Level(s) A common EU framework of core sustainability indicators for office and residential buildings

Transcription

1 Level(s) A cmmn EU framewrk f cre sustainability indicatrs fr ffice and residential buildings Parts 1 and 2: Intrductin t Level(s) and hw it wrks (Beta v1.0) Nichlas Ddd, Maur Crdella, Marzia Travers, Shane Dnatell (Unit B5) August 2017 EUR EN

2 This publicatin is a Science fr Plicy reprt by the Jint Research Centre (JRC), the Eurpean Cmmissin s science and knwledge service. It aims t prvide evidence-based scientific supprt t the Eurpean plicymaking prcess. The scientific utput expressed des nt imply a plicy psitin f the Eurpean Cmmissin. Neither the Eurpean Cmmissin nr any persn acting n behalf f the Cmmissin is respnsible fr the use that might be made f this publicatin. Cntact infrmatin Nichlas Ddd Address: Edifici Exp. c/ Inca Garcilas, 3. E Seville (Spain) jrc-b5-levels@ec.eurpa.eu Tel.: JRC Science Hub JRC EUR EN PDF ISBN ISSN di: / Luxemburg: Publicatins Office f the Eurpean Unin, 2017 Eurpean Unin, 2017 Reuse is authrised prvided the surce is acknwledged. The reuse plicy f Eurpean Cmmissin dcuments is regulated by Decisin 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, , p. 39). Fr any use r reprductin f phts r ther material that is nt under the EU cpyright, permissin must be sught directly frm the cpyright hlders. Hw t cite this reprt: Ddd.N, Crdella.M,Travers.M and Dnatell.S, Level(s) A cmmn EU framewrk f cre sustainability indicatrs fr ffice and residential buildings: Parts 1 and 2, EUR EN, Publicatins Office f the Eurpean Unin, Luxemburg, 2017, ISBN , di: /827838, JRC All images Eurpean Unin 2017, except: page 29, figure 1.1.1, surce: CEN (2017) Title Level(s) A cmmn EU framewrk f cre sustainability indicatrs fr ffice and residential buildings: Parts 1 and 2 Abstract Develped as a cmmn EU framewrk f cre indicatrs fr the sustainability f ffice and residential buildings, Level(s) prvides a set f indicatrs and cmmn metrics fr measuring the perfrmance f buildings alng their life cycle. As well as envirnmental perfrmance, which is the main fcus, it als enables ther imprtant related perfrmance aspects t be assessed using indicatrs and tls fr health and cmfrt, life cycle cst and ptential future risks t perfrmance. Level(s) aims t prvide a general language f sustainability fr buildings. This cmmn language shuld enable actins t be taken at building level that can make a clear cntributin t brader Eurpean envirnmental plicy bjectives. It is structured as fllws: 1. Macr-bjectives: An verarching set f six macr-bjectives fr the Level(s) framewrk that cntribute t EU and Member State plicy bjectives in areas such as energy, material use and waste, water and indr air quality. 2. Cre Indicatrs: A set f 9 cmmn indicatrs fr measuring the perfrmance f buildings which cntribute t achieving each macr-bjective. 3. Life cycle tls: A set f 4 scenari tls and 1 data cllectin tl, tgether with a simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methdlgy, that are designed t supprt a mre hlistic analysis f the perfrmance f buildings based n whle life cycle thinking. 4. Value and risk rating: A checklist and rating system prvides infrmatin n the ptential psitive cntributin t a prperty valuatin and the underlying reliability f perfrmance assessments made using the Level(s) framewrk. In additin, the Level(s) framewrk aims t prmte life cycle thinking. It guides users frm an initial fcus n individual aspects f building perfrmance twards a mre hlistic perspective, with the aim f wider Eurpean use f Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cst Assessment (LCCA). 2

3 Table f cntents Part 1 f the Level(s) framewrk Intrductin t Part 1 f the Level(s) framewrk What is the Level(s) framewrk? Fr which types f buildings can Level(s) be used? Why use the Level(s) framewrk? Wh are the target grups fr the Level(s) framewrk? Building designers, cnstructrs and managers Prject investrs, prmters and end-users Public authrities and third party perfrmance assessment At what stage in a building prject can the Level(s) framewrk be used? The structure f the Level(s) framewrk The macr-bjectives f the Level(s) framewrk Encuraging a life cycle apprach Wrking at different levels t btain perfrmance data Hw the Level(s) framewrk can be used Hw t carry ut and reprt n a perfrmance assessment Direct use f the Level(s) framewrk In-direct use f the Level(s) framewrk The three levels f perfrmance assessment Level 1: The cmmn perfrmance assessment Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment Level 3: Optimised perfrmance assessment Prviding a reprting frmat fr the indicatr results Valuatin influence and reliability rating f the reprted results A fcus n as-built and ccupied perfrmance Pst-cmpletin perfrmance evaluatin and mnitring Pst-ccupancy evaluatin f satisfactin Part 2 f the Level(s) framewrk Intrductin t part 2 f the Level(s) framewrk Life cycle thinking at building level Descriptin f the building t be assessed The macr-bjectives and their assciated indicatrs Macr-bjective 1: Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle

4 Macr-bjective 2: Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles Macr-bjective 3: Efficient use f water resurces Macr-bjective 4: Healthy and cmfrtable spaces Macr-bjective 5: Adaptatin and resilience t climate change Macr-bjective 6: Optimised life cycle cst and value Overarching assessment tl 7: Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment

5 Acknwledgements The authrs wuld like t acknwledge the supprt f Jsefina Lindblm frm DG Envirnment and Manfred Fuchs frm DG GROW in the develpment f the Level(s) framewrk. Mrever, the wide ranging supprt, technical input and guidance received frm members f the prject Steering Grup (SG1), the expert Sub Grups (SG2 and SG3) and the main stakehlder grup (SG4) has als been critical t the develpment f Level(s). The members f these grups are listed here: 5

6 Part 1 f the Level(s) framewrk 1. Intrductin t Part 1 f the Level(s) framewrk 1.1 What is the Level(s) framewrk? Develped as a cmmn EU framewrk f cre indicatrs fr the sustainability f ffice and residential buildings, Level(s) prvides a set f indicatrs and cmmn metrics fr measuring the envirnmental perfrmance f buildings alng their life cycle. As well as envirnmental perfrmance, which is the main fcus, it als enables ther imprtant related aspects f the perfrmance f buildings t be assessed using indicatrs fr health and cmfrt, life cycle cst and ptential future risks t perfrmance. Level(s) aims t prvide a general language f sustainability fr buildings. This cmmn language shuld enable actins t be taken at building level that can make a clear cntributin t brader Eurpean envirnmental plicy bjectives. It is structured as fllws: 1 Macr-bjectives: An verarching set f six macr-bjectives fr the Level(s) framewrk that cntribute t EU and Member State plicy bjectives in areas such as energy, material use and waste, water and indr air quality. 2 Cre Indicatrs: A set f 9 cmmn indicatrs fr measuring the perfrmance f buildings which cntribute t achieving each macrbjective. 3 Life cycle tls: A set f 4 scenari tls and 1 data cllectin tl, tgether with a simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methdlgy, that are designed t supprt a mre hlistic analysis f the perfrmance f buildings based n whle life cycle thinking. 4 Value and risk rating: A checklist and rating system prvides infrmatin n the reliability f perfrmance assessments made using the Level(s) framewrk. In additin, the Level(s) framewrk aims t prmte life cycle thinking. It guides users frm an initial fcus n individual aspects f building perfrmance twards a mre hlistic perspective, with the ultimate aim being the ptential fr wider use acrss Eurpe f tw main tls Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cst Assessment (LCCA). 1.2 Fr which types f buildings can Level(s) be used? The scpe f the Level(s) framewrk is ffice and residential buildings. This scpe encmpasses bth new and existing buildings at the pint f majr renvatin 1. Perfrmance may be assessed and reprted n at a number f different levels depending n the nature f the develpment: individual ffice and residential buildings multiple ffice building develpments (fr each distinct building type within the develpment) 1 A majr renvatin is where 1) the ttal cst f the renvatin relating t the building envelpe r the technical building systems is higher than 25 % f the value f the building, excluding the value f the land upn which the building is situated, r b) mre than 25 % f the surface f the building envelpe will underg renvatin. 6

7 multiple residential building develpments (fr each distinct typlgy f huse r apartment within the develpment) husing stck (fr each distinct typlgy f huse r apartment types within the stck) ffice building prtfli (fr each distinct building type in the prtfli) 1.3 Why use the Level(s) framewrk? The idea f designing and cnstructing 'sustainable' buildings is very straight frward - use less energy, water and materials, achieving buildings with better envirnmental perfrmance, while at the same time making the buildings healthier and mre cmfrtable fr their ccupants, in turn making them less cstly t run and financially mre valuable in the lng term. The Level(s) framewrk fcuses attentin n the mst imprtant aspects f a building's perfrmance, prviding a simple entry pint fr smene wh wants t wrk n 'sustainable' buildings fr the first time. The level f cmplexity that ne might want t use fr the prject (r that may be requested by clients) culd differ ranging frm very basic requirements t the use f mre challenging perfrmance assessment schemes and tls. As a result, the Eurpean Cmmissin has develped this framewrk in rder t: prvide an easy starting pint t intrduce sustainability and life cycle thinking int prjects; fcus n a manageable number f essential cncepts and indicatrs that cntribute t achieving envirnmental plicy gals; supprt effrts t ptimise building designs and their peratin, with a fcus n the precisin f data, calculatin methds and simulatins; supprt effrts t minimise gaps between design and actual perfrmance, in terms f bth measured perfrmance and ccupant satisfactin; supprt cmmitments t track perfrmance all the way frm design stage thrugh t peratin and ccupatin f a building; enable cmparisns t be made between buildings in a gegraphical area r in a prtfli, r between design ptins at an early stage; allw users t select between three different levels f cmprehensiveness in hw perfrmance can be calculated and reprted n, chsen accrding t the different pririties and gals f users; ensure that when using these indicatrs, users will be wrking t cmmn perfrmance assessment methds and standards used in the EU, s as t cmplement and reinfrce existing initiatives; The intentin is nt t create a new standalne building certificatin scheme, r t establish perfrmance benchmarks, but rather t prvide a cnsistent and cmparable vluntary reprting framewrk that wrks acrss natinal bundaries and has a brad ptential fr use by building sectr prfessinals acrss the EU. 1.4 Wh are the target grups fr the Level(s) framewrk? The Level(s) framewrk is aimed at prfessinals that play a critical rle in the develpment f building prjects. It has been designed t prvide a cmmn language f sustainability perfrmance assessment fr use by the fllwing prject actrs: Prperty wners, develpers and investrs. Design teams (including architects, engineers and quantity surveyrs). Cnstructin and demlitin management (including cnstructin managers and lead cntractrs). Prperty agents and valuers. 7

8 Asset and facilities managers. Public and private rganisatins that will ccupy the buildings assessed. These actrs include bth public and private clients and managers f building prjects. Thrughut the Level(s) framewrk, guidance ntes are prvided which are rientated twards these six different target grups Building designers, cnstructrs and managers In additin t the general advantages f using the Level(s) framewrk that were described in sectin 1.3, specific added value can be realised by these target grups. The Level(s) framewrk supprts the prfessinal develpment f prject teams t assess the perfrmance f buildings alng their life cycle. Table 1.1 Ptential advantages fr prject teams f using the Level(s) framewrk Prject actrs Ptential advantages f using Level(s) Design teams (including architects, engineers and quantity surveyrs) Cnstructin management (including cnstructin managers and lead cntractrs) It prvides flexibility in the level f detail at which sustainability aspects can be addressed in the design prcess. It has a fcus n the perfrmance f the cmpleted building, and the steps t be taken at design stage t ensure high perfrmance. It prvides a simple structure that can be presented t clients in rder t priritise attentin n sustainability aspects. It supprts the user at each stage in a prject, with guidance ntes n hw t make accurate perfrmance assessments. It prvides a simple structure that can be used t priritise attentin n sustainability aspects. It identifies the rle that can be played in mnitring and checking that design perfrmance is met. Prperty agents and valuers It identifies hw imprved perfrmance may be reflected in valuatin and risk rating criteria. It prvides simplified ratings f hw reliable an estimated perfrmance f a building may be. Asset and facilities managers It prvides guidance n hw t carry ut building perfrmance mnitring and evaluatin, including pst-ccupancy surveys. It prvides guidance n life cycle management f a building, including maintenance and replacement planning Prject investrs, prmters and end-users The Level(s) framewrk supprts the decisin making prcess fr prperty wners, develpers and investrs, by ensuring transparency in reprting n hw perfrmance assessments are carried ut, and by prviding an utlk n the reliability f data that may be used t infrm investment decisins, appraisals and risk ratings. The satisfactin, cmfrt and prductivity f building ccupiers is als critical t maintaining prperty values and differentiating sustainable buildings in the prperty market, s is a natural fcus f attentin fr the Level(s) framewrk. 8

9 Table 1.2 Ptential advantages fr clients f using the Level(s) framewrk Prject actrs Ptential advantages f using the Level(s) framewrk Prperty wners, develpers and investrs Public and private rganisatins that will ccupy the buildings assessed. It prvides a clear set f pririty aspects f perfrmance t fcus attentin n, frming a basis fr instructing design prfessinals. It ensures transparency in the reprting f perfrmance assessment, and the assciated data, calculatin methds and assumptins. It fcusses n minimising the gap between design and ccupied perfrmance. It prvides simplified ratings f hw reliable an estimated perfrmance f a building may be. It identifies hw the cst, value and risk assciated with a building's perfrmance can be managed t deliver lng-term benefits. It prvides tls t identify pprtunities t extend the lifespan and imprve the lng term value f building assets. It fcusses n perfrmance aspects that are f direct nging financial interest t ccupiers, such as perating and maintenance csts; It includes headline indicatrs that measure cmfrt aspects f a building and its internal envirnment, e.g. indr air quality, thermal cmfrt. It prvides recmmendatins n hw the perfrmance f an ccupied building can be mnitred and surveyed Public authrities and third party perfrmance assessment The Level(s) framewrk prvides a cmmn set f perfrmance based indicatrs that reflect EU plicy bjectives fr the envirnment, health and the built envirnment. Mrever, their calculatin is supprted, wherever pssible, by EN and ISO reference standards. This results in a cmmn apprach t perfrmance assessment that is suitable fr brad use acrss the EU. If building assessment schemes, investr reprting schemes and public plicy instruments are aligned with, r incrprate the Level(s) framewrk within their criteria, then they can be used as a means f ensuring that building designs cntribute t the same cmmn plicy bjectives. 1.5 At what stage in a building prject can the Level(s) framewrk be used? In rder t make the link between design, as-built and ccupied perfrmance, the Level(s) framewrk makes it pssible t reprt n building perfrmance by using the indicatrs at the fllwing prject stages alng the life cycle f a building: Design stage (based n calculatins, simulatins and scenaris) Implementatin stage (based n as-built drawings, specificatins and tracking) Cmpletin stage (based n cmmissining and testing) Operatin stage (based n measured perfrmance and ccupant satisfactin) 9

