GEOGRAFSKI UČINKI MELIORACIJ IN KOMASACIJ

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1 UDK 911:631.6 (497.12) =863 GEOGRAFSKI UČINKI MELIORACIJ IN KOMASACIJ Marjeta Natek* Uvod Eden osrednjih problemov kmetijskega prostora v Sloveniji je njegova nizka stopnja izkoriščenosti, ki je posledica predvsem neugodne zemljiškoposestne strukture, ekstenzivne proizvodnje, opuščanja oddaljenih in težje dostopnih kmetijskih zemljišč in neugodnih talnih razmer na poplavnih, močvirnih in sušnih območjih. Zato so gotovo potrebni ukrepi za izboljšanje na kmetijskih zemljiščih, ki pa morajo biti premišljeni in vsestransko proučeni. Komasacije, s katerimi združujemo parcele in zemljiške kose v večje poljske komplekse in melioracije, s katerimi urejamo talni vodni režim (osuševanje, namakanje) in izboljšujemo fizikalne, kemične in biološke lastnosti tal (nižinske in hribovite agromelioracije ter obnova trajnih nasadov) omogočajo hiter porast kmetijske pridelave, zlasti poljščin. Izvedba navedenih ukrepov pa terja vrsto zahtevnih posegov v pokrajini, zato prihaja pogosto do konfliktov in dvomov o ustreznosti in uspešnosti tako melioracij kot komasacij. Z obsežnimi posegi se vse bolj uveljavlja industrijski način kmetovanja s povečano pridelavo in manjšim vloženim delom pri obdelavi, potrebna pa so bistveno večja vlaganja kot pri tradicionalnem, ekološko prilagojenem kmetijstvu. Hitra razvojna dinamika kmetijskega prostora, ki je hkrati stičišče številnih interesov, terja, da poleg njegove izrabe za učinkovito kmetijsko pridelavo kar najbolj dosledno varujemo naravno in kulturno okolje. Dipl. geograf, Višji strokovni sodelavec, Inštitut za geografijo Univerze, Trg francoske revolucije 7, Ljubljana, YU

2 Tabela 1: Obseg izvedenih melioracij in komasacij v Sloveniji med letoma 1973 in 1989 PLANSKO HIDROMELIORACIJE AGL0MER10RAC1JE KOMASACIJE NAKUP OBDOBJE Osuševanje Namakanje SKUPAJ Hribov. Nižinski Trajni predeli predeli nasadi 1 2 3(4+5+6) _ SKUPAJ Vir: Republiški komite za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano

3 Pregled izvajanja melioracij in komasacij v Sloveniji V Sloveniji so začeli sistematično izvajati melioracije in komasacije po letu 1973, ko sta bila sprejeta Zakon o kmetijskih zemljiščih in Zakon o vodah. Odbor za melioracije na Republiškem komiteju za kmetijstvo gozdarstvo in prehrano (prej pri Zvezi vodnih skupnosti) vodi posege ločeno po naslednjih kategorijah: hidromelioracije osuševanje, hidromelioracije namakanje, agromelioracije v nižinskih in hribovitih predelih ter obnova ali ureditev trajnih nasadov. Do konca leta 1989 so bile izvedene melioracije na ha in komasacije na ha, to je na preko 15 % vseh kmetijskih zemljiščih v Sloveniji. Najobsežnejša kategorija posegov so hidromelioracije osuševanje, ki obsegajo preko 50 % melioriranih zemljišč. Njeni številni nepredvideni negativni učinki so najprej vzbudili dvom o ustreznosti takšnih, slabo načrtovanih posegov. Pregled izvajanja melioracij in komasacij na območju občine Ajdovščina Tabela 2: Melioracije in komasacije na območju občine Ajdovščina Območje komasacije melioracije Ajdovsko polje Lokavec 201,9 195 Manče-Podnanos Vipavski križ-male žablje 327,8 308 Brje-Žablje Log-Zemono 634,1 572 Lozice 138,4 115 Ustje-Dolenje 84,1 50 Slapensko polje 257,6 243 Vrtovin 16 Batuje 73 Polje-Selo 38 SKUPAJ 2990, Vir: Detaljni podelki o komasaciji, Oddelek za komasacijo, Geodetski zavod SR Slovenije. Program urejamja zemljišč v SR Sloveniji za obdobje , Zveza vodnih skupnosti Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1986.

