Essentials of Physical Anthropology
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1 Lecture Slides Essentials of Physical Anthropology THIRD EDITION Clark Spencer Larsen
2 Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology 13 Larsen. Essentials of Physical Anthropology
3 Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology Corbis Cartoon by Ron Theriencartoonstock.com Illustration Copyright 2013 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved. Illustration Copyright 2013 Nucleus Medical Media, All rights reserved.
4 Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology Questions addressed in this chapter: When, where, and why did agriculture first develop? How did agriculture affect human living circumstances? How did agriculture affect human biological change? What are the most important forces shaping human biology today? Are we still evolving?
5 The Agricultural Revolution: New Foods and New Adaptations Corbis; Scott Haddow Jim Holmes/Getty Images
6 The Agricultural Revolution: New Foods and New Adaptations Photo by John Doebley Photo by John Doebley Why agriculture? Climate stability and emergence out of the last ice age Population growth
7 Regional Variation in Domestication Figure 13.5B: Bruce D. Smith: Figure The approximate time periods when plants and animals were first domesticated from The Emergence of Agriculture, p. 13, Reprinted by permission
8 Fertile Crescent
9 Villages and Cities: Ҫatalhöyük blickwinkel / Alamy National Geographic Image Collection / Alamy
10 Plant & Animal Domestication Around the World and its Diffusion China and Southwestern Asia Rice domesticated ~8,000 years ago Mexico Corn domesticated ~9,000 years ago Spread to American Southwest and to Atlantic coast by 1,000 years ago Animal domestication Dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs Corbis
11 Agriculture: An Adaptive Trade-Off Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn: Figure drawn by Annick Boothe. From Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn, Thames & Hudson Inc., New York. Reprinted by permission of the publisher Neolithic Demographic Transition High birthrate, rapid weaning 2 3 million, 10,000 years ago 300 million by 2,000 years ago. 7 billion today
12 The Good and Bad of Agriculture
13 Agriculture and Human Biology. The Masticatory-Functional Hypothesis
14 How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skull
15 How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton Activity patterns Modern hunter gatherers Lee & DeVore (1960s) Variation dependent on local ecology and food Peter Johnson/Corbis
16 How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton Activity patterns Ancient populations? Biomechanics More bone = more strength I beam
17 How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton Roberto Osti: Figure Bones of the Postcontact Indians from Reading the Bones of La Florida by Clark S. Larsen, Scientific American, Vol. 282, No. 6, p. 84. Reprinted by permission of Roberto Osti Illustrations
18 How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton. Clark Larsen/Mark Griffin
19 Agriculture Health and the Agricultural Population increase + sedentary lifestyle = overcrowding & disease Revolution: Disease Clark Spencer Larsen Periosteal reaction Staph infection
20 Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Disease Diseases of the Neolithic Treponematoses (syphilis, yaws) Tuberculosis, measles, mumps, cholera, flu, small pox Not just introduced by European colonization Tracy K. Betsinger
21 Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Tooth Decay Clark Spencer Larsen Donald J. Ortner, Smithsonian Institution Scimat/Science Source Domesticated plants high in carbohydrates Bacteria produce lactic acid Clark S. Larsen: Figure 3.2 Percentage of teeth affected by dental caries in eastern North America from Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton, p. 69, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
22 Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Dietary variety critical for proper growth Lacking in agriculturalists Results in nutritional deficiencies Detected by enamel hypoplasias Nutrition Barry Stark
23 Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Nutrition Iron deficiency (anemia) Lack of meat Corn reduces iron absorption Hookworm causes iron loss Skeletal indicators Porotic hyperostosis Cribra orbitalia David Scharf/Science Source Clark Spencer Larsen Mark C. Griffin
24 Health Costs of Agriculture
25 Our Ongoing Evolution
26 Lecture Slides Essentials of Physical Anthropology THIRD EDITION Clark Spencer Larsen
this is a major work on the social, political, and nutritional consequences of The Agricultural Revolution... and it s a very good read
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