11/4/2010. Public Lands Grazing and WQ Project

Transcription

1 // Public Lands Grazing and WQ Project The Concern Current grazing practices are increasing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and nutrient levels in waterbodies, thus human and ecological risk. Presented to US Forest Service Region Vallejo, CA November, Ken Tate, UCD Plant Sciences Herring Lake, Herring Creek Allotment, Stanislaus NF Fecal Indicator Bacteria (FIB) total coliforms, fecal coliforms, indicator, Enterococcus Ideally there is a correlation between indicator bacteria and pathogens in water Bacteria that when present in water indicate the presence of fecal material il and pathogens. C. parvum E. Coli O7:H7 Salmonella cysts / L) C. parvum (oo 7 indicator (cfu/ml) Irrigated Mountain Meadows Sampled sites above and below irrigated, intensively grazed meadows. Sampled monthly for indicator and FC, C. parvum, Salmonella, E. Coli O7:H7, Campylobacter. Irrigation, beef cattle grazing and enterococci are not well correlated with pathogenic Salmonella spp. (Lemarchand and Lebaron, ), Campylobacter spp. (Bonadonna et al., ; Horman et al., ; Lemarchand and Lebaron, ; Lund, 99), Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. (Bonadonna et al., ; Harwood et al., ; Horman et al., ; Lemarchand and Lebaron, ; Lund, 99),, to, AU, to, ac irrigated

2 // Above v. Below EPA Guideline Indicator concentrations not well correlated to Salmonella, C. parvum,, etc. Indicator < vs. < cfu/ml > cfu/ml C. parvum 8 positives /7 /7 Salmonella positives 9/7 /7 Campy positives /7 /7 O7:H7 O7:H7 positives /9 /9 / (cfu/ml) Salmonella??. 8 indicator (cfu/ml) Above v. Below Meadows Location Above vs. Below C. parvum 8 positives Salmonella positives Campy positives O7:H7 positives Project Objectives. FIB, pathogen, and nutrient source search monitoring program on representative allotments across Region.. Link water quality (Obj. ) with range condition and trend, annual use, allotment management, USFS BMPs.. Outreach make information available to USFS, WQCBs, stakeholders Project Scope Monitoring Plan Region State Board Forests Regional Boards District Allotment. Stanislaus, Tahoe, Plumas, Klamath, Shasta Trinity NF interested.. Integrate with Dave Weixelman.. Meet with staff on each interested forest.. Need forest logistical support.. Plan in place for Mar Range Workshop. Eagle Meadow Allotment. Review (WQCBs, CSERC, CFBF/CCA, etc.) 7. Start sampling before turn out.

3 // Monitoring Data. FIB, pathogen, nutrients (N, P), temperature, discharge, conductivity.. Stream reach assessments, canopy SCI. Annual livestock use standards and guides, fecal loading.. Long term meadow/riparian/stream condition trends Weixelman.. Open to ideas and collaboration. Stanislaus NF Allotments Eagle Meadow no turnout cows,77 ac Herring Creek 7/ to 9/ cows 7, ac Bell Meadow 7/ to 9/ 8 cows, ac HC Watershed Scale Source Search Herring Creek Sample Sites HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC9 HC8 HC7 HC Campground HC CSERC Monitoring Site Isolate tributaries Recreation Swimming Holes HC7 HC HC8 HC HC Meadows: Key Grazing Areas (cfu/ml) Concentration 8 FIB Hold Time 9 8 FC EC Hold Time (hr) cfu/ml =.(hr) + R² =.8, P =. cfu/ml =.(hr) + 8 R² =., P =. 8 No Grazing No Grazing Camping & Horses 9 9 fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) Eagle Meadow, 8/8/ Eagle Meadow, 9//