4 Območja melioracij in komasacij v občini Ajdovščina znašajo 3195 ha in skoraj v celoti prekrivajo dno zgornje Vipavske doline. Melioracijska območja obsegajo regulacije večine vodotokov, izgradnjo osuševalnih sistemov (melioracijska odvodnja in detaljnja drenaža), agromeliorativna dela (ravnanje površja, krčenje drevesno-grmovnega rastja), ureditev poljskih poti ter oblikovanje ustreznih obdelovalnih površin. Komasacije se površinsko pretežno prekrivajo z melioracijami in obsegajo 2990,9 ha. Raba tal na melioriranih in komasiranih zemljiščih Z melioracijami in komasacijami se je močno spremenila zunanja podoba agrarne pokrajine, predvsem raba tal. Sprememba je ponazorjena na primeru vseh melioracijsko-komasacijskih območjih v občini Ajdovščina in na primeru Lokavškega polja. TajV>ela 3: Raba tal na melioracijsko-komasacijskih območjih v občini Ajdovščina Zemljiška Spremembe kategorija 1986/1975 površina delež površina delež ha ha njiva 998,5 31,2 1917, ,8 travnik ,7 786,25 24,6-27,1 sadovnjak 35,25 1,1 60, ,8 vinograd 89,25 2,8 114,5 3,6 + 0,8 gozd 158 4,9 113,75 3,6-1,3 živice 112,5 3,5 23 0,7-2,8 pozidane pov. 43,25 1,4 68 2,1 + 0,7 kanali, vodotoki 28,25 0,9 52,25 1,6 + 0,7 poljske poti 42 1, ,3 dovoz, ceste 35 1,1 26 0,8-0,3 ž. proga 2 0,1 2 0,1-0,0 skupaj , Vir: CAS (ciklično aerosnemanje) 1975, CAS 1986 Interpretacija letalskih posnetkov iz let 1975 in 1986 (pred posegi in po njih) kaže na velike spremembe v obsegu osnovnih kategorij. Na vseh območjih seje močno povečal delež njivskih površin na račun travniških in v manjši meri gozdno-grmovnih zaplat in živih mej. S pravilnejšo parcelno strukturo je skrajšana dolžina poljskih poti in dovoznih cest, izgradnja osuševalnih sistemov pa je terjala izkop številnih novih kanalov in jarkov.

5 LOKAVEC - RABA TAL LETA 1975 LOKAVEC - LAND USE IN 1975 LEGENDA: N njiva field T travnik meadow P pašnik pastures S sadovnjak orchard V vinograd vineyard G gozd forest U pozidane površine built up surfaces w%nesklcnjena šiva meja unconnected hedge oa«posamczna drevesa isolated trees Vil vode in nerodovitno water and barren ground cesta roud poljska pot field-paths sssmelioracijski jarek melioration ditch Vir - source: Letalski posnetki Aerial photographs

6 GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA 21 LOKAVEC - RABA TAL LETA 1986 LOKAVEC - LAND USE IN 1986 LEGENDA: N njiva field T travnik meadow P pašnik pastures S sadovnjak orchard V vinograd vineyard G gozd forest U pozidane površine built up surfaces ^nesklenjena šiva meja unconnected hedge o» posamezna drevesa isolated trees VII vode in nerodovitno water and barren ground cesta roud poljska pot field-paths =smelioracijski jarek melioration ditch f^t! ; A \ Vir - sc Letalski posnetki Aerial photographs