10 In rder t make the link between these prject stages, and thse related t prperty valuatin and investment appraisal, the Level(s) framewrk als prvides infrmatin t supprt the fllwing stages in financing a building prject: Outline financial appraisal (based n an utline design) Detailed financial appraisal (based n a detailed design) Financial apprvals and due diligence (upn achieving planning permissin and permitting) Cst cntrl and value engineering (during the cnstructin prcess) Asset management and leasing (upn cmpletin and ccupatin) The Level(s) framewrk des this by fcussing n hw perfrmance estimates can be made mre reliable, prviding transparent infrmatin and prmting the use f standardised calculatin methds. Mrever, it fcuses n several aspects f perfrmance that have been shwn t be imprtant in sustaining the value f prperty ver time. 2. The structure f the Level(s) framewrk 2.1 The macr-bjectives f the Level(s) framewrk The Level(s) framewrk cnsists f six macr-bjectives, which set gals fr the cntributin f buildings acrss the EU t envirnmental, health and cmfrt, and cst, value and risk bjectives. Based n these gals, building specific indicatrs have been develped. In this way, users can be sure that by using the Level(s) framewrk, r schemes r tls that are aligned with the framewrk, they are cntributing t meeting these gals. The macr-bjectives are summarised in table 2.1. An verview f the indicatrs, scenaris and LCA tls that frm part f the Level(s) framewrk is presented in figure

11 Table 2.1 The six macr-bjectives f the Level(s) framewrk Macr bjectives Descriptin Thematic area: Life cycle envirnmental perfrmance 1. Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle 2. Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles 3. Efficient use f water resurces Minimise the ttal greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle, frm cradle t cradle, with a fcus n emissins frm building peratinal energy use and embdied energy. Optimise the building design, engineering and frm in rder t supprt lean and circular flws, extend lng-term material utility and reduce significant envirnmental impacts. Make efficient use f water resurces, particularly in areas f identified lng-term r prjected water stress. Thematic area: Health and cmfrt 4. Healthy and cmfrtable spaces Create buildings that are cmfrtable, attractive and prductive t live and wrk in and which prtect human health. Thematic area: Cst, value and risk 5. Adaptatin and resilience t climate change 6. Optimised life cycle cst and value Futureprf building perfrmance against prjected future changes in the climate, in rder t prtect ccupier health and cmfrt and t sustain and minimise risks t prperty values. Optimise the life cycle cst and value f buildings t reflect the ptential fr lng term perfrmance imprvement, inclusive f acquisitin, peratin, maintenance, refurbishment, dispsal and end f life. 11

12 Figure 2.1 Overview f the Level(s) framewrk 12

13 2.2 Encuraging a life cycle apprach The framewrk encurages users t think abut the whle life cycle f a building frm the manufacturing f the prducts and materials used t cnstruct the building, right thrugh t the building's eventual decnstructin and re-use and recycle f materials. In life cycle assessment, this cncept is referred t as 'cradle t cradle'. The framewrk is designed in a way that users can start by learning abut the different necessary steps t cnduct bth Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cst Assessment (LCCA). Having learnt abut these different steps, users can be mre cnfident t mve twards using LCA, and als LCCA, as life cycle tls t supprt perfrmance imprvement. These steps are illustrated in figure 2.2. Figure 2.2 The stages in carrying ut an LCA that frm part f the Level(s) framewrk Surce: adapted frm CEN (2011), ISO (2006) The mre experience gained in using the framewrk, the easier it will therefre becme t cnduct a fully-fledged LCA, which is increasingly encuraged in building assessment and investr reprting schemes. The principle is bradly the same fr the assessment f Life Cycle Csts (LCC), with perfrmance indicatrs such as energy use and water use prviding data that can be cnverted int csts. Prjected future scenaris, such as fr maintenance and refurbishment, require analysis in rder t develp cst plans. It is als imprtant t cnsider data quality as a step in the assessment f life cycle csts. 2.3 Wrking at different levels t btain perfrmance data Users f the Level(s) framewrk will learn hw t cllect, simulate, measure and analyse a range f data relating t the perfrmance f an ffice r residential building. This data may be estimated r measured, depending n the stage in the prject, and will include: fr energy and water - cnsumptin 13

14 - emissins - csts fr building element and materials: - quantities - emissins - csts - lifespans fr the indr envirnment: - ventilatin system mnitring - indr air mnitring - indr thermal mnitring Users will be able t wrk with data and calculatin methds at three defined levels f expertise and cmprehensiveness a cmmn level (Level 1), a cmparative level (Level 2) and a perfrmance-ptimised level (Level 3) - with each in turn requiring an increased level f cmpetence and expertise in data handling and manipulatin. Once the data has been cllected, the building's perfrmance can be analysed fr: ht spts f envirnmental impact alng the life cycle scenaris fr future perfrmance that may be influenced by decisins at the design stage design parameters that may influence indr envirnmental quality shrt, medium and lng term csts alng the life cycle the extent t which design perfrmance estimates have been achieved when cmpared t as-built r measured perfrmance In additin, users will be able t take the additinal step f rating hw reliable their assessment is. This rating will be based n the quality and representativeness f the data and the calculatin methds used. 3. Hw the Level(s) framewrk can be used 3.1 Hw t carry ut and reprt n a perfrmance assessment Users have tw main rutes t carry ut a perfrmance assessment in accrdance with the Level(s) framewrk: Direct rute: By fllwing the guidance and using the reprting frmats prvided by the Eurpean Cmmissin in Part 3 f the dcumentatin. Indirect rute: By using a building assessment scheme, investr reprting tl r indicatr set that is specifically aligned with the Level(s) framewrk. Guidance is prvided in the fllwing sub-sectins n hw t fllw these tw rutes Direct use f the Level(s) framewrk In Part 2 f the framewrk dcumentatin, the indicatrs, their units f measurement and their bundary and scpe are defined. In Part 3 f the framewrk, all the reference material required t carry ut a perfrmance assessment is prvided, alng with data reprting frmats. In rder t fllw this ptin, a stepwise prcess is suggested t be fllwed, which is utlined in the fllwing guidance nte. 14

15 Guidance nte 1 fr all users f the Level(s) framewrk A stepwise apprach t perfrmance assessment and reprting Step 1: Define the building t be reprted n Part 3, sectin 1.1 shuld be fllwed in rder t define the building, and the assciated gal and scpe f the perfrmance assessment. Step 2: Chse the level f perfrmance assessment Based n the gal and scpe f the perfrmance assessment, the apprpriate assessment level fr the prject shuld be selected frm the three available ptins. Part 1, sectin 3.2 prvides further guidance n the difference between the three levels. Step 3: Fllw the guidance and rules n hw t carry ut an assessment Part 2 prvides a general intrductin t each indicatr. Part 3 shuld thereafter be cnsulted, where guidance is prvided fr each level n hw t carry ut a perfrmance assessment. Rules are als laid dwn fr reprting in the public dmain. The Level 1 guidance frms the cmmn basis fr all assessments, and shuld be cnsulted befre using Levels 2 and 3. Part 3, table iii prvides an verview f where t find the apprpriate level f technical guidance fr each indicatr. Step 4: Cmplete the reprting frmat In each set f technical guidance in Part 3, a frmat fr reprting is prvided. Step 5: Determine the valuatin influence and reliability f the assessment As an ptinal last step fr each indicatr, the ptential influence n a prperty valuatin and reliability f the data and calculatin methd may be rated and reprted n. Part 3 prvides a rating methdlgy fr each indicatr In-direct use f the Level(s) framewrk The scheme peratr will generally prvide all the infrmatin needed t make a perfrmance assessment with reprted utputs that are aligned with the framewrk. It is therefre recmmended t cnsult the guidance prvided by the specific scheme peratr. In sme cases, the framewrk als allws fr the use f calculatin methds and parameters that are defined by a criterin within an existing scheme r tl. In this case, the scheme r tl used shall always be reprted, s as t prvide a transparent basis fr cmparability. 15

16 3.2 The three levels f perfrmance assessment The framewrk supprts the use f three levels f perfrmance assessment that can be carried ut using the indicatrs: 1. The cmmn perfrmance assessment, 2. The cmparative perfrmance assessment, 3. The ptimised perfrmance assessment. The three Levels represent a prgressin in terms f the accuracy and reliability f carrying ut a perfrmance assessment, as well as the level f prfessinal expertise and capability required t use each Level. This prgressin is illustrated in Figure 3.1. The simplest starting pint fr using the framewrk Levels is the 'cmmn perfrmance assessment'. It is recmmended t read the verview f each indicatr prvided in sectin 4.3 befre cnsulting the Level 1, 2 r 3 guidance and methdlgies. The cmmn units f measurement and calculatin methds laid dwn at Level 1, frm the basis fr tw further Levels a cmparative perfrmance assessment level and an ptimised perfrmance assessment level. These tw additinal types f perfrmance assessment are intended t fulfil mre specific requirements and t allw flexibility when addressing pririties and the level f detail and precisin that is being aimed at. In rder t d this, specific rules and guidance shall be fllwed in each case. Hw these tw Levels cmpare with Level 1 is summarised in table 3.1. Figure 3.1 The three levels f perfrmance assessment Level 1: The cmmn perfrmance assessment The cmmn perfrmance assessment ptin prvides the simplest and mst accessible type f use fr each indicatr. It is intended t prvide a cmmn reference pint fr the perfrmance assessment f buildings acrss Eurpe. 16

17 Cmmn units f measurement and basic, reference calculatin methdlgies are prvided. These can be used directly by prfessinals but are als intended t be readily adptable by building assessment schemes, investr reprting tls and the public sectr Level 2: Cmparative perfrmance assessment This secnd level is fr prfessinals that wish t make meaningful cmparisns between functinally equivalent buildings. The framewrk lays dwn rules t supprt the cmparability f results at natinal level r building prtfli level. This can include the need t fix certain key parameters and the input data used fr calculatins Level 3: Optimised perfrmance assessment This is the mst advanced use f each indicatr. The framewrk prvides guidance t supprt prfessinals that wish t wrk at a mre detailed level t mdel and imprve perfrmance, which may include: making mre accurate calculatins; carrying ut mdelling in rder t ptimise design and as-built perfrmance; anticipating future csts, risks and pprtunities alng the building's life cycle. Table 3.1 prvides a brief verview f the differences between the cmmn perfrmance assessment and the ther tw types f assessments described here. 17

18 Table 3.1 Cmparisn f the three levels f perfrmance assessment Methdlgical aspects Level 1: Cmmn Level 2: Cmparative Level 3: Optimised perfrmance perfrmance perfrmance General descriptin Use f the same cmmn unit f measurement, calculated accrding t defined reference standards. Calculatin accrding t mre specific rules in rder t make results mre cmparable. Calculatin using mre representative and precise data, as well as mre advanced simulatin mdels and calculatin methds. The metric Use f the cmmn unit f measurement. Use f the cmmn unit f measurement. Use f a cmmn metric, with the ptential fr reprting n mre detailed perfrmance aspects. Reference unit m 2 useful flr space/yr m 2 useful flr space/yr Pssibility t use ther units such as per bed space r wrkspace. Calculatin methd Cmmn reference standards are specified. Sme flexibility t reflect variatins in methds between Member States is allwed. Cmmn standards specified. reference are Cmmn reference standards are specified. The pssibility is given t use mre cmplex methds. Input data Simplified guidance n quality and surces f input data. Certain input data items and assumptins needed fr calculatins are pre-defined r based n default values in reference standards. Detailed guidance n which aspects f input data selectin can be imprved in rder t achieve greater representativeness and precisin frm calculatins. Use f life cycle tls Simplified methd t calculate Glbal Warming Ptential (as an individual indicatr) and LCA as an verarching assessment tl. Simplified methd t calculate Glbal Warming Ptential (as an individual indicatr) and LCA as an verarching assessment tl. Advanced methd t calculate Glbal Warming Ptential (as an individual indicatr) and LCA as an verarching assessment tl fr different life cycle scenaris. Inspectin and sampling methds (where relevant) Cmmn specified. methds Cmmn specified. methds Mre cmplex methds may be mre apprpriate fr use in rder t imprve the analysis. 3.3 Prviding a reprting frmat fr the indicatr results In Part 3 f the framewrk dcumentatin, a reprting frmat is prvided fr each indicatr, making it easy t fllw a cmmn apprach t reprting n a building's perfrmance. The reprting is split int five parts, with the minimum requirements fr reprting identified belw: 18

19 Minimum reprting requirements 1. the gal and scpe definitin (see Part 3, sectin 1), which describes the fundamentals f the building, where it is lcated and hw it will be used. 2. the calculated r actual perfrmance fr the cre indicatrs, as a minimum accrding t the cmmn perfrmance assessment and its reference methdlgy. Optinal additinal reprting 3. the bill f materials fr a building (see Part 3, Life cycle tl 2.1), which describes the materials that each building element and cmpnent are made up f. 4. the results fr the life cycle scenaris (see Part 3, life cycle tls 2.2 and 5.1), which prvide an insight int the ptential future perfrmance f a building. 5. the reliability rating (see Part 3, indicatr 6.2), which prvides an utlk n the underlying data, calculatin methd and simulatin tls used that frm the basis fr a perfrmance assessment. 6. The results frm a Life Cycle Assessment (see Part 3, sectin 3), Users may reprt n the results btained frm carrying ne ut, ptentially incrprating the results f life cycle scenaris (see Part 3, scenari tls 2.2). If results are t be reprted in the public dmain, the rules laid dwn fr each type f perfrmance assessment in part 3 f the Level(s) framewrk dcumentatin must be fllwed. 3.4 Valuatin influence and reliability rating f the reprted results Linked t each perfrmance assessment is the ptential t reprt n, fr any chsen level: 1. the influence f the assessment n a prperty's valuatin appraisal, and 2. a rating f the reliability f a perfrmance assessment. These tw cmpnents are specifically directed at investrs and valuers, but can equally be used by a range f building prfessinals. The rating is designed t prvide an understanding f hw accurate and representative design estimates reprted fr each indicatr are likely t be. In particular, the rating supprts investrs and valuatin prfessinals by: 1. Checking which aspects f perfrmance that may affect a building's value have been addressed within the appraisal methdlgy used. It fcuses n thse that may strngly affect: the prperties risk prfile (e.g. adaptatin t future climate change), r the value creatin ptential (e.g. lwer utility csts) 2. Prviding transparency in understanding the reliability f results that may be used t infrm prperty risk assessments and in making prperty valuatins (e.g. the precisin f methds used t estimate perfrmance). Fr each indicatr, a rating tl is prvided s that users can rate the calculatin methd, data and mdelling used t prduce the reprted result. In general, the mre realistic the perfrmance mdelling is and the higher the quality f the data that is used, the better the rating will be. Actual data frm a cmpleted and ccupied building will receive the highest rating. In this way, the rating will help in minimising ptential gaps between the estimated and actual perfrmance, as well as encuraging the accurate mnitring f perfrmance upn ccupatin. 19

