ALGERIAN METEOROLOGY SERVICE ( ONM ) DAR EL BEIDA ALGIERS ALGERIA GAW PROGRAM IN ALGERIA

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1 ALGERIAN METEOROLOGY SERVICE ( ONM ) DAR EL BEIDA ALGIERS ALGERIA Phone : GAW PROGRAM IN ALGERIA PRESENTED BY : M.MIMOUNI TAMANRASSET

2 SUMMARY SELECTION OF SITES :TAMANRASSET / ASSEKREM PROGRAM OF MEASURES INSTRUMENTS AND RESULTS OF MEASURES SENDING OF DATA TO WORLD CENTERS TWINING WITH LABORATORIES DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED CONCLUSIONS

3 ALGERIA Region of Tamanrasset

4 TAMANRASSET AND ASSEKREM WAS SELECTED FOR THE REASONS: HIGH ALTITUDE : 1377 m and 2710 m ABSENCE OF ANTHROPIC ACTIVITIES ASSEKREM IS LOCATED IN THE FREE TROPOSHERE PROGRAM OF MEASURES TAMANRASSET TURBIDITY, TOTAL OZONE, RADIATION, AOD ASSEKREM SURFACE OZONE, AEROSOLS, SAMPLING GAS ( GHG ), MONOXIDE CARBONE

5 TAMANRASSET ASSEKREM North North East East 1377 M 2710 m

6 Daily variation of turbidity Turbidity in 1/ Date: 1/1/95 to 31/12/08 THE TURBIDITY IS VERY LOW IN THE WINTER ( NOV MARS ) AND VERY HIGH FROM APRIL TO SEPTEMBER : VERY HAZY

7 YEARLY VARIATION OF TURBIDITY AT TAMANRASSET TU RB IDITY (1/1000) YEARS : THE YEARLY AVERAGE OF THE TURBIDITY CHANGE FROM TO

8 MEASURE OF TOTAL OZONE MEASURE SINCE APRIL 1994 INSTRUMENT : SPECTROPHOTOMETER DOBSON N 11 CALIBRATION : 2000 ( SOUTH AFRICA), 2004 ( EGYPT) DATA SENT REGULARY TO WOUDC ( TORONTO)

9 MEASURE OF TOTAL OZONE AT TAMANRASSET

10 Daily variation of total ozone O z o n e in D U Missing data for calibration date: 1/1/95 to 31/12/08 IN THE YEAR : LOW VALUES IN WINTER, MAXIMUMS IN SUMMER

11 YEARLY VARIATION OF TOTAL OZONE OZONE ( DU ) YEARS : FOR THE PERIOD 95 08, THE ANNUAL AVERAGE IS 269 D.U

12 MEASURE OF RADIATION SOLAR RADIATION ( 0.28 µm 4 µm ) Measure of Downward flux Since September 1994 Direct, Global, Diffuse, RG8 (>=0.69 µm) ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION ( Long Wave ) : 4 µm 100 µm Measure of Downward flux Since Mars 2000 Calibration of Instruments : PSP NIP IN SITU WITH AHF REFERENCE

13 Measure OF RADIATION AT Tamanrasset

14 Daily variation of Global Solar Global in MJ Dtae:1/1/95 to 31/12/2008 Daily variation of diffuse solar Diffuse in MJ Date : 1/1/95 to 31/12/08

15 The Solar Global is maximum in Summer period, with the angle solar Global = Direct*sin (h) +diffuse The low values of direct (cloud ) are compensated by solar elevation and diffuse in summer period. The diffuse are very low in winter period because of clear sky and visibility. In summer period, the diffuse is more important with cover sky and haze. The fraction Diffuse/Global is about 40 % in summer and 25 % in winter. The Global received at surface is % the Extra Terrestrial Radiation (ETR) on surface horizontal.

16 MEASURE OF Aerosol Optical Depth ( AOD) Since October 2006, in collaboration with Spanish Meteorology ( INM) and GAW station of IZANA ( Canaries) Installation of a Cimel Photometer at Tamanrasset for measure of AOD ( AERONET Project). Measure of AOD in 07 longwaves: 1020 nm, 870, 675, 500, 440, 380, 340 nm.