7 Sprememba v rabi tal kot posledici melioracij pa ne pomenijo le povečanja površin najvrednejših zemljiških kategorij, temveč tudi poseg v celoten kompleks geografskih pojavov in procesov. Tabela 4: Raba tal na Lokavškem polju Kategorija Spremembe Površina v ha Detel Površina v ha Delež njiva 22,4 11,9 139,2 74,6 + 62,7 travnik 158,6 84,0 37,4 20,0-64,0 sadovnjak 0,3 0,2 + 0,2 vinograd 0,2 0,1 4,7 2,5 + 1,4 živice 5.1 2,7 2,3 1,2 + 1,5 gozd 2, ,0 1,2-0,0 pozidano 0,2 0,1 0,6 0,3 + 0,2 SKUPAJ 188, ,5 100 Vir: Fotointcrpretacija, CAS 1975 CAS 1986 Kmetijska pridelava na melioriranih in komasiranih zemljiščih Količina, kakovost in cena pridelane hrane je močno odvisna od razpoložljivih kmetijskih zemljišč, njihove kvalitete in kategorij. V prizadevanjih za čim večjo proizvodnjo hrane in težnjo po samooskrbi smo z agrotehničnimi ukrepi, zlasti z melioraciami, nasilno usposobili številna obsežna manj produktivna kmetijska zemljišča. Namen melioracij, ki smo jih izvajali povsod v Sloveniji, je predvsem povečanje njivskih površin, kjer naj bi bila možna intenzivna proizvodnja ekonomsko vrednejših poljščin. Podatkov o kmetijski pridelavi na melioriranih in komasiranih zemljiščih nimamo, zato ocenjujemo njeno usmeritev in obseg na osnovi statističnih podatkov za celotno občino. Melioracijska in komasacijska območja obsegajo skoraj 30 % obdelovalnih kmetijskih in preko 60 % njivskih površin v občini. Od leta 1975 do 1988 seje povečal delež njivskih površin za 28,8 %. Tako so spremembe v proizvodni usmeritvi in obsegu proizvodnje, ki so vodene za vse površine v občini, predvsem posledica melioriracij in komasacij.

8 Tabela 5: Proizvodna usmeritev in obseg proizvodnje poljščin v občini Ajdovščina Vrsta kulture Uto 1988 Leto 1975 Površina Delež Delež na Površina Delež Delež na (ha) % obdel. (ha) % obdel. kmet.zem kmet. % zem. % koruza (zrnje) ,0 11, ,6 6,6 koruza (silažna) ,3 4,0 35 1,9 0,3 mešanica trav in detelj ,8 5, ,5 1,8 pšenica 323 9,9 3,0 34 1,9 0,3 krompir 308 9,5 2, ,7 3,8 lucema 57 1,7 0, ,7 1,3 ječmen 40 1,2 0,4 25 1,4 0,2 zelje, ohrovt 16 0,5 0,1 30 1,6 0,3 krmna pesa 14 0,4 0,1 18 1,0 0,2 fižol 13 0,4 0,1 14 0,8 0,1 SKUPAJ Vir: Statistični podatki po občinah SR SLovenije Kmetijstvo , Zavod SR Slovenije za statistiko. Na območju usposabljanja in intenzifikacije kmetijskih zemljišč z melioracijami in komasacijami se je izoblikoval specifičen način rabe, ki je skupen večini melioriranih območij v Sloveniji in daje prednost pridelavi pšenice, koruze in mešanice trav in detelj. Pridelava posameznih poljščin se je povečala v skladu s povečanjem njivskih površin na melioriranih območjih. Pridelava je ob konstantni porabi gnojil in biocidov eden pomembnejših pokazateljev ekonomske opravičenosti melioracij. Spremembe v pridelavi posameznih kultur, ki se nanašajo na območje občine, so posledica melioracij in jih je mogoče ovrednotiti s primerjavo hektarskih donosov pred posegi in po njih. Takšna ocena ekonomskega vrednotenja je gotovo enostranska ki preuranjena glede na kratko obdobje po posegih, vendar ob upoštevanju vloženih sredstev za izvedbo in stroškov vzdrževanja posegov, le-ti ekonomsko niso upravičeni.

9 PRIDELEK KORUZE V OBČINI AJDOVŠČINA MED LETOMA 1975 IN 1988 THE MAIZE CROP IN THE COMMUNE OF AJDOVŠČINA BETWEEN 1975 AND , povrsina - surface area / O ha donos - yield per ha PRIDELEK SILAŽNE KORUZE V OBČINI AJDOVŠČINA LETOMA 1975 IN 1988 MED THE STORAGE CORN CROP IN THE COMMUNE OF AJDOVŠČINA BETWEEN 1075 AND J,.1508 LEGENDA površina - surface area ha donos - yield per ha

10 GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA 21 PRIDELEK PŠENICE V OBČINI AJDOVŠČINA MED LETOMA 1975 IN 1988 THE WHEAT CROP IN THE COMMUNE OF AJDOVŠČINA BETWEEN 1975 AND LEGENDA 0 11 površina - surface area ha donos - yield per ha PRIDELEK KROMPIRJA V OBČINI AJDOVŠČINA MED LETOMA 1975 IN 1988 THE POTATO CROP IN THE COMMUNE OF AJDOVŠČINA BETWEEN 1975 AND 1988

