Agronomy It s a Package deal. Emile demilliano, P.Ag, CCA Manager, Training and Development Fort Saskatchewan, AB

Transcription

1 Agronomy It s a Package deal Emile demilliano, P.Ag, CCA Manager, Training and Development Fort Saskatchewan, AB

2 Agronomy It s a Package deal Outline Crop Diagnostics process Real Life Scenarios (45 min) Teams 1 agronomist per Call a friend Ask the audience (at your table) Ask the coach/mentor Introductions (at table): Name: Location: Job description:

3 Twyla Jones P.Ag Crop Diagnostician

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5 Crop Diagnostics Attitude, Knowledge and Ability Grey Hair or No Hair

6 1. Don t jump to conclusions 2. Follow a process 3. Be able to defend your conclusions!

7 Crop Diagnostics Process Investigate observe, ask, and listen Document record, map, take pictures Analyze background information and observations Potential causes soils, fertility, insects, diseases, environmental, seed, etc Diagnosis backed up by the facts?

8 The Wide Angle Look Crop growth (general) Patterns in the field How much of the field is affected?

9 Observations: Zooming In Plant parts affected Cotyledons Newest leaves Older leaves Stems Roots Plant Color Yellowing (chlorotic) Brown (necrotic) Purple or red Grayish, whitish

10 Observations: Zooming In Abnormal growth Damaged growing point Excessive branching Bending, twisting, leaf cupping Swollen roots base of stem

11 Comparing good vs bad

12 Comparing good vs bad Soil samples (0-6, 6-24 ) from each area to determine if crop nutrition or soil characteristics (OM%, ph, Salinity, texture) are factors.

13 Comparing good vs bad Tissue Samples? Plant samples to Crop Protection Lab for disease identification?

14 A Process of Elimination!

15 Crop Diagnostics 2018 A series of pictures outlining a field diagnostic situation Realize you will not have all the details and seeing pictures is not the same as being in the field The pictures form discussion points on proper crop diagnosis There is no passing mark and your responses are anonymous

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19 Scenario Test #1 A. Soil type B. Copper deficiency C. Take-all root rot D. Black Sooty Mold

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22 We do not spend enough time understanding the soil beneath our feet

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27 Scenario Test #2 A. Change in seedlot B. Fertilizer placement C. Seeding depth D. Cutworm damage

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30 Scenario Test #3 A. Septoria/Tan Spot B. Environmental factors C. Oat halo Blight D. Herbicide Injury

31 Manage Understand the factors the impact you have of control those over: factors you have no control over Varieties Seeding rates, depth, speed Fertilizer blend makeup and rates Weed Control Climate Pest control Temperature (GDD) Harvest Management Moisture inc. soil moisture Soil type and quality

32 Wind Speed and direction Rainfall Temperature Source: Dan Heaney Agronomy Update 2017

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34 Precipitation

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37 Scenario #01 A. Sulfur deficiency B. Hail damage C. Herbicide residue D. Salinity

38 Higher ph = 7.4 Loam to clay loam texture Lower ph = 5.8 Sandy texture

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43 Scenario #02 A. Boron deficiency B. Sulfur deficiency C. Drought D. Manganese toxicity

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45 Manganese (Mn) Toxicity Develop first and are more severe on young leaves, old leaves often remaining dark green and apparently healthy Yellow mottling of youngest leaves Soil tested good area vs poor area along with tissue samples Likely to occur in; Strongly acid soils where there is an increase in the solubility of manganese Usually corrected by adopting practices that reduce the level of Mn in the soil i.e. liming in most situations

46 Manganese (Mn) Toxicity Factors Good Poor ph Soil Test Mn (ppm) Tissue test Mn (ppm) Top growth Tissue test Mn (ppm) Entire plant

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48 Boron - Reddish pods, Stunted Growth Courtesy: Lyle Cowell Star City, Sk Carrot River, Sk

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52 Scenario #03 A. Suspect seed quality B. Boron deficiency C. Phosphorus deficiency D. Sulfur deficiency

53 P deficiency thin stand, delayed maturity

54 Phosphate Promotes Maturity

55 Phosphorus deficiency P sufficient new breaking P def - 2 nd flush wild oats took over

56 P 2 O 5 Uptake and Removal Canola (50 bu/ac) Uptake 1.27 lb /bu Removal 0.90 lb /bu X X 50 bu/ac = 63 lb/ac 50 bu/ac = 45 lb/ac Wheat (60 bu/ac) Uptake 0.75 lb /bu Removal 0.55 lb /bu X X 60 bu/ac = 45 lb/ac 60 bu/ac = 33 lb/ac Peas (50 bu/ac) Uptake 0.85 lb /bu Removal 0.70 lb /bu X X 50 bu/ac = 43 lb/ac 50 bu/ac = 35 lb/ac Non fertilized Peas (pulses) accelerate soil phosphate removal

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60 Scenario #04 A. Boron deficiency B. Cold stress C. Sulfur deficiency D. Lygus bug damage

