste arising from a Marine Oi Spi; Part 4: Information and Data. Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Contains usefu data sheets for a wide range of treatment and disposa options for oi spi waste. (85 pp.) IPIECA-OGP (2012). Oi spi responder heath and safety. Detais the heath and safety considerations necessary during oi spi response. Appies to a aspects of the response. (38 pp.) IPIECA-OGP (2014a). A guide to oied shoreine assessment (SCAT) surveys. IPIECA-OGP (2014b). In-situ burning of oi (in progress). IPIECA-OGP (2014c). Dispersant use on oi spis at sea (in progress). IPIECA-OGP (2014d). Contingency panning for oi spis on water (in progress). IPIECA-OGP (2014e). Mechanica recovery (in progress). IPIECA-OGP (2014f). Inand response (in progress). IPIECA-OGP (2014g). Economic assessment and compensation for marine oi spis (in progress). Poaris (2009). Guideines and Strategies for Oi Spi Waste Management in Arctic Regions. Focuses on the considerations that are integra to the seection of practica and feasibe strategies and tactics for arctic regions and, in particuar, for areas that are remote from existing waste management infrastructure. (115 pp.) Sweeten D. W. (2012). Keys to Successfu Response Waste Management Programs: Experience from the Deepwater Horizon. SPE Paper Sweeten D. W. (2012b). Integrating Green Waste Management Strategies into Emergency Response Waste Management Programmes: Exampes from the Deepwater Horizon Response. SPE Paper Dohopf, R. and Durno, M. (2011), Kaamazoo River/Enbridge Pipeine Spi Proceedings of the 2011 Internationa Oi Spi Conference, American Petroeum Institute, Washington DC. 44

47 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Appendix A: Exampe structure of an oi spi waste management pan Subject Content Usefu questions to ask in panning Introduction Statement of scope, appicabiity, and references to supporting documents. Is this pan consistent with, and integrated or crossreferenced within, the oi spi contingency pan? Scope and responsibiity Statement of personne, parties invoved, and spi management roes assigned to responsibiities in the waste management process. What speciaist resources with regard to waste management wi be needed for the various sizes and ocations of spi? Where wi these resources come from? Are there oca waste management companies that are competent to provide the waste management part of the spi response team? Is the avaiabe oca workforce sufficient for the initia response to oi spi cean-up efforts? Are emergency response contracts in pace to work with oca waste contractors and faciities in the event of a spi? Have waste management training and dris been defined and schedued? Lega requirements List and describe appicabe reguations and aws and how waste management wi compy with requirements. What is the appicabe egisation that contros the treatment and disposa of oiy waste? Who are the reguators that need to be consuted about waste storage, treatment and disposa? Are there aspects of egisation that coud prevent the efficient and environmentay conscious storage, treatment and disposa of oiy waste in the event of a spi? Poicy/ strategy Statement of poicy/strategic objectives for waste management, incuding, for exampe, waste minimization, eary panning, recycing, and disposa. Are waste management matters ceary addressed in the cean-up objectives? What strategy/poicy statements are required for waste management? Decontamination Procedures and responsibiities for equipment and personne decontamination (or cross-reference where this is deveoped esewhere). Are arrangements in pace to decontaminate equipment and personne to prevent secondary contamination? Wastes and cassification Describe expected or typica wastes generated from spi response, how these are cassified, tests or procedures to be used to cassify and segregate wastes, and packaging and abeing (where and if appropriate). What types of waste are ikey to be produced? What quantities of waste may be produced given the spi scenarios evauated in the pan? What aboratory testing wi be required? Recovered oi, oiy water and iquid mixes Describe procedures for handing recovered oiy iquids, incuding those from pumping (from tanks, pipeines, etc.) and skimming. How is iquid waste to be handed and stored? 1. Initia process 2. Decanting (oi/water separation) 3. Storage 4. Recycing continued 45

48 IPIECA OGP Appendix A: Exampe structure of an oi spi waste management pan (continued) Subject Content Usefu questions to ask in panning Oiy debris Describe procedures for handing recovered oiy soids, incuding sorbents, oied sediments or substrates, PPE, hoses, etc. 1. Segregation 2. Testing 3. Containers 4. Interim storage 5. Burning 6. Transportation What method(s) of oiy waste coection is (are) required to minimize the quantity of waste produced? Is speciaist equipment required? What PPE wi be needed for the personne conducting cean-up efforts? Non-oied materia Describe procedures for handing soids that are not oied. These are typicay wastes generated at faciities, such as containers and refuse from food, water and services. What other, non-oiy wastes wi resut from the cean-up operation from support activities such as catering and sanitary faciities, for exampe? Most often these foow standard (not oi spi) waste stream procedures. Anima carcasses Describe procedures for handing carcasses (oied and non-oied). Generay entais coordination with government agency/agencies and, in cases, detaied ogs and chain of custody. Is there a risk of oied widife? How are anima carcasses to be deat with? Typicay coordinated with Widife Response Pan and teams. Transportation Identify icensed transportation companies, contacts, agreements, capabiities and imitations. What vehices are avaiabe ocay that can be used? What additiona materias woud be needed to protect the vehices from oi poution and prevent eakage? From where wi these be obtained? What transportation routes are avaiabe for use during oi spi response efforts? What natura resources or sensitive areas aong the transportation route need protecting? Disposa and recycing faciities Identify icensed disposa and recycing companies, contacts, agreements, capabiities and imitations. What faciities exist for treatment and disposa of oiy waste? Is this isted with contact detais, and avaiabe to a response team? What is the capacity of their storage and rate of treatment of waste in the event of a spi? What options are avaiabe for the recycing/reuse of waste? What factors woud prevent the use of these options and what impications does this have for waste coection/segregation? continued 46