11 PRIDELEK MEŠANICE TRAV IN DETELJ V OBČINI MED LETOMA 1975 IN 1988 AJDOVŠČINA THE PRODUCTION OF COMBINED GRASS AND CLOVER IN THE COMMUNE OF AJDOVŠČINA BETWEEN 1975 AND 1988 Vir: Statistični podatki po občinah R Slovenije- Kmetijstvo , , Zavod R Slovenije za statistiko. Sourcc: The statistical data of the communes of R.Slovenia- Agriculture , The Institute for Statistics of R.Slovenia.

12 Melioracijsko komasacijsko območje Ajdovsko polje Ameliorated and consolidated area of Ajdovsko polje Foto: M. Natek

13 Ekološki učinki melioracij in komasacij I. Talne razmere Z različnimi posegi v kmetijski prostor smo od leta 1960 v Sloveniji izgubili preko hektarjev najkvalitetnejših zemljišč. Znaten obseg sprememb namembnosti kmetijskih zemljišč se bo nadaljeval tudi v bodoče. Da bi nadomestil izgubljene površine, so jih v letu 1973 meliorirali 135,913 ha. Vendar paje zmotno prepričanje, da se z melioracijamo, zlasti hidromelioracijami, nadomestijo zemljišča, ki jih kmetijstvo izgubi z urbanizacijo in drugimi posegi. S hidromeliorizacijami osuševanjem, ki so prevladujoči tipi melioracij v Sloveniji, seje le malo spremenil značaj hidromorfnih tal. Pridelava na melioriranih hidromorfnih zemljiščih ostaja tudi po posegih problematična in otežena in nikoli ne bodo dosežene takšne pridelovalne razmere kot jih imajo po naravi terestična da. To so pokazale tudi terenske raziskave po melioracijah v Vipavski dolini. Za prevrednotenje talnih tipov, ko se spremenijo diagnostični horizonti, je potrebno tudi daljše časovno obdobje. V pojavu obsežnih območij antropogenih tal pa se že kaže negativni učinek slabe tehnične izvedbe melioracij. Zaradi odstranitve vrhnje plasti je prišlo do razgaljanja talne podlage ali premešanja talnih horizontov. Nerodovitne plasti na površju so še poslabšale pridelovalne pogoje. II. Hidrografske spremembe A. Režim podzemne vode Osnovni namen hidromelioracij-osuševanja je ureditev talnega vodnega režima. Spremembe hidroloških karakteristik vodnega režima na melioriranih območjih v Vipavski dolini se ugotavlja in spremlja s kontinuiranimi meritvami gladine podtalnice na Štirih stalnih opazovalnih postajah: Lokavec, Ajdovščina, Vipavski križ in Gradišče. Podtalnica na posameznih retenzijskih območjih Vipavske doline je mešanega izvora. Naravno se bogati s padavinsko in zaledno vodo ter vodo površinskih vodotokov. Količina ponikle meteorne vode v podzemlje je odvisna od geološke sestave in stopnje propustnosti vodonosnih plasti, hidrografskih značilnosti, vegetacijske pokrovnosti, klimatskih razmer in ne nazadnje melioracijskih posegov. Na območju Zgornje Vipavske doline je ta vir bogatenja skromnejši zaradi geoloških in hidrografskih značilnosti ter regulacij in melioracij (številni jarki in dreni). Meteorna voda površinsko hitro odteče in le manjši del pronica v podtalnico.