20 The verall rating will be adjusted psitively where the assessment results r mnitring data have been third party verified (i.e. are f an 'investment grade') and have been calculated r cllected by prfessinals with relevant accreditatins. 3.5 A fcus n as-built and ccupied perfrmance T ensure that gals like efficient peratinal perfrmance and ccupant satisfactin with the interir envirnment are actually met (e.g. energy use and cst, indr air quality), it is imprtant t mnitr the perfrmance f a building pst-cmpletin and t cnsider surveying ccupant satisfactin pst-ccupancy Pst-cmpletin perfrmance evaluatin and mnitring Accurate mnitring f the perfrmance f a cmpleted building will prvide measured data fr reprting purpses smetimes referred t as Building Perfrmance Evaluatin (BPE). BPE will help in diagnsing and remedying any prblems r defects which may result in a reduced perfrmance cmpared t that which was expected. Fr each indicatr, ptins fr mnitring are specified, as well as reference standards. This nt nly includes a traditinal fcus n energy and water cnsumptin, but als the building materials used and their cst. Guidance n metering strategies t supprt BPE can be fund in guidance nte 2. Guidance nte 2 fr building wners, investrs and ccupiers The rle f metering in Building Perfrmance Evaluatin A metering strategy is essential t ensure accurate measurement f a building's energy and water use. Care shuld be taken t ensure meters are installed as specified, and with due attentin t calibratin and placement. The setting up f meters and mnitring systems shuld be addressed during the cmmissining prcess. This shall include the recnciliatin f sub-meter readings with the main meters and the lgs f the building energy management system (if installed). All meters shuld be crrectly set up t facilitate their use as a mnitring tl, either thrugh the taking f direct readings r the cllatin f data frm a building energy management system. The strage capacity f Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS's) can be a cnstraint, s the prvisin f sufficient data capacity t supprt nging mnitring shuld be checked. Mrever, during handver, the metering and building energy management system shall be fully dcumented, s that they can be crrectly perated by the facilities manager and ccupiers. Smart meters can prvide additinal disaggregated cnsumptin data that can be used t manage the energy use f a building. Such meters can als eliminate prblems that may ccur with the use f data btained frm estimated bills, which can lead t incrrect reprting. Hwever, care shuld be taken t avid ver-cmplicatin f the sub-metering design, as this can lead t prblems if they are incrrectly installed r cmmissined. Adapted frm the Carbn Trust(2012), Innvate UK (2016) 20

21 3.5.2 Pst-ccupancy evaluatin f satisfactin Occupant satisfactin is a critical parameter fr the success f a building. The evaluatin f ccupant satisfactin requires a prcess f structured interviews and surveys, with a fcus n specific perfrmance aspects cnsidered t be imprtant fr achieving healthy and cmfrtable buildings. The evaluatin prcess may be referred t as a Pst Occupancy Evaluatin (POE), ccupant Indr Envirnmental Quality (IEQ) survey r a Building User Survey (BUS). Fr the purpses f this framewrk, the prcess is referred t as a Pst Occupancy Evaluatin (POE). Examples f POE tls and methds can be fund in guidance nte 3. Guidance nte 3 fr building wners, investrs and ccupiers Pst Occupancy Evaluatin (POE) f cmfrt and satisfactin A POE is typically carried ut a minimum f ne year after the building has been fully ccupied. They nrmally cnsist f interviews with ccupiers t evaluate qualitative aspects related t the building perfrmance indicatrs. The POE shuld generally be carried ut by a third party using a standardised methdlgy. A number f evaluatin methds and standards have becme standard reference pints fr Pst Occupancy Evaluatins. These methds and standards each prvide a tlkit f guidance n hw t carry ut cmbinatins f subjective and bjective evaluatins, as well as prviding mdel survey questins that can be used. A nn-exhaustive list f the mst referenced methds and standards is as fllws: Building User Survey (BUS) methd which was develped frm the experience f evaluating lw energy buildings in the 1980s and 1990s 2. CBE (Berkeley) ccupant Indr Envirnmental Quality (IEQ) survey, which is a web-based frmat addressing seven aspects f indr quality 3. Sft Landings prcess, which is a multi-stage apprach t delivering better buildings that includes a final stage f extended after care and POE 4. In additin, a number f building assessment schemes and reprting tls prvide fr Pst Occupancy Evaluatins: as a fundamental requirement f the scheme (e.g. Miljöbyggnad, Sweden; SSO, Spain), as an ptinal indicatr, criterin r credit (e.g. BREEAM New Cnstructin, LEED Building Operatins & Maintenance, Finland GBC Building Perfrmance Indicatrs). 2 Arup, BUS methdlgy, 3 University f Califrnia Berkeley, Occupant Indr Envirnmental Quality (IEQ) Survey and Building Benchmarking, Centre fr the Built Envirnment, 4 BSRIA, Sft landings prcess, 21

22 Part 2 f the Level(s) framewrk Intrductin t part 2 f the Level(s) framewrk In Part 2 f the Level(s) framewrk dcumentatin, ptential users are prvided with a basic intrductin t all f the elements f the framewrk, and hw it can be used as a whle, r in part, t reprt n the perfrmance f building prjects. The fur main elements f the Level(s) framewrk described in this sectin are: 1. Hw life cycle thinking is encuraged thrughut the framewrk. 2. The macr-bjectives f the framewrk and hw they relate t EU envirnmental plicy. 3. The indicatrs that can be used fr entry level perfrmance assessment and hw they can be calculated and used. 4. Hw mre advanced users can carry ut a cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the separate Part 3 f the Level(s) framewrk dcumentatin, further detailed guidance is prvided n the calculatin and reprting f results, including hw t make mre advanced use f the indicatrs. The guidance in Part 3 includes: Mre detail n the calculatin methds and data requirements. A reprting frmat fr perfrmance assessments made accrding t the cmmn perfrmance assessment methds. Guidelines and rules n hw t make assessments and reprt n results fr the cmparative and design ptimisatin perfrmance ptins. Life cycle thinking at building level Users are encuraged thrughut t think abut and analyse buildings frm a life cycle perspective. T achieve this, the Level(s) framewrk is structured in a way that users can learn abut the different aspects f life cycle thinking and the assessment f life cycle perfrmance. Each part f the framewrk therefre cntributes t, and frms part f, an verall life cycle apprach. Table i prvides an verview f hw the different parts f the framewrk wrk tgether. Table i. Hw parts f the Level(s) framewrk cntribute t a life cycle apprach Part f the Level(s) framewrk Gal and scpe definitin Inventry flw data Indicatrs that measure the envirnmental impacts f a building Hw it cntributes t a life cycle apprach A functinal descriptin f the building and hw it will be used (see Part 3, sectin 1). Data abut the buildings cnstructin (the bill f materials) and flws f energy and water alng its life cycle (see life cycle tl 2.1 and Indicatrs 1.1 and 3.1). These allw specific envirnmental impacts t be measured either using simple cmmn indicatrs r indicatrs based n Life Cycle Impact Assessment methds (see Indicatr 1.2). Scenaris that describe a life cycle aspect f a building Guidelines t supprt building prfessinals t analyse hw building designs may perfrm in the future and alng the life cycle (see life cycle tls 2.2 and 5.1). 22

23 A cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) f a building The quality and reliability f life cycle inventry data This is the mst advanced ptin within the framewrk. Users f the framewrk may chse t g directly t an LCA, r t use ther separate LCA steps frm the framewrk first (see Sectin 7). The quality and reliability f data is a key challenge in seeking t ensure that the results are as representative as pssible f the building being assessed (see Indicatr 6.2). Descriptin f the building t be assessed An imprtant principle f the Level(s) framewrk is cmparability n the basis f functinal equivalence. It is therefre imprtant fr any building whse perfrmance is assessed and reprted n, that the basis fr functinal equivalence is reprted alngside the perfrmance assessment results. Part 3, sectin 1 f the dcumentatin therefre prvides guidelines n hw t cmpile and reprt n the basic descriptin f a building (a 'gal and scpe definitin' in LCA terms), which will establish the basis fr functinal equivalence. The descriptin cmprises the fllwing infrmatin, with in brackets the equivalent terminlgy used in a Life Cycle Assessment: The building and its elements: The building type (r use class) and the pre-defined minimum scpe f building parts and elements (the 'bject f assessment'). The building type, wnership and market segment: A descriptin f the building's market segment, wnership structure and intended service life (the 'functinal unit and equivalent'). The unit t be used fr cmparative purpses: The cmmn methds t be used fr measurement f the ttal useful flr area within a building (the 'reference unit'). Hw the building will be used and the lifespan f its elements: A descriptin f the utdr envirnment t which the building is expsed and the intended cnditins f use. Default service lifespans fr building parts and cmpnents are als prvided (the 'reference in-use cnditins'). The timescale fr the perfrmance assessment: The intended r default service life f the building being studied (the 'reference study perid'). Which stages in the life cycle: The life cycle stages that shall be taken int accunt when making the perfrmance assessment (the 'system bundary'). Taken tgether, this infrmatin prvides a cmparative basis fr the results fr the indicatrs and scenaris, as well as prviding a gal and scpe definitin fr carrying ut an LCA. The macr-bjectives and their assciated indicatrs This sectin prvides an intrductin t the macr-bjectives and their related indicatrs. Fr each macr-bjective, the definitin, plicy cntext and intended scpe and fcus are prvided. Fr each indicatr, a brief verview f what they measure, why their use shuld be cnsidered and hw they can be used n building prjects is prvided. This cmes tgether with the unit f measurement and a technical summary f the 23

24 methdlgy t be fllwed fr a Level 1: Cmmn perfrmance assessment, accrding t the framewrk. Table i prvides an verview f the framewrk as a whle, signpsting where in Part 2 and Part 3 the relevant guidance can be fund t make a perfrmance assessment at Levels 1 (cmmn assessment), 2 (cmparative assessment) and 3 (ptimisatin assessment). 24

25 Table ii. Signpsting f where t find guidance fr each indicatr r life cycle tl in the Level(s) Framewrk Indicatr r life cycle tl Unit f perfrmance measurement Where t find an verview f each indicatr r tl Macr-bjective 1: Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle 1.1 Use stage energy perfrmance Primary energy demand Delivered energy demand (supprting indicatr) 1.2 Life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential kilwatt hurs per square metre per year (kwh/m 2 /yr) kg CO 2 equivalents per square metre per year (kg CO 2 eq./m 2 /yr) Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Macr-bjective 2: Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles 2.1 Life cycle tls: Building bill f materials 2.2 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr building lifespan, adaptability and decnstructin 2.3 Cnstructin and demlitin waste and materials 2.4 Cradle t grave Life Cycle Assessment Reprting n the Bill f Materials fr the building, as well as fr the fur main types f materials used. Accrding t the perfrmance assessment level: 1. Design aspects 2. Semi-qualitative assessment 3. LCA-based assessment kg waste and materials per m 2 f ttal useful flr area (per life cycle and prject stage reprted n) Seven envirnmental impact categry indicatrs (see the detailed guidance prvided under Overarching assessment tl 7) Overview f life cycle tl Overview f life cycle tl Outline methdlgy Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Overview f life cycle tl Macr-bjective 3: Efficient use f water resurces 3.1 Ttal water cnsumptin m 3 f water per ccupant per year Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Macr-bjective 4: healthy and cmfrtable spaces 4.1 Indr air quality Gd quality indr air: Parameters fr ventilatin, CO 2 and humidity Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Target list f pllutants: Emissins frm cnstructin prducts and external air intake. 25

26 4.2 Time utside f thermal cmfrt range % f the time ut f range f defined maximum and minimum temperatures during the heating and cling seasns Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Macr-bjective 5: Adaptatin and resilience t climate change 5.1 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr prjected future climatic cnditins Scenari 1: Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt Simulatin f the building's prjected time ut f thermal cmfrt range fr the years 2030 and Overview f the life cycle tl Outline methdlgy Macr-bjective 6: Optimised life cycle cst and value 6.1 Life cycle csts Eurs per square metre f useable flr area per year ( /m 2 /yr) 6.2 Value creatin and risk factrs Reliability ratings f the data and calculatin methds fr the reprted perfrmance f each indicatr and life cycle scenari tl. Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy Overview f the indicatr Outline methdlgy 26

27 Macr-bjective 1: Greenhuse gas emissins alng a buildings life cycle Definitin: Minimise the ttal greenhuse gas emissins alng a building's life cycle, with a fcus n emissins related t energy in the use phase f a building and emissins embdied in building materials and assciated prcesses alng the life cycle. Intended scpe and fcus: The macr-bjective encmpasses actin at building level with a fcus n: 1. energy perfrmance during the use phase, including the cntributin f cst effective and lw/zer emissins energy technlgies and infrastructure, 2. reductin in use phase and embdied greenhuse gas emissins alng the building life cycle, including thse assciated with the manufacturing f cnstructin materials. There shall be a fcus n the ptential trade-ffs between the prductin stage and the use stage, s as t enable minimisatin f ttal greenhuse gas emissins alng the life cycle. The macr-bjective 1 indicatrs Indicatr 1.1 Use stage energy perfrmance Primary energy demand Delivered energy demand (supprting indicatr) Perfrmance metric kilwatt hurs per square metre per year (kwh/m 2 /yr) 1.2 Life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential kg CO 2 equivalents per square metre per year (kg CO 2 eq./m 2 /yr) 1.1 Indicatr f use stage energy perfrmance The fcus f indicatr 1.1 is n the energy cnsumed by a building during the use stage 5. It cnsists f tw sub-indicatrs: the headline indicatr which is based n the calculatin f primary energy demand a supprting indicatr which is based n the calculatin r measurement f delivered energy demand The first indicatr frms part f the definitin f a Nearly Zer-Energy Building (NZEB) in accrdance with Article 9 f the EPBD. The tw indicatrs are intended t ensure an emphasis n bth the efficiency f a building's fabric and the primary energy efficiency f its systems. 5 In the reference standard EN the relevant mdule f the use stage is B6 'Operatinal energy use' 27

28 1.1.1 Overview f the indicatrs What d they measure? Primary energy is defined by Article 2(5) f the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings Directive 6 as 'the energy that has nt undergne any cnversin in the transfrmatin prcess, calculated by energy carrier using a primary energy factr'. It is the energy that is required t generate the electricity, heating and cling used by a building. Reprting is disaggregated int renewable, nnrenewable and exprted energy. This is s that the benefits f generating lw carbn r renewable energy can be taken int accunt. Delivered energy measures is the energy delivered t the building in the frm f electricity, heat and fuel. It is the energy per 'carrier' supplied t the building, t satisfy uses within the building (heating, cling, ventilatin, dmestic ht water, lighting, appliances, etc.). The delivered energy is generally the ne metered by the utilities. Reprting is therefre disaggregated int the energy used fr heating, ht water, cling, ventilatin and lighting. Reprting f ther aspects f ccupant energy use 7 is als encuraged. Why measure perfrmance with these indicatrs? The indicatrs prvide users with an understanding f a building's energy demand in the use stage. Use stage energy demand is in general respnsible fr the majrity f life cycle energy use in the case f buildings cnstructed befre the turn f the millennium. Building materials assume greater imprtance fr new buildings, where the use stage may be respnsible fr up t 30-70% f life cycle energy use, depending n the building type, frm and specificatin. Mrever, reprting n primary and delivered energy demand might be required fr the purpse f building permitting in each Member State, while the EPBD requires Energy Perfrmance Certificate (EPC) t be issued when a building is sld r let. The EPC include the energy perfrmance f a building (primary energy demand) and reference values such as minimum energy perfrmance requirements, r additinal infrmatin such as the annual energy cnsumptin fr nn-residential buildings and the percentage f energy frm renewable surces in the ttal energy cnsumptin. In additin, reprting n these tw use stage indicatrs can prvide useful insights n the buildings ttal emissins f air pllutants t the ambient air. Whereas an verall reductin f the delivered energy measures will generally have a psitive effect n air quality 8, a fuel switch may als lead t an increase f emissins f specific ambient air pllutants 9.It is therefre imprtant t als 6 Directive 2010/31/EU f the Eurpean Parliament and f the Cuncil f 19 May 2010 n the energy perfrmance f buildings (recast) 7 Referred t in EN as 'ther uses f energy' (see Annex C) and in pr EN as 'energy use fr ther services' r 'nn-epb uses' 8 Cmmissin Impact Assessment accmpanying the prpsal fr a Directive amending Directive 2012/27/EU n Energy Efficiency, SWD(2016) 405 final/2, part 1/3, Brussels, 6 December 2016, p.57: The residential sectr in particular hlds big ptentials fr untapped energy efficiency and, as a result, air pllutin abatement [ ]. The size f this ptential depends n the fuel chice f husehlds and the efficiency f the heating system. 9 See als Eurpean Envirnment Agency, Nvember 2016, Air quality in Eurpe 2016 reprt, chapter 3 Residential bimass cmbustin: an imprtant surce f air pllutin, 28