49 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Subject Content Usefu questions to ask in panning Resources and ogistics Define the generic structure of the ogistics chain(s); identify threshod points in size of spi response where they infuence this generic structure. List or cross-reference equipment avaiabe (faciity, company, oca), capacities, points of contact, and imitations for temporary waste storage, oi-water separators, abs and test faciities, transportation (water, and and air, as appropriate), and disposa. Define requirements for temporary waste storage, incuding site seection criteria, baseine information required, generic design requirements. Are appropriate quantities of suitabe storage receptaces identified and avaiabe? What network of waste storage sites wi be required? Have suitabe sites (or unsuitabe ocations) for on-site storage been added to coasta sensitivity maps and GIS databases? Is there sufficient existing infrastructure to make the setting up of intermediate storage sites unnecessary? What options exist for intermediate storage sites? Have generic design requirements of storage sites been defined and agreed to enabe rapid impementation? What environmenta baseine information is required before using storage sites? Record keeping and reporting Define what records need to be generated, reported and kept (e.g. for ega, compensation or cost recovery reasons), incuding arrangements for recording waste generated, transported (consignment notes) and disposed of. What records wi need to be generated? (e.g. waste quantities, consignment notes, aboratory anayses). How shoud these records be stored and for how ong? Operationa contro and assurance Describe what activities are required to ensure work is being conducted in accordance with the pan (e.g. inspections, audit, organizationa measures). What organizationa, inspection and audit arrangements are needed to ensure compiance with the pan? Action pan Define actions that are to be taken to address identified issues with regard to any of the above pan eements. Has anything changed since the pan was deveoped or ast reviewed (e.g. egisation, treatment or disposa sites, oi spi risk assessment, etc.)? What is the significance of these changes? Does the pan need to be updated? What actions need to be taken prior to a spi in order to aow an effective waste management response? What barriers need to be overcome? Do ca-off contracts need to be estabished? 47

50 IPIECA OGP Appendix B: Exampe of a hazardous waste consignment note The note is competed by the waste producer, transporter and receiving waste management faciity, each retaining a copy of the competed note. 48

51 OIL SPILL WASTE MINIMIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Terminoogy and abbreviations AFFF Best Avaiabe Technique (BAT) Best Practicabe Environmenta Option (BPEO) CEDRE FFFP ITOPF PPE WMP Aqueous fim forming foams The technoogy and/or operating practice that is most effective in achieving a high eve of protection of the environment as a whoe, subject to avaiabiity and a cost/benefit test. For a given set of objectives, the option that provides the most benefits or the east damage to the environment, as a whoe, at acceptabe cost, in the ong term as we as in the short term. Centre de documentation, de recherche, et d expérimentations sur es poutions accidentees des eaux (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidenta Water Poution) Fim forming fuoroprotein Internationa Tanker Owners Poution Federation Personne protective equipment Waste management pan Acknowedgements The assistance of Hudson Ord Associates in the production of this document is gratefuy acknowedged. We are gratefu to the foowing organizations for their contributions to this document: Centre de documentation, de recherche, et d expérimentations sur es poutions accidentees des eaux (CEDRE) Internationa Tanker Owners Poution Federation Limited (ITOPF) UK Maritime Coastguard Agency (MCA) Oi Spi Response Limited (OSRL) Owens Coasta Consutants Ltd 49

52 IPIECA is the goba oi and gas industry association for environmenta and socia issues. It deveops, shares and promotes good practices and knowedge to hep the industry improve its environmenta and socia performance; and is the industry s principa channe of communication with the United Nations. Through its member ed working groups and executive eadership, IPIECA brings together the coective expertise of oi and gas companies and associations. Its unique position within the industry enabes its members to respond effectivey to key environmenta and socia issues. OGP represents the upstream oi and gas industry before internationa organizations incuding the Internationa Maritime Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regiona Seas Conventions and other groups under the UN umbrea. At the regiona eve, OGP is the industry representative to the European Commission and Pariament and the OSPAR Commission for the North East Atantic. Equay important is OGP s roe in promugating best practices, particuary in the areas of heath, safety, the environment and socia responsibiity. IPIECA-OGP 2014 A rights reserved.