14 Zaledna voda priteka na posamezna retenzijska območja površinsko in podzemno. Dotok te vode je zaradi velikega površinskega odtoka sorazmerno majhen. Vode, ki pritekajo podzemno iz zalednih območij jugozahodnih obronkov Trnovskega gozda in Nanosa, so stalne in znatno bogatijo podtalnico. Medsebojni vplivi površinskih vodotokov in podtalnice so slabo proučeni. Bogatenje podtalnice z vodo površinskih vodotokov je skromno. Reka Vipava napaja podtalnico le v ožjem pasu in ob višjem vodostaju, sicer pa drenira podtalnico. Sistematična hidrološka raziskava podzemne vode ne ravninskih retenzijskih območjih Vipavske doline potekajo od leta Na izbrani mreži postaj se opravljajo meritve gladin podtalnic trikrat mesečno v enakih desetdnevnih presledkih. Iz grafične ponazoritve dinamike nihanja višin podtalnice v eni od štirih stalno opazovanih postajah je mogoče razbrati njeno znatno znižanje, ki je posledica osuševanja, kakor tudi manjših letnih količin padavin. Grafikon 1. Povprečna gladina talne vode in količina padavin - Gradišče Viri: Režim podzemne vode na ravninskih območjih Vipavsko-Soške doline Statistični letopis SR Slovenije ( ) Hidrološki godišnjak, Podtalnica. B. Vodotoki Ureditveni načrt Vipavske doline vključuje regulacije vseh vodotokov na melioracijskih območjih. Z regulacijo seje močno zmanjšala njihova dolžina, spremenila se je oblika strug in se povečal pretok. Njihovo povečanje je tudi posledica hitrejšega odtoka padavinske vode na kmetijskih zemljiščih, ki so prepredena s

15 Izvajanje melioracij Works on regulation Foto: M. Natek

16 številnimi jarki in dreni. Hiter odtok pospešuje tudi spiranje mineralnih gnojil in zaščitnih sredstev, ki povzroča marsikje že občutna onesnaženja vodotokov in podtalnice. III. Mikroklimatske in mikroreliefne razmere Čeprav ne razpolagamo s podatki o mikroklimatskih razmerah na melioracijskih območjih, sklepamo na spremembe, ki nastajajo kot posledica agro- in hidromelioracijskih posegov. Odstranitev drevesnih in grmovnih mejnih pasov ter travinja je povzročilo povečanje jakosti vetrov, večji izsuševalni vpliv vetra, manj zavetnih in senčnih leg in s tem izenačenje osončenosti, zmanjšanje razlik v temperaturi ozračja in vode itd. Melioracije in regulacije pomenijo tudi poseg v reliefne, zlasti mikroreliefne razmere. Drobno, pestro, reliefno strukturo so zamenjale nove enolične oblike, ki ustrezajo industrijskemu načinu kmetovanja. Spreminjanje reliefa pa je v povezavi s spremembami celega kompleksa naravnih razmer sprožilo še vrsto novih in drugačnih procesov (erozija, akumulacija, polzenje, usadi). IV. Rastlinstvo in živalstvo Obsežni melioracijsko komasacijski posegi so sprožili spremembe v strukturi, številu in razmestitvi določenih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst. Učinki so lahko direktni in pomenijo uničenje določenih vrst, ali indirektni, kjer so uničeni ali poslabšani pogoji za njihovo življenje. Regulacije vodotokov in izsuševanje močvirij so najbolj prizadele vodne, obvodne in močirske rasuinske in živalske vrste. Krčenje gozdov in grmovja ter združevanje zemljišč v velike monokulturne zemljiške kose je ogrozilo poljsko živalstvo, ki je bodisi izumrlo, se številčno zmanjšalo ali preselilo. Mreža obdelovalnih poti in kanalov pa je presekala nekdaj široki življenjski prostor in otežila ali celo onemogočila povezavo med biotopi. Zaključek Temeljna razvojna usmeritev slovenskega kmetijstva je na razpoložljivem kmetijskem prostoru pridelati več, kvalitetnejše in cenejše hrane. To pa terja boljšo izrabo vseh možnosti za kmetijsko pridelavo, zlasti bolj smotrno izrabo še razpoložljivih kmetijskih zemljišč. Kratkoročno je z ekonomskega vidika tako mogoče melioracije, zlasti pa komasacije upravičiti. Vendar pa se ustreznost posegov ne