29 minimise primary energy use, as this is an indicatr f the amunt f fuel used t service the building's energy needs. Hw can they be used in building prjects? Reprting n the indicatrs can be based n bth calculated and measured perfrmance. This means they can be used by a range f prject actrs, including during the design stage t simulate perfrmance and upn cmpletin t check hw the building actually perfrms in real life. Delivered energy cnsumptin can als be reprted in terms f life cycle csts using indicatr 6.1a: Use stage utility csts. Guidance is prvided n hw the gap between design and actual perfrmance can be minimised, with a fcus n calculatin precisin, cnstructin quality and cmmissining rutines. Table The prject stages at which indicatr 1.1 can be used Prject stage Activities related t the use f indicatr Design stage (based n calculatins) Calculated Energy Perfrmance f Buildings (EPB) assessment sub types: design r tailred 2. Cmpletin stage (based n as-built drawings) Calculated EPB assessment sub types: as built Quality testing: air tightness and building fabric integrity 3. Pst-cmpletin (based n cmmissining and testing) Cmmissining: functinal perfrmance testing and seasnal testing. 4. Occupatin (based n measured perfrmance) Measured EPB assessment sub types: climate crrected, use crrected r standard Outline methdlgy fr making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Unit f measurement The cmmn unit f measurement fr bth use stage primary energy demand and use stage delivered energy is kilwatt hurs per square metre per year (kwh/ m 2 / yr). The perfrmance is assessed fr the reference flr area and building size, which are defined by the methdlgy in Part 3, sectin Zning criteria are then applied accrding t the reference standards r natinal/reginal calculatin methds. These zning criteria can be used t determine whether spaces are included r excluded. Bundary and scpe The scpe f the indicatr includes the fllwing energy uses, which are als referred t as technical building services heating, cling, ventilatin, dmestic ht water and (built-in) lighting. In a life cycle apprach, these uses are referred t as peratinal energy cnsumptin. The assessment bundary is the building. Energy can be imprted r exprted thrugh the assessment bundary (the building) frm/t n-site, nearby and distant lcatins as illustrated by Figure Inside the assessment bundary, 29

30 the system lsses are taken int accunt explicitly in the cnversin factr applied t the energy carrier, als referred t as a primary energy factr 10. Figure Building assessment bundary and energy balance lcatins Surce: CEN (2017) Calculatin methd and reference standards The underlying calculatin methd fr each sub-indicatr is prvided by the CEN standards series that supprt implementatin f the Energy Perfrmance f Buildings Directive (EPBD) acrss the EU. The CEN standards series that currently frms the basis fr the majrity f natinal calculatin methds includes EN and EN ISO As f 2017, this standards series will prgressively be replaced by the new EN ISO series 11, but it is anticipated t take sme time befre natinal calculatin methds are updated accrdingly. This means that mst natinal calculatin methds that are required t be used t meet perfrmance requirements r t cmplete Energy Perfrmance Certificates (EPCs), and which are aligned with the EN standards series, can be used. An imprtant first step is selectin f the apprpriate assessment type and sub-type frm thse presented in EN and pren ISO (see sectin 1.1.1, table in Part 3 f the dcumentatin). 10 Primary energy factrs are, in mst cases, prvided in each natinal calculatin methd. If nt default factrs can be fund in the reference EN standards series. 11 The 'verarching standards' develped under mandate M/480 given by the Eurpean Cmmissin t the Eurpean Cmmittee fr Standardisatin (CEN) are the fllwing: ISO/EN , , , , and

31 1.2 Indicatr f life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential (GWP) The fcus f indicatr 1.2 is n the cntributin f a building t glbal warming alng its life cycle. This is smetimes als referred t as a carbn ftprint assessment r whle life carbn measurement. It includes the assessment f what are als smetimes referred t as embdied CO 2 emissins thse that are nt directly related t the use f energy in a building, but are instead the indirect result f prcesses t prduce, cnstruct, repair, maintain, renvate and eventually decnstruct a building. Perfrmance shall therefre be reprted by life cycle stage. The quality f the data used t estimate the life cycle emissins shall additinally be evaluated and reprted n Overview f the indicatr What des it measure? This indicatr measures the cntributin f the greenhuse gas (GHG) emissins assciated with a building s life cycle t the earth's glbal warming r climate change. GHGs are cnstituents f the atmsphere which absrb and emit radiatin at specific wavelengths within the spectrum f the thermal infrared radiatin emitted by the earth s surface, by the atmsphere itself, and by cluds. By ding s, GHGs bstruct the lss f thermal energy twards the space and act like a blanket which insulates the Earth and keep it warmer. Effects n the Earth are different fr different GHGs. The Glbal Warming Ptential (GWP) was develped t allw fr the cmparisn f the impact n glbal warming caused by different gases. Specifically, it is a relative measure f hw much energy can be trapped in the atmsphere ver a set time hrizn by a mass f gas in cmparisn with the same mass f carbn dixide (CO 2 ). A higher GWP means a larger warming effect in that perid f time. Why measure perfrmance with this indicatr? The presence f GHGs is essential fr allwing life n the planet. Hwever, the cncentratin in the atmsphere has risen in the last decades t hazardus and never-registered levels, which can cntribute t an excessive glbal warming and prvke catastrphic effects n the climate. GWP prvides a cmmn unit f measure which allws assessing the impact n the climate due t GHGs. Hw can it be used in building prjects? The final bjective f the quantificatin f GWP assciated t a building is t reduce its impact n the glbal climate. Fllwing the different reprting ptins f the framewrk, intermediate gals can vary depending n the field f applicatin f the indicatr: Level 1 assessment: Prmting the measurement f this indicatr and the cmprehensive understanding f the key cntributins t the verall carbn ftprint f buildings, which wuld be the minimum bjective fr the cmmn assessment metric; Level 2 assessment: Prvisin f a reference measurement and reprting methd, which culd ultimately enable cmparisn, benchmarking and target setting; Level 3 assessment: Integrating the 'carbn perfrmance' amng the criteria t cnsider fr the design perfrmance ptimisatin. 31

32 1.2.2 Outline methdlgy fr making a cmmn perfrmance assessment Unit f measurement The unit f measurement t be used fr reprting n this indicatr is kg CO 2 equivalents/m 2 /yr fr each life cycle stage. This unit f measurement is a cmmnly specified envirnmental impact categry indicatr used in Life Cycle Assessment. Additinal infrmatin needed t describe the functinality f the building shall als be reprted in accrdance with the guidance laid dwn fr carrying ut a cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (see 2.4 life cycle tl). Bundary and scpe The scpe cmprises the evlutin f the building frm cradle t cradle, i.e. frm the prductin and supply t the end f life dispsal and recycling f materials. The setting f the system bundaries fllws the 'mdularity principle' accrding t the EN This means that the unit prcesses influencing the building s envirnmental perfrmance during its life cycle shall be assigned t the mdule in the life cycle where they ccur. In additin t the general apprach based n assessment f all the life cycle stages f a building, entry level rules are prvided which allw fr fcus n particularly relevant parts f the building's life cycle, such as: The prduct stage (A1-3) The use stage (B2-4, B6) End f life stage (C3,4) Benefits and lads beynd the system bundary (D) If nly sme life cycle stages are calculated and reprted n, strict rules shall be fllwed n hw the results shall be reprted, as the results will nt be representative f the full life cycle perfrmance (see sectin ). The building shall be dcumented fllwing the scpe defined in Part 3, sectin 1.1.2: Cmpnents (elements, structural parts, prducts, materials) needed during its life time. This als includes the cnsideratin f in-use cnditins (such as damage caused by the weather r daily wear and tear) and time-dependent qualities (such as the need t replace cmpnents after a specific perid f time); Assciated prcesses such as maintenance, exchange and End f Life prcesses and re-use, recycling and energy retrieval; Energy and water use during the peratin f the building. Additinal methdlgical rules and cut-ff criteria are described in Part 3, sectin The end f life f a building starts when the building is decmmissined and n further use is intended. Cmpnents and materials t clear frm the site have t be remved and the site has t be made ready fr the next use. The End f Life stage shall be defined accrding t Mdule C1-C4 f EN Net envirnmental lads and benefits frm the eventual reuse, recycling and energy recvery f materials are reprted in Mdule D. The envirnmental benefit f exprted energy frm the building is als reprted in Mdule D, such as exprted electricity frm PV panels int the grid. As described under macr-bjective 2, additinal rules fr using LCA are prvided within the framewrk fr the 2.2 life cycle scenaris, which fcus n resurce efficiency: 32

33 Scenari 1: Building and elemental service life planning Scenari 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Scenari 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability Calculatin methd and reference standards The detailed calculatin methd, including GWP 'characterisatin' factrs t cnvert delivered energy t CO 2 equivalent emissins, is prvided in Part 3 f the framewrk dcumentatin. The main reference standards fr the indicatr are ISO 14040/44, EN and EN The Glbal Warming Ptential shall be reprted separately fr each life cycle stage. This is s that the trade-ffs between decisins taken at different stages can be understd and taken int accunt. 33

34 Macr-bjective 2: Resurce efficient and circular material life cycles Definitin: Optimisatin f building design, engineering and frm in rder t supprt lean and circular flws, extend lng-term material utility and reduce significant envirnmental impacts. Intended scpe and fcus: This macr-bjective encmpasses actins that can be taken at building level with a fcus n material efficiency and circular utility. This shall encmpass actins alng the life cycle relating t cnstructin prduct manufacturing, building design, structural engineering and cnstructin management, and addressing replacement cycles, adaptability and decnstructin. The verall bjective shall be t reduce waste, ptimise material use and reduce the life cycle envirnmental impacts f designs and material chices. This can be dne using metrics t measure specified building elements r waste, but als by lking at ptential perfrmance ver time using scenaris. The macr-bjective 2 life cycle tls Life cycle tl 2.1 Life cycle tls: Building bill f materials 2.2 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr building lifespan, adaptability and decnstructin Perfrmance metric r reprting frm Reprting n the Bill f Materials fr the building, as well as fr the fur main types f materials used. Accrding t the perfrmance assessment level: 1. Design aspects that are prpsed/have been implemented (cmmn perfrmance assessment) 2. Semi-qualitative assessment giving a scre (cmparative perfrmance assessment) 3. LCA-based assessment f scenari perfrmance (design ptimisatin) The macr-bjective 2 indicatrs Indicatr 2.3 Cnstructin and demlitin waste 2.4 Cradle t grave Life Cycle Assessment Perfrmance metric kg waste and materials per m 2 f ttal useful flr area (per life cycle and prject stage reprted n) Seven envirnmental impact categry indicatrs (detailed guidance is prvided under 4.4 Overarching assessment tl) 2.1 Life cycle tl: Building bill f materials The aim f this life cycle tl is t prvide guidance n hw t put tgether a Bill f Materials (BM) fr a building and then reprt n the fur main types f materials used. The main fcus f attentin is n the cmpilatin f data n what the building is cmpsed f, using the Bill f Quantities as a starting pint. Reprting can be made n the fur main types f materials used, accrding t the fur types 34

35 defined by Eurstat 12. This exercise prvides the raw data t calculate an envirnmental impact, such as fr indicatr 1.2. A linked step is t understand hw lng each material and element f a building may last as addressed by 2.2 life cycle tls, scenari What is a Bill f Materials? A Bill f Materials is a mass-based inventry f the materials that cmpse a building. The BM is rganised accrding t main elements that a building is cmpsed f Overview f the infrmatin that can be reprted The Bill f Quantities (BQ) is the starting pint fr cmpiling a Bill f Materials (BM). A BQ specifies the elements f a building (e.g. fundatins, clumns), including their technical specificatins and expected lifetime. The BQ cmprises different categries f elements, which can have different functinal perfrmance characteristics. A Bill f Materials (BM) differs frm a BQ in that it describes the materials cntained in the building's elements (e.g. cncrete, steel, aluminium). Once the BM has been cmpiled, headline reprting is then pssible fr the fur main material types accunted fr by Eurstat metals, nn-metallic minerals, fssil energy based and bimass materials Outline methdlgy fr cmpiling the infrmatin The fllwing steps shuld be fllwed in rder t cmpile the BM: 1. Cmpile the Bill f Quantities: A BQ is cmpiled which cmprises the elements accunting fr at least 99% f the mass f the building. 2. Identify the basic cmpsitin f each building element: A breakdwn in mass f each building element's cnstituent materials shuld be cmpiled. 3. Identify the technical specificatin f each building element: This technical infrmatin will later, if there is a lack f specific data frm manufacturers, enable the selectin f representative data frm within a generic life cycle inventry database. 4. Aggregatin by material: The mass fr each material shuld thereafter be aggregated t btain a mass fr each type f material. The materials shuld be further aggregated int the fur material types accunted fr by Eurstat: Metal materials Nn-metallic mineral materials Fssil energy materials Bimass based materials 2.2 Life cycle tls: Scenaris fr building life span, adaptability and decnstructin The Level(s) framewrk prvides tls and guidance fr describing and assessing a number f life cycle scenaris that are imprtant frm a resurce efficiency perspective. The fcus f the 2.2 life cycle scenari tls and guidance is n: Estimating the service life f the building and its elements Assessing hw adaptable the building is t ptential future market needs 12 Eurstat, Material flw accunting and resurce prductivity, ategry 35