17 PHOTOMETER CIMEL ON THE ROOF OF METEOROLOGY CENTER TAMANRASSET

18 Daily Variation of AOD AOD ( 500 nm) date : 1/1/07 to 31/12/08 The AOD is minimum in winter period and very high in summer period

19 ASSEKREM N E (2710 m a.s.l.) Building established by O.N.M. under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization with financial support by the World Bank (Global Environment Facility) in Meteorological observations since Weekly flask sampling of greenhouse and other gases since Continuous ozone and aerosol observations since Continuous carbon monoxide observations since 2006.

20 Transport of water to GAW station of Assekrem

21 Batteries for Solar Power at Assekrem

22 Pannels of solar power and PM10 of TEOM ( Assekrem)

23 EQUIPMENTS AT ASSEKREM

24 EQUIPMENTS & INSTRUMENTS IN ASSEKREM Teco 49c Air Sampling Horiba LPC

25 Surface Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Mole Fraction (ppb) Surface Ozone (in situ, daily aggregates) Carbon Monoxide (in situ, daily aggregates) Carbon Monoxide (flask, event data) Date

26 Daily Variation of Surface ozone : year Ozone in PPB Days of year : 1 to 366

27 SAMPLING GAS The Sampling Gas is done each week since september The sampling are sent in a box ( 02 sampling) by post to Laboratory ESRL/NOAA ( Boulder/USA ) for analysis. The parameters analysed are : CO2,CH4, CO, H2, N2O, SF6

28 SAMPLING GAS AT ASSEKREM

29 SAMPLING GAS AT ASSEKREM

30 VARIATION OF CO2 AT ASSEKREM y = x Time: sept. 95 to Dec 2007

31 Variation of CO2, CH4,N2O, SF6 at Assekrem SF6 (ppt) N2O (ppb) CH4 (ppb) CO2 (ppm) Date

32 Yearly variation of CO2 at Assekrem Variation of CH Y ea r s : Y e a r s : Variation of N2O Variation of SF Y e a r s : Ye a r s : YEARLY VARIATION OF GHG at ASSEKREM

33 Aerosols Atmospheric aerosols are important for a diverse range of issues including global climate change, acidification, regional and local scale air quality, and human health. The climate impact of aerosols is a result of both direct radiative effects and indirect effects on cloud properties. Regional problems include potential impacts on human health and mortality and environmental impact such as visibility impairment. In the Hoggar, this measure is more important because the region is near major source of dust in Sahara central. In Summer period, the frequence of dust event is very important and the concentration of aerosols are most high.

34 Aerosol Mass Concentration Mass Concentration PM10 (ug/m3) PM10 (TEOM, daily aggregates) Date

35 TWINING WITH LABORATORIES With EMPA ( SWISS) for Surface ozone and monoxide carbone. Installation of instrument, analysis data and calibration. Spare parts. With GAW station Izana ( Spanish) for AERONET project ( measure of AOD ), installation, calibration and spare parts. In the future, purchase and installation of Brewer and Nilu UV ( With Izana) ESRL/Boulder for Radiation and Dobson ( total ozone).

36 SENDING DATA TO WDC Total ozone and UV B: each 02 months to WOUDC (Toronto ) Radiation : each end of year to WRDC ( St Petterespurg Russia) through NREL ( USA) and to Archive center of BSRN ( Germany) Surface Ozone and GHG ( Sampling) to WDCGG (Japan) AOD sent regulary by satellite transmission to NASA

37 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED Failure of Instruments : problems of purchase in the country of the spare parts. Problem of pay spare parts sent from laboratories : problem with local bank to transfer money etc

38 GROUP PICTURE IN FEBRUARY 2003 AT ASSEKREM ( GAW WORKSHOP )

39 Conclusions The station is important for its remote location, being situated in an important source region for mineral dust (Central Sahara) that affects global aerosol distribution, human health and the economy. The observations of tropospheric trace gases indicate that even a site as remote as Assekrem is affected by anthropogenic pollution (see rising SF 6 and seasonally elevated CO) and very well suited for the observation of other relevant greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) and reactive gases (O 3 ) affecting climate change and human health. The Global GAW site Assekrem has been operational since 1997, contributing significantly to the global Earth observation system (GEOSS). It is important that observatories like Assekrem are strengthened by the international community and sufficiently funded to ensure longterm operation in support of political decision making for the benefit of humans and the biosphere at large.