17 kaže le skozi spremembe sedaj, ampak tudi skozi projekcijo bodočega dogajanja v prostoru. Izhodišča za vrednotenje posegov so ne eni strani ekonomske kategorije (obseg proizvodnje, hektarski donos, stroški pridelave, stroški izvedbe posegov in vzdrževanja itd.) in na drugi strani ocena sprejemljivosti posegov za pokrajino, ki je z ekološkega vidika izražena v procesu degradacije. Na primeru zgornje Vipavske doline so specifični naravni pogoji (klimatske, talne in hidrografske razmere), ki so glavni vzrok negativnim posledicam posegov. Industrijskemu načinu kmetovanja prilagojena, na videz urejena pokrajina, je ekološko močno osiromašena in turistično rekreativno neprivlačna. Melioracijski posegi najtrše variante (ravnanje z buldožerjem, kanaliziranje, čiščenje vsega drevesno-grmovnega rastja) so za tako ranljivo pokrajino, kot je Vipavska dolina nesprejemljivi. Negativne ekološke in ekonomske posledice je mogoče le delno popraviti z drugimi ukrepi renaturacije (zasaditev živih mej kot protivetrnih pregrad z avtohtonim rastjem, čiščenje kamenja na obsežnih tleh s pomešanimi talnimi horizonti, gojenje ustrezno izbranih kulturnih rastlin itd.) in z namakanjem. Viri in literatura Analiza razvojnih možnosti na področju kmetijskih zemljišč za obdobje Zveza kmetijskih zemljiških skupnosti Slovenije, Ljubljana, Četina a., 1987, Metodika za vrednotenje proizvodne sposobnosti kmetijskih zemljišč. Biotehniška fakulteta, VTO za agronomijo, Ljubljana. Detaljni podatki o komasaciji. Geodetski zavod SRS, Ljubljana, Hidrološki godišnjak Podtalnica ( ). Letalski posnetki cikličnega aerosnemanja in Marušič J., 1987, Varstvo okolja z načrtovanjem prostora. Geographica Slovenica 18, Ljubljana. Program usposabljanja kmetijskih zemljišč v Sloveniji. Republiški komite za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano, Ljubljana, Prostorsko ureditvena problematika melioracij (zbornik referatov). Republiški komite za varstvo okolja in urejanje prostora in Katedra za krajinsko arhitekturo VTO za agronomijo, Biotehnična fakulteta, Ljubljana, 1988.

18 Režim podzemne vode na ravninskih območjih Vipavsko Soške doline, Ljubljana, Statistični letopis SR Slovenije ( ). Statistični podatki po občinah SR Slovenije, Kmetijstvo Zavod SR Slovenije za statistiko. Stritar A., 1990, Raba in varstvo tal v Sloveniji, Ljubljana. Stritar A., Logar M., 1987, Razlike v osnovni in dopolnilni obdelavi tal za setev na dveh različnih pedosistemih. Zbornik biotehniške fakultete, Ljubljana. Ureditev Vipavske doline za intenzivno kmetijsko proizvodnjo, Nova Gorica, 1985.

19 The Geographic Effects of Melioration and Consolidation Marjeta Natek Summary One of the central problems of land cultivation in Slovenia is the low level of land use, which is above all the result of unfavourable land-ownership structures, extensive farming, the abandoning of distant and less accessible arable lands and the unfavourable soil conditions in the marshy areas and in areas subject to floods or droughts. All the more reason for the steps which must be taken in order to better the farming conditions in arable areas, to be well thought out and based on thorough studies. Consolidation, in which lots areas of land are joined together, forming larger farming and land improvement complexes in order to regulate the hydrographie regime of ground water (drainage, irrigation), and to improve the physical, chemical and biological composition of the soil, (the agricultural melioration of hilly country and lowlands and the rejuvenation of permanent plantation), has, as a result, the speedy growth of yields, especially crop yields. So that the above listed improvements can be carried out, a number of complex alterations must be carried out in the natural surroundings, which often leads to conflicts and doubts as to whether the planned melioration and consolidation will yield the desired results and whether they are necessary at all. Industrial methods of farming, with their extensive encroachment on natural surroundings are gaining ground at an increasing rate, as they promise greater yields and require a smaller amount of labour, although they do demand noticeably greater investments than the traditional farming methods, which are adapted to the ecology. The fast developmental dynamics of farming areas which are, at the same time, the junction of numerous varying interests, makes it imperative that, while attempting to achieve optimal land use, one is, at the same time, as thorough as possible in protecting natural and cultural surroundings. Systematic melioration and consolidation were introduced in Slovenia as late as 1973, with the Act on Agricultural Land and the Hydrographie Regime.