36 Assessing the ptential t recver, reuse and recycle majr building elements frm the building at the end f life. In this way, each scenari has the ptential t cntribute t extending the life span and utility f a building and its elements What is a life cycle 'scenari'? Scenaris are nt indicatrs as such, but are an imprtant tl fr assessing the lng-term ptential, future perfrmance f a building. They are defined by EN as a 'cllectin f assumptins and infrmatin cncerning an expected sequence f pssible future events'. Scenaris describe future events in the life cycle f a building that cmplement the physical descriptin f the building (the Bill f Materials) and fr which changes in ptential future perfrmance can be analysed. Fr example, a scenari may be used t describe what is predicted t happen t the building at the end-f-life and the likely recvery rates f materials achieved based n current practices. Life cycle scenaris are needed t determine several indicatrs, such as 1.2 Life cycle glbal warming ptential Hw can the life cycle scenari tls be used in building prjects? The design f buildings fr greater resurce efficiency and circularity requires a fcus n bth present and ptential future perfrmance alng the life cycle including the cnstructin, use and end-f-life stages. By develping and evaluating future scenaris fr the circularity f a building, designers can identify measures that have the ptential t influence the service life, future adaptability and future recvery f value frm building elements, systems and materials. These three life cycle scenaris reflect the state f the art in terms f circular thinking The fcus f attentin f the scenari tls Three scenaris have been selected that exert a strng influence n the resurce efficiency f a building. The guidance and reprting fr each scenari prvides users with qualitative and quantitative ways f reprting n hw far the building addresses each f the fllwing aspects f resurce efficiency and circularity: Scenari 1: Building and elemental service life planning A fcus n the verall design service life f the building as a whle and the majr building elements (e.g. facades and structures). Scenari 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment A fcus n hw the design f a building culd facilitate future adaptatin t changing ccupier needs and market cnditins. Scenari 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability A fcus n the ptential t recver, reuse and recycle majr building elements frm the building. Each scenari will in turn have impacts bth n input flws (material use) and utput flws (cnstructin and demlitin waste) alng the life cycle f a building. There are therefre strng links with indicatr 2.3 Cnstructin and demlitin waste Reprting ptins fr each scenari tl The methd t be fllwed fr each assessment level varies accrding t the level f detail at which they address the resurce efficiency aspect and the extent t which the benefits and burdens and ptential trade-ffs between different building design scenaris are mdelled and quantified: 36

37 1. Cmmn perfrmance level (qualitative): A checklist f the mst imprtant design aspects that can be taken int cnsideratin and whether/hw they are addressed. 2. Cmparative perfrmance level (semi-qualitative): Design aspects that are imprtant t cnsider are given weightings and the scres achieved by a design are then added t give an verall perfrmance which can be reprted n. This perfrmance can be cmpared if the same weighting methdlgy has been used. 3. Perfrmance ptimisatin level (quantitative): The analysis f the envirnmental perfrmance f designs using ther indicatrs f this framewrk, such as 1.2 (life cycle GWP) r 2.4 (cradle t cradle LCA), s that they can be evaluated, cmpared and reprted n. The utline rules fr level 1, the cmmn perfrmance assessment are presented in table The fcus f attentin fr a cmmn perfrmance assessment using the scenaris is n a general understanding f the cncept f the service life and sme f the mst cmmn design aspects that are imprtant t supprt future adaptability and decnstructin. Table Life cycle scenaris fr a cmmn perfrmance assessment Scenari Scenari 1 Building and elemental service life planning Scenari 2 Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Scenari 3 Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability Cmmn perfrmance assessment rules An estimate f the service life shall be reprted fr the building as a whle and its main elements (see the reprting frmat in Part 3, sectin ) Identify, frm the checklist f design aspects prvided in sectin , thse aspects that have been addressed Fr each aspect, describe the specific design measures that have been implemented (see the reprting frmat in Part 3, sectin ) Identify, frm the checklist design aspects prvided in , thse aspects that have been addressed. Fr each aspect, describe the specific design measures that have been implemented (see reprting frmat in Part 3, sectin ) 37

38 2.3 Indicatr n cnstructin and demlitin waste (C&DW) The fcus f indicatr 2.3 is n waste that may arise at a number f specific, defined pints in the life cycle f a building. The different ptential stages and building-related activities are identified in table Reprting is based n the utput flws frm relevant n site and ff site prcesses. These utput flws are split int the different waste fractins, s as t aid an understanding f the material flw as a whle and hw much is reused and recycled. Table Life cycle stages that are relevant t the indicatr Life cycle stage(s) Part f the previus building s life cycle Building-related activities t reprt n Decnstructin and demlitin f a building(s) in rder t clear a site fr a new building cnstructin Part decnstructin f a building(s) in rder t prepare useful parts fr in-situ reuse Preparatin f a building in rder t facilitate a majr renvatin Life cycle stages A3/5 Life cycle stages C1/3, D Cnstructin n site f a new building and/r the prefabricatin/cnstructin f parts and elements ff site Decnstructin and demlitin f the building at a future pint in time beynd the end f its service life Overview f the indicatr The cmmn perfrmance assessment fcuses n gathering data t reprt n the ttal waste dispsed f and waste diverted. This requires cnfirmatin f the waste types and whether the data is estimated r frm a site. The reprting is at a basic level, making a distinctin between waste dispsed f and waste diverted. What des the indicatr measure? Fr each f the defined stages in the life cycle f a building, and as relevant t the nature f the building prject being reprted n, the fllwing categries f utput flws shall be reprted n, with the ptin t disaggregate each flw by material stream: Waste dispsed f: hazardus and nn-hazardus waste streams. This shall include waste dispsed f t landfill and by incineratin. Cmpnents fr re-use: This shall include all materials recvered fr reuse either n r ff site, with a fcus n encuraging the reuse f structural elements. Materials fr recycling: This shall include all materials recvered fr recycling either n r ff site. Waste materials used in backfilling peratins n r ff site are excluded. Materials fr ther material recvery peratins: This shall include backfilling and prcesses that meet the EU definitin f energy recvery. Waste generated during the prefabricatin r assembly f parts r elements ff site that wuld therwise take place n site shall be included within reprting n 38

39 waste dispsed f. This is t ensure that any burden shifting in rder t reduce n-site waste is accunted fr. The flws reprted n under the scpe f this indicatr reflect thse defined 'indicatrs describing additinal envirnmental infrmatin' in the reference standards EN Why measure perfrmance with this indicatr? The building sectr accunts fr the largest flw f material resurces acrss the EU and, in this respect, buildings represent a significant and large material bank. Taking the example f Germany, it has been estimated t have a building material bank f ver 50 billin tnnes f mineral resurces, cmpared t annual waste arisings f apprximately 0.2 billin tnnes. The demlitin f buildings can typically generate between 664 and 1637 kg/m 2 f waste. Majr renvatins can generate between 20 and 326 kg/m 2 f waste and cnstructin sites can generate a further kg/m 2 f waste. Cnsequently, there are significant pprtunities t reduce waste by mving t a mre circular ecnmy-based apprach that fcuses n decnstructin instead f demlitin, and n reuse and recycling instead f dispsal. Landfill csts and taxes in many Member States als create a significant financial incentive in the range f /tnne 13. Sme Member States such as the Netherlands even place a ban n the landfilling f recyclable C&DW. Hw can it be used in building prjects? Depending n the prject stage and the nature f the waste, reprting f the indicatrs can be based n bth estimated and actual perfrmance as recrded n site. This means they can be used by a range f prject actrs, bth during the design stage t estimate perfrmance, and during demlitin and cnstructin stages in rder t check hw the prject actually perfrms in real life. Guidance is prvided t users f this indicatr n the pprtunities fr waste minimisatin, bth in terms f utilising an existing building material bank and aviding waste during cnstructin prcesses, as well as the tracking f waste arisings n-site. Table Prject stages at which indicatr 2.3 can be used Prject stage Activities related t the use f indicatr Design stage (based n estimatins) Estimatins f waste based n surveys f existing buildings that will underg majr renvatin r where the structure will be reused (life cycle stage B5). Estimatins based n scenaris fr decnstructin and demlitin f the building at a future pint in time beynd the end f its service life (life cycle stages C1/3, D). 13 Eurpean Cmmissin, Resurce efficient use f mixed wastes Task 1 Member State factsheets, 39

40 2. Cnstructin stage (based n data recrded frm the site) 3. Cmpletin stage (based n estimatins supprted by as-built drawings) Data frm decnstructin and demlitin f (a) building(s) in rder t clear a site fr a new building cnstructin (as part f a previus life cycle). Data frm the part decnstructin f (a) building(s) in rder t prepare useful parts fr in-situ reuse. Data frm cnstructin n site f a new building and/r the prefabricatin/cnstructin f parts and elements ff site (life cycle stages A3/5). Data frm preparatin f a building in rder t facilitate a majr renvatin. Estimatins based n scenaris fr decnstructin and demlitin f the building at a future pint in time beynd the end f its service life (life cycle stages C1/3, D). 4. Pst-cmpletin (based n cmmissining and testing) n/a 5. Occupatin (based n measured perfrmance) n/a 6. End f life (based n planned perfrmance) Details f measures that were taken at design stage t facilitate decnstructin, reuse and recycling at a future date (life cycle stages C1/3, D). Indicatrs 2.3 and 2.4 can als be used t estimate and cmpare the circular benefits f life cycle scenaris that may have been cnsidered fr a building. Table utlines hw each f the scenaris fr which a methd is prvided by the framewrk creates distinct pprtunities t minimise waste alng the building's life cycle. Table Opprtunities fr waste minimisatin arising frm life cycle scenaris Life cycle tl 2.1 Life cycle tl: Bill f Materials Life cycle stages f relevance Previus building end f life Prduct stage (A1-3) Cnstructin waste (A4-5 Cnstructin stage) Areas f pssible fcus fr waste minimisatin Use f building material bank by incrprating existing parts and cmpnents int a new r renvated building Greater precisin by using prefabricatin, cmputer aided manufacturing and standardised cmpnents/sectins Reductin in cnstructin waste by lean design alng the supply chain Life cycle scenari tl 1: Building and elemental service life planning B2-5 Use stage Specificatin f mre durable, lnger lasting elements and cmpnents 40

41 Life cycle scenari tl 2: Design fr adaptability and refurbishment Life cycle scenari tl 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability B5 Refurbishment D Benefits and lads beynd system bundary C1 Decnstructin demlitin C3 Waste prcessing D Benefits and lads beynd system bundary Imprve the prbability that a whle building will be adapted t future needs Design t facilitate the in-situ adaptin f majr parts t future needs withut demlitin Management f infrmatin abut cmpnents, systems and materials in the building material bank Design t facilitate disassembly s that whle elements and cmpnents can be reused r recycled. Design t ensure the recyclability f segregated materials Outline methdlgy fr making a Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Unit f measurement The cmmn unit f measurement fr utput flws assciated with cnstructin and demlitin prcesses is kg f waste and materials generated per 1 m 2 f useful flr area demlished r cnstructed (kg/m 2 /life cycle stage reprted n). Bundary and scpe The scpe shall encmpass waste (utput flws) arising frm the end-f-life buildings and their parts, as well as all materials that are ready fr cnstructin that are brught nt a building site (input flws) and are intended t frm part f a building and external wrks within the site bundary, as well as frm assciated applicatin and assembly prcesses. Packaging assciated with the delivery f ready fr cnstructin prducts shall be accunted fr. The bundary f the indicatr will depend n the pint in the prject and its life cycle at which the waste being reprted n arises. Table in Part 3 f the dcumentatin utlines which life cycle stages are relevant. Burden shifting f waste frm cnstructin sites shall be accunted fr by extending the bundary f the reprting. In practice, this means that fr any task that culd have taken place n-site but has been shifted ff-site t a factry (e.g. prefabricated wall panels r brick facings) the waste arisings assciated with that activity in the factry shall be accunted fr. 41

42 2.4 Life cycle tl: Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Macr-bjective 2 identifies the need t 'reduce significant envirnmental impacts' assciated with material use. LCA is an verarching tl that can be used t analyse the verall perfrmance f a building and its cnstituent materials fr multiple envirnmental impacts, s is the best tl t meet this need. Hwever, LCA has a wider ptential applicatin than the scpe f macr-bjective 2, with the ptential fr use as a hlistic tl t analyse many different aspects f the life cycle perfrmance f buildings. Mrever, because LCA is a cmplex tl that requires a certain level f expertise frm users, inexperienced users are recmmended t first gain experience using the individual indicatrs and life cycle tls, several f which will enable users t learn abut different aspects f carrying ut an LCA. Guidance and rules fr carrying ut an LCA are, as a result, prvided separately in sectin 7 as an verarching tl within the Level(s) framewrk What is a Life Cycle Assessment? The state f the art methdlgy t identify and analyse the mst significant envirnmental impacts f a building is a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). An LCA is a tl that enables the analysis f where and when selected envirnmental impacts may ccur at the different stages alng the life cycle f a building. Analysis f a number f envirnmental impacts ensures that any trade-ffs between different impacts, as well as between different life cycle stages, can be identified. This ensures a mre thrugh analysis f the imprvement ptential f design ptins, as well as helping t identify 'ht spts' f envirnmental impact alng the life cycle f a building. Carrying ut an LCA requires expertise. This is because the cllectin f data representative f the materials the building is cnstructed frm, and their distinct prductin prcesses and rigin, requires a lt f chices and assumptins t be made. Analysis and use f the results then requires expert judgement Hw can Life Cycle Assessment be used in building prjects? Users f the Level(s) framewrk are encuraged t use LCA as a tl t analyse the brader envirnmental impacts f the cnstructin prducts used. The reference standard fr carrying ut an LCA is EN 15978, which prvides seven envirnmental impact categries and ther indicatrs describing resurce use: Glbal warming ptential (GWP 100 ) Depletin ptential f the stratspheric zne layer (ODP) Acidificatin ptential f land and water (AP) Eutrphicatin ptential (EP) Frmatin ptential f trpspheric zne phtchemical xidants (POCP) Abitic Resurce Depletin Ptential fr elements (ADP element) Abitic Resurce Depletin Ptential fr fssil fuels (ADP fssil). Renewable primary energy resurces used as raw material (MJ) Use f nn-metallic mineral resurces (kg) These categries address sme f the main envirnmental impacts that have been the fcus f attentin fr Eurpean envirnmental plicy. It is imprtant, hwever, t be aware f the limitatins f LCA as a tl. A majr challenge exists in seeking t make meaningful cmparisns between building design ptins. This is because each f the cmmn building materials used acrss the EU have distinct envirnmental impacts that cannt all be mdelled 42

43 and quantified using the seven indicatrs prvided by EN Examples include the sustainability f frests frm which timber has been btained r the ectxicity f pllutants frm material prductin prcesses. Mre guidance n the range envirnmental impacts that can be analysed using LCA is prvided in sectin 7. 43

44 Macr-bjective 3: Efficient use f water resurces Definitin: Make efficient use f water resurces, particularly in areas f cntinuus r seasnal water stress. Intended scpe and fcus: Actin t minimise water use at the building level in all areas, with a particular fcus n water reuse in buildings lcated in areas f cntinuus r seasnal water stress. This culd cmbine efficiency measures, as well as supply-side measures such as grey water reuse and rainwater harvesting. The macr-bjective 3 indicatr Indicatr Perfrmance metric 3.1 Ttal water cnsumptin m 3 f water per ccupant per year 3.1 Indicatr n use stage water cnsumptin Overview f the indicatr What des it measure? The indicatr estimates r measures the water cnsumptin f sanitary fittings/devices and water cnsuming appliances that are relevant t the building design, based n which cnsumptin rates are used (i.e. specific data frm suppliers r default data prvided) and what usage factrs are assumed. Estimatin r measurement f the substitutin f ptable water with alternative, nn-ptable surces is als pssible. This ptin is prvided fr buildings that are in areas f water stress, as defined by the Water Explitatin Index (WEI+) fr the river basin in which the building is lcated 14. Hw can it be used in building prjects? This indicatr can be applied t new r existing buildings in rder t understand, and ultimately decrease, the water demand. Specific infrmatin abut the water cnsumptin rates f sanitary fittings and water using appliances shuld be used where available. In ther cases, relatively cnservative default flw-rates and flush vlumes can be used instead. 14 The water explitatin index (WEI+), fr a particular river basin is defined as the net abstractin f freshwater divided by the average freshwater resurces available during a defined perid. It describes hw the net water abstractin puts pressure n freshwater resurces. 44