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62 Flower / Pod Blast Caused by many potential factors Heat stress at flowering Herbicide Stress late applications Insect damage Fertility Frost at flowering seldom in July The abortion of flowers and pods is natural the amount will depend plant s ability to carry them under various environmental factors Research shows typically only 40-55% of flowers develop into productive pods Don t jump to conclusions

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64 05

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66 Scenario #05 A. Flooding B. Crop circle C. Salinity D. Leaf and Root Disease

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70 Scenario #6 A. Variety B. Sprayer tank contamination C. Heat and dry conditions D. Chocolate spot E. Ascochyta

71 Fababeans Flower set is affected by high temperatures, especially above 28C Hot, dry weather will cause wilting of plants and reduces seed set Fababeans are sensitive to moisture stress and performs poorly where moisture supply is limited

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74 Scenario #07 A. Odyssey B. Frost C. Herbicide Residue D. Drift

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79 Enter question text... Scenario #08 A. Broadcast seed misses B. Sprayer tank cleanout C. Drought D. Volunteer canola

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81 Canola Council Seeding Density Plant population per square foot

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83 Enter question text... Scenario #09 A. Grasshoppers B. Nitrogen deficiency C. Tan Spot D. Moisture snow cover E. Herbicide drift

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85 Enter question text... Scenario #10 A. Excess water B. Herbicide residue C. Soil type variance D. Copper deficiency

86 10 A. Excess water B. Herbicide residue C. Soil type variance D. Copper deficiency

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88 Enter question text... Scenario #11 A. Aphids B. Herbicide Drift C. Saline Soil D. Acidic Soil

89 11 Herbicide Drift

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92 Scenario #12 A. Soil Variance B. Chloride deficiency C. Potassium deficiency D. Copper deficiency

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96 Scenario #13 1. Blackleg 2. Wind damage 3. Brown Girdling root rot 4. Cutworms 5. Bertha Armyworms

97 Brown Girdling Root Rot Understand the symptoms Not always the classic symptoms Damping off / Seedling blight Rhizoctonia pathogen Pinching off of the root stem just below the soil surface Differentiate from blackleg

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100 Scenario #14 A. Applied herbicide injury B. Saturated soil C. Herbicide drift D. Tank-mix antagonism E. Improper tank cleanout

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103 Scenario #15 A. Potassium deficiency B. Saturated soil C. Aster Yellows infection D. Seedling blight

104 1. Don t jump to conclusions 2. Follow a process 3. Be able to defend your conclusions!

105 Additional Scenarios.

106 A. Poor N fixation B. Cover crop C. Seeding depth D. Conventional vs no-till

107 Scenario A A. Poor N fixation B. Cover Crop C. Seeding depth D. Conventional vs No-till

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110 # 4

111 Scenario B A. Nitrogen deficiency B. Seedling disease C. Cool, wet weather D. Leaf disease E. Excess seedplaced fertilizer

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114 Scenario C A. Common Root Rot B. Seedling Blight C. Frost D. Wireworm

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116 A. Herbicide Injury B. Nitrogen Deficiency C. Frost Injury D. Cutworm Damage

117 Enter question text... Scenario D A. Herbicide Injury B. Nitrogen Deficiency C. Frost Injury D. Cutworm Damage

118 Frost - Canola Picture taken morning of a 4C frost Factors How low temperature? For how long? Moisture / humidity levels Hardened off? Type of crop (and where the growing point is) Wind Soil type (e.g. Peat) Ice nucleating bacteria impacted by wind. Foliar copper?

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120 Fusarium Wilt Blackleg Clubroot Brown Girdling Root Rot

121 Scenario E A. Fusarium Wilt B. Blackleg C. Clubroot D. Brown Girdling Root Rot

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123 Scenario F A. Airdrill depth and level B. Seed quality C. Straw residue D. Custom seeder E. Seeding speed

124 Neural Net Prediction of Canola Emergence Precipitation Soil OM Soil type Soil Texture EMERGENCE Latitude GDD Temperature Soil ph Bernie Hill AAFC, Lethbridge

125 A. Sweet Clover weevil B. Gopher C. New variety of peas D. Pea Leaf weevil

126 Scenario G A. Sweet Clover Weevil B. Gopher C. New Variety of Peas D. Pea Leaf Weevil

127 Pea Leaf Weevil Sweetclover weevil

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131 Scenario H A. Blackleg B. Excess seed-placed fertilizer C. Cabbage root maggot D. Cutworms

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133 Pictures

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135 # 8

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137 Scenario I A. Spray drift B. Sprayer tank contamination C. Severe leaf blight D. Crop phytotoxicity

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140 Scenario J A. Sclerotinia B. Bertha Armyworm C. Aster Yellows D. Boron deficiency

141 Aster Yellows Scourge of 2012: Definition: A source of widespread dreadful affliction and devastation such as that caused by pestilence

142 Aster Yellows Obligate parasite Spread by leafhoppers Overwinter in roots and shoots of perennials (e.g. dandelion, quackgrass) Detected in flowers and seeds of canola Sterile bladder-like pods Witches broom High temperatures reduce above ground infection but transfers to roots

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145 Scenario K A. Liquid fertilizer B. Uneven seed treatment C. Mid-row N bands D. Uneven seeding depth

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