20 The Melioration Committee of the Republic's Board of Agriculture, Forestry and Nutrition (previously of the Federal Water Board) is engaged in projects which are divided according to the following categories: hydromelioration drainage, irrigation, agromelioration in lowlands and hilly regions, and the rejuvenation and establishment of permanent plantations. By the end of 1989, a total of 135,913 ha had been meliorated and 47,763 ha had been consolidated, which together encompasses more than 15% of all the arable land in Slovenia. The most extensive category of projects is the water management category, which encompasses over 50% of all meliorated areas. The many ensuing unforeseen negative side-effects of these projects at first aroused doubts as to the suitability of such badly planned endeavours. A Survey of the Melioration and Consolidation Projects Carried Out in the Commune of Ajdovščina The meliorated and consolidated areas within the commune of Ajdovščina amount to 3,195 ha and almost entirely cover the floor of the Zgornja Vipavska dolina. The melioration project encompassed the regulation of the majority of the region's river system, the building of drainage systems (meliorational drainage and detailed drainage), agromeliorational activities, (the levelling of the ground, the clearing of areas overgrown with trees and shrubs, laying paths among the fields and the formation of suitable farming surfaces. The surface areas of the consolidated and the meliorated areas mostly overlap and together encompass 2,990.9 ha. Melioration and consolidation have not only changed the appearance of the cultivated landscape to a great extent, but above all, the land use. The change has been illustrated in the example of all the meliorational-consolidational areas in the commune of Ajdovščina and through reference to Lokavško polje. An interpretation of the aerial photos from 1975 and 1986 (made prior to and after the encroachments upon the natural landscape) reveals great changes in the scope of the basic categories. The percentage of fields has increased greatly in all areas, while the meadows and, to a lesser degree, the strips of forests and bushes and hedges have decreased. The more regular fragmentation has shortened the paths among the fields and the access roads, while the building of drainage systems has called for the digging of several new canals and ditches. The changes in land use as a result of melioration, on the other hand, do not entail only an increase in the

21 surfaces belonging to the highest category of arable land, but also the making of inroads into the entire complex of geographic occurrences and processes. The agricultural production The quantity, quality and price of the food produced depends greatly on the available agricultural lands, the quality of these and the category to which they belong. In endeavouring to achieve a continuous increase in food production and through the tendency towards self-sufficiency, a number of extensive and less productive agricultural areas have been forcibly made suitable for the intensive production of economically more profitable yields, through the employment of agricultural technological measures among these also the melioration which has been carried out all over Slovenia. As the data on agricultural production in the meliorated and consolidated areas are not available to us, our assessment of production specialization and extent must be based on the statistic data for the commune of AjdovSCina.The meliorated and consolidated lands cover almost 30 % of the arable farm lands and more than 60 % of the fields in the commune. From 1975 to 1988 the proportion of fields has increased by 28.8 %. This leads to the conclusion that the changes in the specialization and the extent of agricultural production that have occurred in the commune's surface area are above all the result of melioration and consolidation. In the areas where the arable surfaces were acquired and made capable of supporting intensive farming methods through melioration and consolidation, a specific type of land use has developed, which is characteristic of the majority of Slovenia's meliorated regions, and which favours the production of wheat, maize and a combination of grass and clover. The increase of individual crop yields is commensurate with the increase of fields in the meliorated areas. The produce yield obtained while the use of fertilizers and biocides remained constant, is one of the most important indicators that the meliorations are economically justified. The changes in the crops grown within the borders of the commune are a result of melioration and can be evaluated by comparing the yield per hectare prior to and after the melioration projects were carried out. Yet such an assessment of the economic efficiency is bound to be partial and premature considering the short time span that has elapsed since the completion of the projects, as, taking into account the investments demanded by the project and the maintenance costs within this time span, we come to the conclusion that the project was not economically efficient.