45 Figure Relevance f different actrs t the water cnsumptin indicatr. Planning authrities can set certain minimum water efficiency requirements fr sanitary fittings and devices r irrigatin requirements via lcal (e.g. Brescia, Italy), reginal (e.g. prvince f Madrid, Spain) r natinal (e.g. UK Part G) building regulatins. In regins where current installed ptable water and/r wastewater treatment plants are near maximum capacity, water utilities may have sme influence at the planning stage. The design team and the client will ultimately decide hw ambitius the design shuld be in terms f water efficiency. This will be based n knwledge f the water efficiencies f sanitary devices and fittings and water using appliances that are currently n the market. It will be the jb f the sub-cntractr t crrectly surce and install these fittings, devices and appliances t avid leakage and any sub-ptimal perfrmance caused by pr installatin. Asset managers will want t quantify the water cnsumptin, estimate its impact n perating csts and identify cst effective savings where pssible. These influences, tgether with assumed usage factrs, allw an estimatin f the per capita water cnsumptin even befre the building is ccupied. Hwever, when dealing with actual water cnsumptin, this will ultimately be determined by ccupant behaviur and ccupancy rates. Actual water cnsumptin can be accurately mnitred via peridical meter readings. The mst likely surce f variatins between estimated and actual per capita water cnsumptin is an inaccurate estimate f ccupancy rates, especially in buildings with significant numbers f visitrs. If greywater and/r rainwater harvesting systems are installed, a means f mnitring the ttal water passing ut f strage tanks and t water cnsuming devices and fittings will be necessary. Why measure perfrmance with this indicatr? The public water supply, the majrity f which is used in buildings, accunts fr arund 21% f ttal water abstracted in the EU. In residential buildings alne, water cnsumptin is arund 160 litres/persn/day n average acrss the EU and plicy tls t address water cnsumptin in buildings are needed 15. The drivers fr a mre sustainable use f water resurces include grwing water demand, increasing water scarcity in many regins and decreasing water quality. The prvisin f ptable water carries bth ecnmic and envirnmental burdens which culd be reduced by the specificatin f water efficient technical systems, 15 BIO, Water Perfrmance f Buildings. Reprt fr DG Envirnment f the Eurpean Cmmissin by Bi Intelligence Service. Accessed nline, July

46 water using appliances and sanitary fittings at the design stage fr new buildings, r prir t renvatin f existing buildings. Water usage rates are particularly imprtant in regins under cntinuus r seasnal water stress, as indicated by a high annual r seasnal Water Explitatin Index (WEI+). Even thugh renewable water is an abundant resurce at Eurpean level, the per capita renewable water available has decreased by sme 24% between 1960 and Ppulatin grwth and the shift t mre densely ppulated cities and high peaks in summer turism can strngly influence the degree f lcal and seasnal water stress. Accrding t the Eurpean Envirnment Agency, three different levels f water scarcity can be arbitrarily defined: WEI+ < 20%: a nn-water stressed regin WEI %: a water stressed regin WEI+ >40%: a severely water stressed regin. In thse gegraphical lcatins with water stress, measurement f the rate f cnsumptin f ptable water supplies and the rate f substitutin f ptable water supplies by alternative surces such as rainwater and reused water becmes imprtant. The cncept f the Water Explitatin Index (WEI+) is explained further in Guidance nte 3.2 in Part 3, sectin Outline methdlgy fr making a level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Unit f measurement Water cnsumptin during the use phase f the building life cycle in m 3 per ccupant per year is calculated based n the estimated use f water cnsuming appliances and sanitary fittings in the building. Althugh the headline indicatr refers t ttal water use, there is als the ptin t disaggregate the reprting int ptable and nn-ptable water use, fr instance when rainwater r greywater cllectin systems are installed. Bundary and scpe The water use measured by the indicatr relates t life cycle mdule B7 'peratinal water use' in the reference standard EN The scpe f the term "peratinal water use" includes the use and treatment (pre- and pst-use) f bth ptable water and nn-ptable water and applies t prcesses fr: drinking water, water fr sanitatin, dmestic ht water, irrigatin f assciated landscape areas, green rfs and green walls, water fr heating, cling, ventilatin and humidificatin and ther specific uses f building-integrated technical systems (e.g. funtains, swimming pls, saunas). The bundary cvers the time perid frm the handver f the cnstructin wrks t the pint in time when the building is decnstructed/demlished. Water used by appliances (e.g. washing machines and dishwashers) can ptinally be included. The 'embdied water' f cnstructin materials and water

47 used during maintenance, repair, replacement and refurbishment activities is nt included. Due t a general lack f backgrund data fr default values, water cnsumptin by funtains, HVAC (heating, ventilatin and air-cnditining) equipment, cleaning (fr residential buildings) and swimming pls is nt cnsidered in the generic design calculatin tl. Irrigatin can ptinally be included in the scpe fr bth residential and ffice/cmmercial buildings. When used, sme additinal cnsideratin f the area t be landscaped and the irrigatin system t be installed is required, which users may nt always be willing r able t d. Calculatin methd and reference standards The calculatin methdlgy is prvided by the framewrk, tgether with default usage factrs and perfrmance data fr fittings and appliances. The methdlgy has been designed with the intentin f being cmplementary t thse that have been develped by the majr green building assessment schemes that perate in the EU. 47

48 Macr-bjective 4: Healthy and cmfrtable spaces Definitin: The design f buildings that are cmfrtable, attractive and prductive t live and wrk in and which prtect human health. Intended scpe and fcus: The initial pririty areas f fcus fr macr-bjective 4 are indr air quality and thermal cmfrt: Fr indr air quality tw cmpsite indicatrs are prvided, which each require the cnsideratin f multiple parameters relating t the quality f the indr air in the useful internal spaces f building. Fr thermal cmfrt, an assessment f the time ut f thermal cmfrt range f a building's useful internal space during an average year. In additin, and recgnising that the abve mentined indicatrs represent nly tw ut f the many ptential aspects f this macr-bjective, initial guidance is als prvided n perfrmance assessment fr tw further aspects that may be cnsidered fr ptential future indicatr develpment: Lighting and visual cmfrt Acustic perfrmance f the building fabric Users f the Level(s) framewrk will be encuraged t start t reprt n hw they have addressed these tw aspects. Initial guidance n design aspects t fcus n and reference standards is prvided in sectins 4.3 and 4.4 f Part 3 f the Level(s) framewrk dcumentatin. The macr-bjective 4 indicatrs Indicatr Perfrmance metrics 4.1 Indr air quality Gd quality indr air: Parameters fr ventilatin, CO 2 and humidity Target list f pllutants: Emissins frm cnstructin prducts and external air intake. 4.2 Time utside f thermal cmfrt range % f the time ut f range f defined maximum and minimum temperatures during the heating and cling seasns 4.1 Indicatr n indr air quality The fcus f indicatr 4.1 is n the quality f the indr air as experienced by ccupants f a building during the use stage 17. It cnsists f tw sub-indicatrs: Indicatr 4.1.1: Assessment f three parameters f gd quality indr air, with reference t ventilatin rate, CO 2 levels and relative humidity. Indicatr 4.1.2: Assessment f the cncentratins f a target list f pllutants fr surce cntrl that are cmmnly fund in indr air. 17 In the reference standard EN 15978, the relevant mdule f the use stage is B6 'Operatinal energy use' 48

49 The tw sub-indicatrs prvide a simplified assessment f the mst imprtant parameters fr indr air quality Overview f the indicatrs What d they measure? The indicatrs fr gd quality indr air cnditins measure the three main parameters identified in EN and EN as being imprtant t the prvisin f a healthy and cmfrtable indr air supply t ccupants ventilatin (rate f air change), CO 2 levels and relative humidity. The indicatrs fr surce cntrl f target air pllutants measure the mst significant ptential hazards t human health that can enter indr air. Building ccupiers can be expsed t a range f ptential emissins f vlatile and carcingenic rganic cmpunds. In an air tight, mdern hme r ffice, the mst significant direct emissins surces related t cnstructin prducts and fit ut materials are understd t be: paints and varnishes, textile furnishings, flr cverings, assciated adhesives and sealants, and fit-ut materials that incrprate particle bard 18. Sme prducts assciated with the renvatin f prperties may als be relevant, with evidence that internal insulatin and wall linings may, in sme cases, be emissins surces. Fr buildings with ventilatin systems, indirect utdr surces such as traffic have been identified as als being f particular significance t indr air quality 19. Level(s) fcuses n emissins frm prducts as a basis fr surce cntrl and emissins measured upn the cmpletin f buildings as the basis fr perfrmance mnitring. Infrmative safety threshlds fr indr air cncentratins fr the pllutants assessed by the Level(s) framewrk are prvided by the Wrld Health Organisatin (see Part 3, guidance nte 4.2). Perfrmance benchmarks fr the emissins frm building prducts are prvided by natinal labelling schemes and, fllwing a transitinal perid fr adptin, Member States will need t adpt the new EU-wide emissins classes. Why measure perfrmance with these indicatrs? The indicatrs prvide users with the key parameters fr the design f ventilatin systems and indr cnditins which ensure a healthy supply f air fr ccupants. They can als be used t prtect human health by minimising the ptential fr ccupier expsure t health risks assciated with pllutants that can arise frm building and fit-ut materials as well as being brught int the building via intake ventilatin and air infiltratin. The rate f air change and the cncentratin f CO 2, when used tgether, result in an imprtant measure f the rate at which stale air is replaced with clean intake air. The rate f air exchange als cntrls the build-up f ther chemical and bilgical pllutants. 18 Bluyssen et al, Eurpean Indr Air Quality Audit in 56 ffice buildings, Indr Air: 1996, 6(4), p Eurpean Cmmissin (2011) Prmting actins fr healthy indr air, DG Health & Cnsumers 49

50 The level f relative humidity is an imprtant influencing factr n the cmfrt f ccupants. High r lw levels f humidity can create an uncmfrtable sensatin, fr example by making ht cnditins feel mre intense r by drying ut and causing irritatin f the nse and thrat. The cntrl f surces f humidity, such as kitchens and bathrms, is als imprtant in rder t avid creating the cnditins fr the grwth f muld, which can in turn prvke respiratry r allergenic health prblems. Additinal specific ptential surces f ccupant expsure, which shuld be measured, are assciated with the renvatin f dmestic prperties. These are primarily thse assciated with renvatin materials, as well as the need t diagnse, treat and design ut the presence f muld (a bilgical hazard). In bth new-build and renvated prperties that achieve high levels f air tightness, it is imprtant t ensure that surces f humidity are cntrlled, and cld bridges in the building fabric are minimised, s as t avid creating the cnditins fr muld grwth. Hw can they be used in building prjects? The indicatrs make it pssible fr users t evaluate indr air cnditins and the cntrl f target air pllutants at three main pints in time alng the building prject stages design, pst-cmpletin (prir t ccupatin) and pstccupancy. These are specified in greater detail in table Table Prject stages at which indicatr 4.1 can be used Prject stage Activities related t the use f indicatr Design stage (based n calculatins) Design f the building fabric and ventilatin systems t meet target ventilatin rates Cntrl f ptential surces f humidity by ventilatin design Inspectin f prperties t be renvated in rder t identify any prblems relating t damp and muld. Design slutins fr identified areas f cld bridging and damage frm humidity in renvated prperties Surce cntrl f target pllutants by selectin f building prducts accrding t their tested emissins. 2. Cmpletin stage (based n as-built drawings) Verificatin that as-built and installed building fabric and services reflect thse as designed. 3. Pst-cmpletin (based n cmmissining and testing) In-situ measurement f the indr cncentratin f target pllutants prir t ccupatin. Functinal perfrmance testing f ventilatin filters and their suitability fr the building lcatin. 50

51 4. Occupatin (based n measured perfrmance) In-situ measurement f the indr cncentratin f target pllutants during ccupatin with furniture, fixtures and fittings in place. In-situ measurement f the CO 2 and relative humidity levels Outline methdlgy fr making a Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Units f measurement The indicatr requires the measurement f a number f parameters. The cmmn units f measurement fr the parameters f the cmpsite subindicatrs are listed belw in tables and Table Indicatr 4.1.1: Gd quality indr air cnditins Indicatr scpe Headline envirnmental metric Units f measurement Gd quality indr air Ventilatin rate (air flw) Litres per secnd per square metre (l/s per m 2 ) CO 2 Relative humidity Parts per millin (ppm) % rati f partial t equilibrium vapur pressure Table Indicatr 4.1.2: Target air pllutants fr surce cntrl Target list f pllutants Primary surce: building prducts Target list f pllutants Primary surce: utside air Carcingenic VOCs EU LCI rati Frmaldehyde Muld Benzene Particulates (PM 2,5 and 10,0), μg/m³ rati f a substances measured cncentratin in prduct emissins t its LCI value μg/m³ Guidance nly μg/m³ μg/m³ Radn (accrding t gegraphical risk) Bq/m 3 The perfrmance is assessed fr the indr air quality as experienced by ccupiers f the useful (cnditined) space within a building. Within the EPB 51

52 standards EN and pren , the gd quality indr air cnditin parameters frm part f the building ccupancy and perating cnditins mdule. The ventilatin rate shall be nrmalised t the useful flr area f the building. This shall allw fr the design ventilatin rate t be related t the ptential fr dilutin f indr emissins as specified in EN and the superseding standard EN The determinatin f emissins frm building prducts shall be in cnfrmance with CEN/TS Test data is required frm manufacturers/suppliers f the selected building prducts, as defined in the scpe. All testing shall be n the asfinished prduct. The presence f muld des nt have a specific parameter because muld characterisatin and quantificatin is still the subject f methdlgical develpment. In this first versin f Level(s), guidance n testing and inspectin is instead prvided. The presence f radn shall be measured based n infrmatin relating t the gegraphical lcatin f the building and the underlying gelgy 20. In sme Member States, emissins frm certain building prducts may als need t be taken int accunt because f their cnstituent materials. Bundary and scpe The bundary fr the indicatr is the useful cnditined flr area and the related indr air cnditins as experienced by ccupants f a building within thse znes f the building. The scpe is defined accrding t the metrics in tables and and, at design stage, by the chice f any f the fllwing building materials and prducts: Ceiling tiles Paints and varnishes, including thse applied t stairs, drs and windws Textile flr and wall cverings Laminate and flexible flr cverings Wden flr cverings Assciated adhesives and sealants In additin, internal insulatin prducts, as well as special interir surface treatments (e.g. t resist damp), shall be included within the scpe. 20 Eurpean Envirnment Agency, Eurpean indr radn map, December