4 // Bell Meadow, 8/8/ fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) 8 Cows Grazing na Bell Meadow, 9// fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) 8 Cows Grazing Dispersed 7 Cattle 9 grazing 8 Cattle gathering pasture, creek fenced, ft water gap Bell Meadow, 9// fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) nutrients (mg/l) 8 Cows Grazing Nutrients Low Mean Concentration (mg/l) Allotment Date TN NO N NH N TP PO P Eagle Meadow Aug N= () Sep Site BM8 fc = 8 Estimates (mg/l) TN NO N NH N TP PO P BM8 9// <.7... <. EPA Background.... EPA Concern >. >.8* >. >. * As NH N, at our ph (7.) and temp (~ F) NH N concentration ~. Herring Creek Aug N= (7) Sep Bell Meadow Aug N=9 () Sep >. >. >. Percent (%) of Samples Below Detection Allotment Date TN NO N NH N TP PO P Eagle Meadow Aug 8 N= () Sep Herring Creek Aug 8 9 N= (7) Sep 7 Bell Meadow Aug 8 N=9 () Sep 9 8 Stream Temperatures Low Allotment Daily Stream Temperature (F) Min Mean Max Eagle Meadow 8 9 Herring Creek 7 Bell Meadow 9 9 Outreach. Workshops, field tours, training.. Guidance for incorporating WQ into allotment planning (e.g., NEPA, WQMP, waivers, BMPs). Information to local and regional forest communities.

5 // Make Knowledge Available Article.pdf Translation Management Implication Once temperature in a cow fecal pat exceeds o F all of the C. parvum in that pat die within a matter of hours. Fecal pats in direct sun achieve o F once air temperature reaches 78 o F. We can use this fact to time grazing in critical runoff areas so that there are enough days above 78 o F to neutralize any C. parvum in cattle fecal pats prior to rainfall and runoff. California Rangeland Watershed Laboratory Extra Slides for Possible Questions or Documentation Developing Partnerships Forests and Districts, Grazing Managers State, Regional WQ Control Boards Resource Conservation Districts, NRCS Sierra Business Council National Forest Foundation Anyone ready to solve this issue Products. Direct monitoring support of adaptive management.. Correlations between USFS standard & guides, grazing management, and WQ.. Link meadow/riparian trends to WQ.. Web based guidance for incorporating WQ into allotment planning. (cfu/ /ml) 8 Bacteria Decay Study Trial (Nov-9) Mean (cfu/ml) across time since collection Time since collection (hr) Forbes Schubert

6 // Herring Creek, 8/8/ fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) Herring Creek, 9// fecal coliforms (cfu/ml) 9 8 na na Cows Grazing Cows Grazing Mean generic and fecal coliform concentrations from oak woodland watersheds at UC-HREC near Hopland, CA during WY. HREC acre Annual Rangeland Watersheds ac Annual Range Watersheds Concentration n (cfu/ml) Moderately grazed Watershed fecal coliform Non-grazed since 9 A B C D Grazing Intensity Sediment mg/l Nitrate mg/l E. Coli cfu/ml None. + lb/ac RDM Moderate 8 lb/ac RDM Heavy lb/ac RDM 7..8 cfu/ ml Indicator and FC concentrations are variable Mean monthly indicator bacteria concentrations across coastal and foothill annual across rangeland the streams water year. WY -. First flush. 8 fecal coliforms Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Livestock Pathogens of Waterborne & Public Health Concern: Protozoa: hard to eliminate during water treatment, low infectious dose, mild to moderate illness Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia duodenalis Bacteria: easy to eliminate during water treatment, higher infectious dose, mild to serious illness pathogenic (e.g., Stx &, O7:H7) Salmonella Campylobacter

7 // Beef Cattle FIB and pathogens not consistently correlated at the end of the cow Indicator Bacteria: One Big Happy Family Fecal Indicator Bacteria: Fecal coliform, are shed every day, all animals, millions per gram of feces Pathogens: C. Parvum is shed seasonally by % of calves < mo age at K per gram feces, and annually by % of adult cows at < per gram feces. total coliforms fecal coliforms indicator : : A malcontent in every family pathogenic indicator Shiga-toxin outbreak strain O7:H7 7