22 The Ecological Effects of Melioration and Consolidation I. Soil Conditions Since 1960, Slovenia has lost over 50,000 ha of farming lands of the highest quality as a result of various interventions. The considerably extensive use of agricultural land for other purposes will continue also in the future. In order to compensate for the loss of lands, 135,913 ha were meliorated between , yet the conviction that melioration, and especially hydromelioration can provide adequate substitutes for lands lost to urbanization and other projects is at fault. Hydromelioration combined with drainage, which is the prevalent type of melioration applied in Slovenia, has altered the characteristics of the hydromorphic soil only to a small degree. Production on hydromorphic soils remains problematic and difficult even after melioration, and the conditions inherent in terraneous soils can never be achieved. This has also been demqnstrated by the field research carried out after melioration in the Vipava valley. Longer periods of time are also necessary in order to correctly reassess the soil types after a change in the diagnostic horizons has occurred, yet the negative effects of poorly carried out melioration can already be seen in the appearance of extensive areas of anthropogenous soil as, due to the removal of the top layers, the sub-soil has either been laid bare, or in other cases, the soil horizons have become mixed. The barren layers of soil on the surface have only worsened the production conditions. II. Hydrographic Changes A. The Underground Water Regime The basic purpose of hydromelioration-drainage is to regulate the ground water regime of the soil. The changes in the hydrological characteristics of the water regime in the meliorated regions of the Vipava valley have been established and monitored by continuously measuring the ground-water level in four constant monitoring stations in Lokavec, Ajdovščina, Vipavski križ and Gradišče. The underground water in certain retention areas in the Vipavska dolina region is of mixed origin. Its natural sources are precipitation and hinterland waters, as well as surface river-water. The amount of meteoric water that percolates into lower layers depends on the geological composition and the permeability of the porous rock layers, the hydrographic characteristics, the vegetation covering, climatic conditions, and last, but not least, the melioration projects. In the upper Vipava valley region this source

23 contributes considerably less towards the hydrological regime.due to the geological and hydrological characteristics and regulation and melioration (numerous channels and ditches), the surface run-off of meteoric water is rapid, so that only a smaller part of it percolates through the layers to join the underground waters. The hinterland water collects in the retention zones above impermeable rock layers, after flowing both over the surface and underground. The inflow of these waters is relatively small, due to the huge surface run-off. The waters that flow underground from the hinterlands of the south-west outskirts of the Trnovski gozd and Mt. Nanos are a constant source and augments the ground waters considerably. Not enough research has been done so far on the combined effects caused by the surface river-waters and the ground waters. The inflow of surface water contributes litde towards augmenting the ground waters. The Vipava river contributes to the ground water only in one narrow strip of its course and when the level of the river is high, otherwise it drains them. Systematic hydrological research of the underground waters in the retention areas of the level regions in the Vipava valley has been in progress since In a chosen network of observation stations, measurements of the ground water level are taken thrice monthly in equal (10-day) intervals. The graphic illustration of the dynamics of the fluctuation of the underground water level made in one of the four permanent observation stations reveals that the level has dropped noticeably, as a result of drainage and the smaller amount of annual rainfall. B. The Rivers The development plan for the Vipava valley also includes the regulation of all rivers and surface sources of water in the meliorational regions. This has shortened them considerably, changing the river-beds and increasing the throughflow. The increased throughflow is also a result of the faster run-off of precipitation on the farm lands criss-crossed with numerous channels and conduits. The rapid run-off also accelerates the washing of mineral fertilizers and biocides into the streams, contributing towards the pollution of the rivers and ground water. III. The Microclimatic and Microrelief Conditions Although we have no data on the microclimatic conditions in the meliorated regions, we can nonetheless come to certain conclusions concerning the changes that occur as a result of agricultural and hydromeliorational activities. The clearing of trees and the shrub belts and grass covering along the boundaries has caused an increase in the wind force and the drying out of the soil by the wind, has decreased

24 the wind-sheltered and shady locations, equalizing the amount of sunlight received by the entire region, reduced the temperature differences of the atmosphere and the water, etc. Melioration and regulation also alter the relief especially the microrelief conditions. The varied structure of the small characteristics of the relief have been supplanted by monotonous landforms which are suited to industrial farming methods. These alterations of the relief, in connection with the alterations in the complex of the natural conditions has already triggered off a number of new and different processes (such as erosion, soil accumulation, solifluction, lands lips, etc.). IV. The Flora and Fauna The extensive meliorational-consolidational activities are also the cause of changes in the structure, number and distribution of certain species of plants and animals. The effects of this can be either direct, causing the extermination of certain species, or indirect, where their habitats are ruined and their living conditions deteriorate. The regulation of rivers and the drainage of marshes has caused the most damage to the aquatic species of plants and animals, and those species native to river areas and marshlands.the clearing of forests and shrubs and the joining of lots of land into huge single-crop areas has threatened the existence of field animals which have either already been exterminated or have migrated or suffered a decrease of their numbers, while the network of paths and canals has cut through their once extensive habitat, seriously interfering with, and in places even rendering impossible, the connections between the biotopes.

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