53 4.2 Indicatr n time utside f thermal cmfrt range The fcus f indicatr 4.2 is n the ability f the building t maintain pre-defined thermal cmfrt cnditins during the heating and cling seasns. Thermal cmfrt is defined by EN ISO 7730 as: '..that cnditin f mind which expresses satisfactin with the thermal envirnment. Dissatisfactin can be caused by warm r cl discmfrt f the [human] bdy as a whle.r by an unwanted cling (r heating) f ne particular part f the [human] bdy.' Linked t this aspect f cmfrt, the additinal heating r cling energy required t maintain these cnditins shall als be cnsidered Overview f the indicatr What des it measure? The indicatr measures, by prxy, the prprtin f the year when building ccupiers may feel thermal discmfrt. Why measure perfrmance with this indicatr? In lw r near zer energy buildings, the cntrl f thermal cmfrt and, in particular, slar gains in summer, is an imprtant factr. This is because, even in Nrthern Eurpean lcatins, uncntrlled gains frm slar radiatin can lead t uncmfrtable cnditins that may in turn require additinal cling energy. The cntrl f verheating is specifically addressed by the recast Energy Perfrmance f Buildings (EPB) Directive 2010/31/EU which states that: ' there shuld be fcus n measures which avid verheating, such as shading and sufficient thermal capacity in the building cnstructin, and further develpment and applicatin f passive cling techniques, primarily thse that imprve indr climatic cnditins and the micrclimate arund buildings.' The ability f residents t keep hmes warm in winter is als an imprtant factr. A large prprtin f the EU's husing stck can be cnsidered t be hard t heat because f a cmbinatin f a lack f insulatin, pr quality windws, cld bridging thrugh the building fabric and high levels f air infiltratin. This can lead t inadequate heating which can put mre vulnerable residents at risk frm seasnal illnesses. Adverse climate change may exacerbate bth f these prblems in the future, and is addressed by using the same indicatr t calculate and reprt n future climatic scenaris under Macr Objective 5. Hw can the indicatr be used in building prjects? Reprting can be based n bth calculated and measured perfrmance. This means the indicatr can be used by a range f prject actrs, including during the design stage t simulate perfrmance and upn cmpletin t check hw the building actually perfrms based n mnitred cnditins and ccupant surveys. 53

54 Table utlines the prject stage activities where Level(s) may prvide valuable supprt. The related additinal heating and cling cnsumptin can als be reprted in terms f energy demand using indicatr 1.1 and life cycle csts using indicatr 6.1 The prject stages at which the indicatr(s) can be used are prvided, tgether with guidance, n hw the gap between design and actual perfrmance can be minimised, with a fcus n weather data representativeness, calculatin intervals, the duratin and intensity f heat waves, and cnsideratin f lcalised thermal discmfrt. Table The prject stages at which indicatr 4.2 can be used Prject stage Activities related t the use f indicatr Design stage (based n calculatins) As a cmpnent f calculated EPB assessment sub types: design r tailred Cnsideratin f different aspects f thermal cmfrt, including lcalised discmfrt effects 2. Cmpletin stage (based n as-built drawings) As a cmpnent f calculated EPB assessment sub types: as built 3. Pst-cmpletin (based n cmmissining and testing) Cmmissining: functinal perfrmance testing 4. Occupatin (based n measured perfrmance) As a cmpnent f measured EPB assessment sub types: climate crrected, use crrected r standard Cmparisn f estimated satisfactin levels with thse btained frm ccupier surveys Outline methdlgy fr making a Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Unit f measurement The cmmn unit f measurement is the percentage f the time ut f range f defined maximum and minimum temperatures during the heating and cling seasns. The perfrmance is assessed fr the useful flr area f the building and the prjected pattern f use fr the building. The perfrmance f a building shuld always be assessed bth with and withut mechanical cling. If energy mdelling is carried ut, an area weighted average shall be reprted. Bundary and scpe The scpe f the indicatr is the internal perating temperature and cmfrt cnditin f the ccupiers within the building. The assessment bundary is the building. Heat lsses and gains that will affect the cmfrt cnditins within the building, as well as the heating and cling 54

55 energy that may be required t maintain these cnditins, are t be cnsidered. The reprted perfrmance shall apply t 95% f the useful spaces assessed. Calculatin methd and reference standards Calculatin f the reprted perfrmance shall be in accrdance with the methd described in Annex F f EN and/r an verheating assessment that frms part f a Natinal Calculatin Methd. Buildings with and withut mechanical cling shall be assessed. Thse buildings which have full r mixed mde mechanical cling shall additinally assess the perfrmance f the building fabric withut mechanical systems such as Heating, Ventilatin and Air Cnditining (HVAC). If there is the intentin t carry ut pst-ccupancy evaluatin f satisfactin/dissatisfactin with the thermal envirnment, the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) shall be estimated based n EN ISO 7730 (fr mechanically cled buildings) r the acceptable summer indr temperature range (fr buildings withut mechanical cling). The estimate PPD can then be cmpared with the results frm an ccupier survey. 55

56 Macr-bjective 5: Adaptatin and resilience t climate change Definitin: The futureprfing f building perfrmance against prjected changes in the climate, in rder t prtect ccupier health and cmfrt and t sustain and minimise risks t prperty values. Intended scpe and fcus: The initial pririty fcus f attentin f macr-bjective 5 is n the prtectin f health and cmfrt under prjected future climate cnditins. Assessment f future scenaris fr the thermal cmfrt f the interir spaces f buildings shall be based n the same calculatin methdlgy as fr indicatr 4.2. In additin, and recgnising that this first scenari represents nly ne ptential aspect f this macr-bjective, initial guidance is als prvided n tw further aspects that may be cnsidered fr ptential future scenari develpment: Increased risk f extreme weather events, which may require cnsideratin f the durability and resistance f building elements. An increased risk f flding, which may require cnsideratin f the capacity f drainage systems and the resilience f structures. Users f the Level(s) framewrk will be encuraged t start t reprt n hw they have addressed these tw aspects. Initial guidance n design aspects t fcus n and reference standards is prvided in sectins 5.2 and 5.3 f Part 3 f the Level(s) framewrk dcumentatin. 56

57 The macr-bjective 5 life cycle tl Life cycle tl 5.1 Life cycle tls: scenaris fr prjected future climatic cnditins Perfrmance metric r reprting frm Scenari 1: Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt Simulatin f the building's prjected time ut f thermal cmfrt range fr the years 2030 and Life cycle scenaris: Prjected future climatic cnditins What is a life cycle 'scenari'? Scenaris are defined by EN as a 'cllectin f assumptins and infrmatin cncerning an expected sequence f pssible future events'. They describe future events in the life cycle f a building fr which changes in ptential future perfrmance can be analysed. As such, they may describe time-related characteristics that can relate t any f the life cycle stages and which may have a significant influence n the envirnmental perfrmance f the building. Examples fr macr-bjective 5 include the tlerance f the building fabric t heat waves, the resilience f elements f a building t weathering, and design measures that seek t minimise fld damage. One scenari tl is prvided fr macr-bjective 5. The scenari fcusses n the mdelling f buildings under future weather cnditins in 2030 and Hw can the life cycle scenari tl be used in building prjects? The design f mre climate change prf buildings requires a fcus n adaptatin measures that can be incrprated int buildings nw r, if necessary, are pssible t incrprate at a future pint in time. By develping and evaluating future scenaris fr the resilience f a building, and by using climatic prjectins carried ut by recgnised experts, designers can identify measures that have the ptential t minimise future risks and liabilities. The first life cycle scenari t be prvided fr this macr-bjective fcuses n extremes f temperature, with a fcus n prtecting the health and cmfrt f building ccupants. This scenari has been selected t re-infrce the fcus n the recast Energy Perfrmance f Buildings (EPD) Directive 2010/31/EU n verheating ptential, as well as reflecting its identificatin as an imprtant aspect in the EU Strategy n adaptatin t climate change 21. Develpment f this scenari als allws users t explre the ptential psitive influence f green infrastructure at the building level, fr which there is evidence that certain features can mderate temperatures arund a building The fcus f attentin f the scenaris One initial scenari tl is prvided as a pririty initial fcus. Tw further ptential future scenaris, which address ther aspects f building resilience and adaptability, and which may be included in later versins f the Level(s) framewrk, are briefly mentined in Part 3 fr guidance purpses nly. 21 COM(2013)216, Cmmunicatin frm the Cmmissin t the Cuncil, the Eurpean Parliament, the Eurpean Ecnmic and Scial Cmmittee and the Cmmittee f the Regins, An EU Strategy n Adaptatin t Climate Change 57

58 The ptins fr reprting n results frm mdelling f the scenari are given. These prvide users with qualitative and quantitative ways f reprting n hw far the building addresses the ptential future risk f verheating. Overheating culd in turn result in greater discmfrt fr ccupants and an increase in cling energy use, s the ptential t cmpare the results f a building energy perfrmance assessment carried ut accrding t indicatr 1.1 is als emphasised. Initial guidance is prvided fr the fllwing tw ptential future scenaris, which are assciated with: An increased risk f flding in sme areas. Mre frequent ccurrence f extreme weather events. Each scenari, in turn, has the ptential t have an impact n a building's prjected future perfrmance under ther indicatrs fr example, in relatin t the service life (life cycle scenari tls 2.2), water cnsumptin (indicatr 3.1) and energy demand (indicatrs 1.1 and 6.1) Scenari develpment fr the Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment ptin The rules fr calculatin and reprting at the cmmn perfrmance level 1 allw fr a simplified assessment f the scenari 'Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt' t be carried ut. The rules are as fllws: Use f the same calculatin methd and indicatr metrics as fr indicatr 4.2 Extensin f the thermal simulatin used t reprt n indicatr 4.2 in rder t calculate the perfrmance using weather prjectins fr 2030 and The future perfrmance shall be calculated using the same perative temperature range as fr indicatr 4.2 If suitable future prjectins are nt available at natinal, reginal r lcal level, weather files derived frm heat wave events in the last years may be used. Further detailed guidance is prvided in Part 3, sectins and

59 Macr-bjective 6: Optimised life cycle cst and value Definitin: Optimisatin f the life cycle cst and value f buildings t reflect the ptential fr lng term perfrmance, inclusive f acquisitin, peratin, maintenance, refurbishment, dispsal and end f life. Intended scpe and fcus: Life Cycle Csting (LCC) is particularly relevant t achieving an imprved envirnmental perfrmance as higher initial capital csts may be required t achieve lwer life-cycle running csts, higher residual prperty values and imprved wrkfrce prductivity. It therefre represents a methd fr making effective, lng-term investment decisins. LCC is an imprtant tl during the prject definitin, cncept design and detailed design stages, where it can be used t select and value engineer the design that will prvide the lwest verall cst (and highest residual value) alng the life cycle f the asset. It may als take int accunt s-called 'intangible' benefits, which may include factrs that influence the users' cmfrt and prductivity. Eurpean standards n life cycle cst als address the cncept f prperty value and the ptential fr the imprved envirnmental perfrmance f buildings t have a psitive influence n value, lettings and stability in the prperty market. Prfessinal valuatin bdies wrking at Eurpean level have sught t integrate envirnmental perfrmance int their value appraisal and risk rating criteria, but there is still sme way t g befre the true value f better perfrming buildings is reflected in appraisals. The ptential f prperty valuatin and risk rating methds t fully capture the benefits f mre sustainable buildings has received less attentin than life cycle csts, but has wider ptential t supprt lng term investment decisins. This is because better perfrmance can be equated with nt just reduced verheads (by minimising peratinal csts), but als increased revenues and mre stable investments (by making prperties mre attractive) and reduced risk (by anticipating ptential future expsure). The macr-bjective 6 indicatrs Indicatrs Perfrmance metrics 6.1 Life cycle csts Eurs per square metre f useable flr area per year ( /m 2 /yr) 6.2 Value creatin and risk factrs Reliability ratings f the data and calculatin methds fr the reprted perfrmance f each indicatr and life cycle scenari tl. 59

60 6.1 Indicatr n life cycle csts The fcus f indicatr 6.1 is n the life cycle elemental csts f a building, including the cst f cnstructin, peratin, maintenance, refurbishment and dispsal 22. Users are encuraged t reprt n csts fr all the life cycle stages. Hwever, the minimum scpe f reprting required is fr the fllwing stages: Use stage energy and water csts (life cycle stages B6 and B7) Cnstructin and lng-term maintenance, repair and replacement csts (life cycle stages A1-3/B2 4) The minimum scpe frms an imprtant part f the verall life cycle csts f a building. They are intended t prvide infrmatin that is f direct use t thse perating r investing in a building Overview f the indicatr What des the indicatr measure? The indicatr measures all building element csts incurred at each life cycle stage f a prject fr the reference study perid and, if defined by the client, the intended service life. The life cycle stages are presented in Part 1, sectin 2.2 f the Level(s) framewrk and the building element list is presented in Part 3, sectin The life cycle stages reflect thse used as the basis fr the reference standards EN and ISO The fllwing life cycle stages may be reprted n as a minimum scpe in rder t prvide infrmatin t investrs, asset managers and ccupiers: Use stage energy and water csts (life cycle stages B6 and B7): The utility csts assciated with ccupatin f a building, inclusive f cmmunal csts f perating a building and the csts assciated with ccupier energy and water use. Cnstructin, maintenance, repair and replacement csts (life cycle stages A1-3/B2-4): This shall include the elemental cst f cnstructing the building asset, exclusive f land csts. This shall cmprise: Enabling wrks t prepare the site fr cnstructin (r a building fr renvatin). Cnstructin f the building (n and ff site activities). Fit ut in preparatin fr ccupatin. The future cst assumptins relating t maintenance, repair and replacements shall als be accunted fr. This shall include reactive, cyclical and majr planned activities. These csts will be strngly influenced by the decisins and calculated perfrmance f the fllwing indicatrs in the Level(s) framewrk: 1.1a Use stage delivered energy use 2.2a building and elemental service life planning 3.1 Efficient use f water resurces. 22 In the reference standard EN the relevant mdule f the use stage is B6 'Operatinal energy use' 60

61 Why measure perfrmance with this indicatr? These csts prvide imprtant infrmatin t investrs, asset managers and ccupiers. The latter includes hmewners, wh may wish t understand the csts assciated with maintaining and running a hme fr the duratin f a full mrtgage term, and residents' rganisatins respnsible fr the cmmunal csts f maintaining apartment blcks. As well as encuraging clients and designers t cnsider the relatinship between upfrnt capital csts and use stage csts, they can prvide a mre infrmed basis fr understanding future perfrmance, value and liabilities assciated with a building. Savings assciated with energy and water efficient buildings can be cash flwed in rder t capitalise the value f the savings and reflect this in prperty valuatins and investment decisins. This may be in cmparisn with benchmarks f perfrmance in a lcal market, acrss a prtfli r the perfrmance prir t a majr renvatin. The develpment f a medium t lng term maintenance and replacement plan can supprt mre cst effective management f assets. This can include decisins relating t the service life and durability f key elements and cmpnents, as well as predictins f ptential future csts and liabilities that may be assciated with the early failure f cmpnents. Hw can this indicatr be used in building prjects? Reprting can be based n estimated perfrmance at the design stage r n asbuilt perfrmance fllwing cmpletin and after mnitring f perfrmance during ccupatin. This means they can be used by a range f prject actrs, including during the design stage, t estimate future perfrmance and perfrmance fllwing ccupatin s as t check hw the building is actually perfrming against prjected shrt, medium and lng term cst schedules. The ptential fr gaps and variances between design and actual cst perfrmance may depend n: the quality and representativeness f the cst estimates used, which may be based n a range f surces. the assumptins that frm the basis fr mdelled prjectins f ptential future peratinal csts and ptential future maintenance, replacement and refurbishment csts. Part 3, Sectin prvides mre guidance n bth f these aspects, and level 3 reprting may be based n a mre detailed assessment f the quality f cst data and prjectins. Table Prject stages during which indicatr 6.1 can be used Prject stage Activities related t the use f indicatr Design stage (based n estimates and assumptins) 2. Cmpletin stage (based n as-built drawings) Cst estimates and mdelling: Based n the client's requirements and detailed designs. Verificatin f as-built csts: Based n the final cst and the as-built specificatins. 3. Pst-cmpletin (based n cmmissining and testing) n/a 61

62 4. Occupatin (based n measured perfrmance) Metered utility csts: Real energy and water cst perfrmance data. Mnitring f maintenance and replacement csts: Refinement f prjectins ver time as real perfrmance data cmes in Outline methdlgy fr making a Level 1 cmmn perfrmance assessment Unit f measurement The cmmn unit f measurement fr each life cycle stage is eurs per square metre f useable flr area per year ( /m 2 /yr). The cmmn unit shall be based n the net present cst f each life cycle stage. This shall be calculated by applying a discunt rate t the csts incurred fr each year f the reference study perid. The net present csts shuld generally be calculated using real csts, i.e. excluding inflatin. Hwever, assumptins abut inflatin may als be included within the discunt rate if nminal csts are required fr the purpse f detailed financial planning. Bundary and scpe The system bundary shall encmpass all the life cycle stages illustrated in Part 1, sectin 2.2. Fr renvated existing buildings, the system bundary shall encmpass all life cycle stages that relate t the extended service life. The minimum scpe f the indicatr shall include the building parts and elements identified in Part 3, sectin 1.1, table 1.1. A simplified apprach may be fllwed that fcuses n a reduced number f life cycle stages, but if this is dne the reprting rules described in Part 3, sectin must be fllwed, as the results will nt be representative f the full life cycle. Calculatin methd and data requirements The methd fr the cmmn perfrmance assessment requires reprting n the csts by life cycle stage. As-built cst data, and the emerging picture f use stage life cycle csts pst-ccupatin, can then be reprted at a later stage. The reference standard fr calculating the life cycle csts f each life cycle stage shall be ISO and EN The reference standard ISO prvides a methdlgy fr calculating and estimating the design life f elements and cmpnents. Develpment f a life cycle cst plan fr a building will require the cllectin f a range f cst data, which may vary in quality accrding t its surce and age. Further guidance n cst data cllectin is prvided in Part 3, sectin

63 6.2 Indicatr n value creatin and risk factrs The fcus f indicatr 6.2 is n thse aspects f a mre sustainable building perfrmance that have the ptential t create financial value r t expse wners and investrs t risks and liabilities in the future. The indicatr als intends t prvide infrmatin n the reliability f the underlying data and calculatin methds n which a reprted perfrmance is based, t thse invlved in the appraisal f a buildings value. In this way, the indicatr will supprt prperty valuers and investrs by supplementing their existing data and knwledge, thereby allwing them t better take int accunt the ptential influence f sustainability aspects n value and risk Overview f the indicatr What des the indicatr measure? The indicatr is designed t supprt valuatin and risk rating prcesses in tw ways: Cmprehensiveness f the valuatin r risk rating: By identifying the ptential fr a Level(s) perfrmance assessment t influence a prperty valuatin appraisal r risk rating. This ptential is t be checked fr each indicatr reprted n. This checking prcess includes a specific fcus n the criteria fllwed by valuatin prfessinals and the assumptins they make abut the market influence f imprved sustainability perfrmance. Reliability f the reprted perfrmance assessments: By rating the reliability f a Level(s) perfrmance assessment. This cmprises the rating f the data and calculatin methd, the prfessinal capability f the thse carrying ut the perfrmance assessment, and the extent t which there is independent verificatin f the results. By fllwing this apprach, it is anticipated that prject actrs will be encuraged t fcus attentin n hw the use f Level(s) may influence value and risk, as well as the precisin and accuracy f perfrmance assessments carried ut. Table Identified r emerging influence f Level(s) framewrk indicatrs n prperty value and risk EU Level(s) framewrk indicatr r scenari Ptential influence n value and risk 1. Increased revenues due t market recgnitin and lwer vids 2. Reduced peratinal, maintenance, repair and replacement csts 3. Future risk f increased verheads r lss f incme 1.1 Use stage energy perfrmance 1.2 Life cycle Glbal Warming Ptential Life span, adaptability and decnstructin scenari 1: Building and elemental service life 63

64 Life span, adaptability and decnstructin: scenari 2 Design fr refurbishment and adaptability Life span, adaptability and decnstructin scenari 3: Design fr decnstructin, reuse and recyclability 2.3 Cnstructin & demlitin waste and materials 3.1 Efficient use f water 4.1 Indr air quality 4.2 Time ut f thermal cmfrt range Prjected future climate cnditins scenari Prtectin f ccupier health and thermal cmfrt 6.1 Life cycle csts Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Why assess value and risk with this indicatr? The reprting frmat is intended t ensure that sustainability is integrated int risk rating and value appraisal prcesses and that it is dne n as infrmed and transparent a basis as pssible. This in turn shuld imprve cnfidence in the assertins that can be made abut present and future perfrmance, as well as fcussing attentin n the need fr mre data n hw csts, revenues and values are influenced in practice. The risk rating and valuatin standards f the Ryal Institute f Chartered Surveyrs (RICS), the Eurpean Grup f Valuer s Assciatins (TEGVA) and the Internatinal Valuatin Standards Cuncil (IVSC) integrate sustainability as an aspect t take int accunt and highlight the pssibility t make special assumptins abut its future impact n value, and calling upn relevant expertise, certificatins and reprts t supplement their prfessinal skills. In terms f specific guidance, RICS in its Red Bk Valuatin Practice Statement (VPS) number 2 advises valuers t: cllect and recrd apprpriate and sufficient sustainability data, as and when it becmes available, fr future cmparability, even if it des nt currently impact n value Mrever, the imprtance f the inputs and assumptins made in reaching a judgement are als highlighted, with the 2017 editin f the Internatinal Valuatin Standard stating that: The prcess f valuatin requires the valuer t make impartial judgements as t the reliability f inputs and assumptins. Fr a valuatin t be credible, it is imprtant that thse judgements are made in a way 64

65 that prmtes transparency and minimises the influence f any subjective factrs n the prcess. The integratin f sustainability valuatin and risk cnsideratins will by necessity encurage the client and their prfessinal team t learn abut the sustainability characteristics f his prperty. Feedback frm practitiners suggests that, in the prcess, they tend t learn things abut the prperty that they may nt have fcused n therwise. As a result, the additinal value and quality that sustainability aspects can cntribute t building designs and specificatins becmes better understd. Hw can the reliability rating be used in building prjects? Reliability rating scales are prvided thrughut the Level(s) framewrk fr each indicatr. Fr each indicatr, the rating is made based n the quality, representativeness and precisin f a perfrmance assessment. The frmal capability f the prfessinals carrying ut the assessment and the extent t which the result is independently verified is als taken int accunt. This means that the building prfessinals carrying ut the perfrmance assessments fr a specific indicatr will, at the same time, have the pssibility t generate a reliability rating. It is likely, as a result, that the ratings wuld be largely prduced at the design and cnstructin stage. They wuld, in parallel, be used by clients and their valuers as infrmatin t infrm the risk rating and valuatin f a building. In additin, fcus is given t the valuatin and risk rating criteria that they use t make an appraisal, and the extent t which the assumptins used may be influenced by a Level(s) assessment. Table illustrates the infrmatin feeding int ratings at each prject stage. It shws that the infrmatin abut perfrmance may be updated ver time. This includes feedback frm the testing f the building and systems. Table The prject stages at which indicatr 6.2 can be used frm a prject management and a financial perspective a. Design, cnstructin and facilities management related stages Prject stage Activities related t use f indicatr Design stage (based n calculatins) 2. Cmpletin stage (based n as-built drawings) 3. Pst-cmpletin (based n cmmissining and testing) 4. Occupatin (based n measured perfrmance) Rating f the input data, calculatin methds and simulatin tls used. Infrmatin t infrm design stage appraisals f the viability/prfitability f the prject. Validatin f input data based n as-built drawings and specificatins. Cmmissining and quality testing: Feedback frm functinal perfrmance testing f systems, building fabric testing. In situ testing: Feedback frm health and cmfrt aspects t validate design chices. Measured (metered) energy and water data: Ptential t diagnse differences between design and actual perfrmance. 65

66 b. Valuatin and investment appraisal related stages Prject stage Activities related t use f indicatr Outline appraisal Early stage identificatin f ptential design influences n the appraisal f value and risk 2. Detailed appraisal and risk rating 3. Financial apprvals and due diligence T supprt detailed evaluatin and value engineering f design decisins T develp mre infrmed scenaris fr the perfrmance f the prperty in the market T prvide greater insight int the reliability f perfrmance assessments T demnstrate hw perfrmance aspects have been taken int accunt in the value engineering f the prject 4. Cst cntrl n site T mre clearly distinguish specificatins that are imprtant frm a value and risk perspective 5. Asset management and leasing Outline methdlgy fr making a reliability rating The methdlgy fr making a rating is prvided in Part 3, sectin Unit f measurement The indicatr cmbines checklists and ratings. The ratings prvide a semiquantitative scre. The higher the scre, the greater the reliability f the perfrmance assessment made fr that indicatr. Checklists are used t identify aspects f value creatin and risk management that have been addressed, and the appraisal criteria used. One f the ratings evaluates the reliability f data, calculatin methds, prfessinal capabilities and independent verificatin. The reliability scres can be determined fr each indicatr in the Level(s) framewrk. The scring is based n a semi-quantitative evaluatin f the representativeness and precisin f the data and calculatin methds used t make a perfrmance assessment. 66

67 Overarching assessment tl 7: Cradle t cradle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Users f the Levels(s) framewrk will learn mre abut hw t cnduct an LCA. This is because Level(s) has been designed t help users t understand and mdel the building life cycle stages as described in the reference standard EN 15978: Raw material extractin and manufacturing f cnstructin prducts (A1-3) Cnstructin f the building (A4-5) Occupatin and use f the building (B1-7) The end f life and decnstructin f the building (C1-4) Benefits and lads beynd the system bundary frm the recvery f materials and prducts frm a building (D) Users can first learn abut hw the different steps in cnducting an LCA wrk (see Part 2) and, nce they are mre skilled, they can mve n t cnduct an LCA (see Part 3, sectin 7). 7.1 A simplified apprach t cnducting an LCA A brief verview is prvided f the LCA methd in this sectin. The full simplified methdlgy fr cnducting an LCA can then be fund in Part 3 f the Level(s) dcumentatin, sectin What des it measure? LCA is a methd t assess the envirnmental perfrmance f a building thrughut its entire life cycle, as described in the reference standards ISO 14040/10444 (2006) and EN (2011). The envirnmental impacts f a building shall be assessed thrugh quantificatin and reprting n the fllwing envirnmental impact categry indicatrs. Glbal warming ptential (GWP 100 ) Depletin ptential f the stratspheric zne layer (ODP) Acidificatin ptential f land and water (AP) Eutrphicatin ptential (EP) Frmatin ptential f trpspheric zne phtchemical xidants (POCP) Abitic Resurce Depletin Ptential fr elements (ADP element) Abitic Resurce Depletin Ptential fr fssil fuels (ADP fssil). In additin, the use f renewable bitic resurces and nn-metallic minerals fr cnstructin materials shall be reprted Units f measurement The envirnmental impacts f a building's bill f materials shall be quantified and reprted with reference t the use f 1 m 2 f useful internal flr area per year fr each life cycle stage (i.e. 1 m 2 /yr which crrespnds t the reference flw, using LCA terminlgy). Envirnmental impacts are expressed with the units used in the assciated calculatin methds (e.g. kg CO 2 eq fr GWP, kg CFC-11 eq fr ODP, kg SO 2 eq fr AP, kg (PO 4 ) 3- eq fr EP, kg C 2 H 4 eq fr POCP, kg Sb eq fr ADP elements, MJ fr ADP fssil fuels), MJ fr renewable primary energy resurces used as raw material, kg fr nn-metallic minerals. The building t be assessed shall be described accrding t the guidance in Part 3, sectin 1 ('gal and scpe definitin'). This includes: Building type and expected use(s), functin(s) and service(s); Perid f use and extent f use (e.g. number f users); 67

68 Gegraphical cntext and climatic cnditins; Technical, functinal and qualitative prperties f the building; The reference study perid. Calculatins shall be adapted if the intended service life f the building is expected t be shrter r lnger than the reference study perid, as defined in Part 3, sectin 1.4. The reference study perid may be the same as the intended service life f the building Why measure perfrmance with this methd? LCA is a hlistic apprach that allws fr a cmprehensive verview f the envirnmental impacts that may be the result f different building types, design chices and medium t lng term scenaris. It can be used as a tl by prfessinals fr: Understanding the rder f magnitude f the impacts due t a building and its cmpnents, and identifying the ht-spts in the life cycle; Defining and analysing imprvement ptins fr the reductin f the envirnmental impacts f a building and identifying any trade-ffs; Aviding that impacts are shifted frm a life cycle stage t anther ne (e.g. decreased cnsumptin f energy in the use stage by the intrductin f mre efficient materials, which results in increased energy use during material prductin) withut imprving the entire envirnmental perfrmance f the building Hw can it be used in building prjects? Cnducting an LCA brings tgether different elements f the framewrk (i.e. inventry data, life cycle scenaris, envirnmental impacts). The methd can thus be used either as: 1. A hlistic tl fr the cmprehensive assessment f the building's envirnmental impacts and the ptimisatin f designs (tending twards expert/advanced use), and/r 2. A learning tl t prmte better understanding and quantificatin f the building s envirnmental impacts (educatinal purpse, fr prfessinals wh are nt familiar with LCA). LCA n its wn can be used as a tl t analyse different materials, cmpnents and ptins at the different prject phases. Three different ways f wrking with LCA are presented, depending n which f the three levels f the framewrk is used, and depending n the prject's bjectives. 68

69 GETTING IN TOUCH WITH THE EU In persn All ver the Eurpean Unin there are hundreds f Eurpe Direct infrmatin centres. Yu can find the address f the centre nearest yu at: On the phne r by Eurpe Direct is a service that answers yur questins abut the Eurpean Unin. Yu can cntact this service: - by freephne: (certain peratrs may charge fr these calls), - at the fllwing standard number: , r - by electrnic mail via: FINDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE EU Online Infrmatin abut the Eurpean Unin in all the fficial languages f the EU is available n the Eurpa website at: EU publicatins Yu can dwnlad r rder free and priced EU publicatins frm EU Bkshp at: Multiple cpies f free publicatins may be btained by cntacting Eurpe Direct r yur lcal infrmatin centre (see

70 KJ-NA EN-N 70 di: / ISBN