Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation RAMESH JAIN

Transcription

1 Micro Watershed to Micro Irrigation RAMESH JAIN

2 Global Food Security MDG-1, Halving number of undernourished by 2015; World Population at 8 billions by 2030; Future food security dependent on use of Natural Resources particularly water.

3 Global Freshwater Year Population (millions) Average annual renewable global water resources (km 3 ) Potential water availability (m 3 /yr) (Source: Marios, 2004)

4 Water for Agriculture Agriculture is the biggest user of water, accounting world wide for about 69% of all withdrawals. Domestic use amounts to about 10% and industry uses some 21% (Fao, 2003). In 2025, 48 countries with about 3 billion people are projected to face water shortages. As climate change exacerbate risks, water users will need to adopt Water Saving approaches.

5 Water crisis in India In India only 36% of total annual surface runoff (188 million hectare metres) is put to use - Total annual utilisable water resources of the country estimated at 113 million hectare metres. Projected demand by the year million hectare metres. Need for appropriate management strategies to increase availability of utilizable fresh water sources

6 Augmenting fresh water resources Live storage of surface runoff water harvesting structures. Artificial recharge of ground water to augment its availability. In-situ moisture conservation through watershed interventions.

7 Integrated Watershed Management To address the need for: Optimising Storage, Conveyance and Distribution of water; Greater equity in water distribution; Higher productivity per unit of water; Long term sustainability; Improving the ecology and environment.

8 Integrated Watershed Management The concept is based on: local area specific total land and water use planning as against current command area wide crop and water use planning. The concept assumes closer community involvement in all aspects of the land and water use management including planning, execution and maintenance of the systems.

9 Watershed development measures include: (a) Soil Conservation Measures: Contour bunding, land levelling, contour farming etc. to prevent and arrest sheet erosion of topsoil. (b) Water Conservation Measures: Structures to prevent run-off rainwater for conservation wherever possible so that it permeates into substrata and recharges the ground water in the entire watershed area.

10 Watershed development measures include: Cont. (c) Biomass Generation Measures - Planting of trees, bushes and grasses along steep hill slopes, wastelands, field boundaries etc. to prevent soil erosion and meet fuel and fodder requirements. (d) Reuse planning for used domestic water. (e) Groundwater Recharge with Rainwater

11 Integration of Measures for Efficient Water Usage: Soil quality enhancement measures to improve Water Holding Capacity Use of improved seed and plant material, Maximum use of organic manures and other solid waste generated from farming. Use of modern irrigation techniques for achieving higher water use efficiency of the harvested/percolated water

12 Soil improvement and amendments Organic Manuring. Green Manuring Vermicompost Application Crop Rotation Addition of tank/lake silt Intercropping In-situ Crop residue decomposition

13 A Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System Polylined Pond It is based on the concept of storing the water where it falls. Rainwater falling in the field is allowed to flow within the field. The runoff water is diverted and stored in the storage tank or farm pond. Storage tank or pond is either lined or unlined depending upon soil type. Farm land becomes the micro catchment area. Catchment area is lined in areas where infiltration rate is high e.g. sandy/sandy loam soil and annual rainfall is low (about 300mm). Catchment area need not be lined in areas where clay content of the soil is high and/or annual rainfall is medium to good (more than 500 mm) Most Importantly, Harvested Water to be judiciously used with either drip or sprinkler irrigation systems.

14 Design of a Polylined Pond Gross farm area of 1 ha Poly lined pond of 1500 m3 capacity constructed at lowest point. Pond dimensions: 21m x 21m of bottom and 27m x 27m of top with 3m depth Pond is lined using polyethylene film of 250 GSM (grams per square meter) acres of the available land adjacent to the Pond is converted into a catchment area for the pond. Catchment area is covered with thin polyethylene film of 80 to 100 GSM. In the catchment area as well as in the balance area of 1 acre, ie in an area of 2.30 acres; arid fruit crops such as Pomegranate be taken up. Rainwater falling in the farm will flow into the pond m3 or 1.5 million litres of water can be collected with rainfall of 300mm. Stored water will be used for irrigating the plants with drip irrigation system. 1.5 million litres of water can irrigate the plants in 2.30 acres for a period of 3 months after the rainy season. During the rainy season, rainfed short duration crops can be taken up as intercrop between the fruit plants.

15 Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System for Rainfed Areas Poly Lined Pond

16 Model Micro Watershed Harvesting System for Rainfed Areas Picture Shows: Lined Pond, Part of Catchment with Lining and Remaining Catchment without lining

17 Some Water Harvesting Projects(Acres) Jain Agri Park, Jalgaon, Maharashtra (1200) Kasturiba Health Society, Sevagram, Maharashtra (200) Jain Terra Farm, Udumalpet, Tamilnadu (1200) Hindustan Coca - Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd., Thane (70) Hindustan Coca Cola, Kheda, Gujarat (30) Hindustan Coca Cola, Bhopal, M.P. (12) Hindustan Coca Cola, Bhubneshwar, Orissa (25) Pepsico Holding, Chembur, Maharashtra (4) Green Valley, Panvel, Maharashtra. (30)

18 Impact of Watershed development Project for Hindustan Coca - Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd., Thane Problem : Scarcity of water, the essential raw material for the industry Average rainfall : mm Impact of Watershed Development works Total runoff generated From roof water from the premises From the Gully : m 3 per annum : m 3 per annum : m 3 per annum : m 3 per annum Recharging Possibility: Moderate to Good

19 Drip Irrigation Drip Irrigation is a modern method of irrigation in which: Water is applied directly to the root zone of the plants. Water is applied at frequent intervals at precise quantities based on Crop Water Requirements. Water is applied through a low-pressure pipe network comprising Mains, Submains, Laterals and Emitting Devices.

20 Drip Irrigation System - Advantages Crop Yield Enhancement Saving in Irrigation Water Saving in Energy in pumping Savings in Fertilizer consumption Fertigation or Nutrigation Quality Improvement of Produce Improved Pest & Disease Control Improves Soil Health Reduced Weed Growth Reduced Labour Costs Suitable for Difficult Land Terrains Suitable and Marginal lands Suitable for inferior quality water.

21 Micro Irrigation Indian Experience Micro Irrigation is Commercially and Economically Viable in: FRUIT CROPS : Almond, Apple, Arecanut, Indian Gooseberry, Ber (Zizyphus), Banana, Cashew, Custard Apple, Cherry, Durian, Fig, Guava, Grape, Litchi, Lemon, Sweet Lime, Mango, Orange, Olive, Papaya, Pomegranate, Pear, Peach, Pistachio, Pineapple, Sapota, Strawberry, Star Fruit, Jack Fruit, Tamarind, Water Melon, Musk Melon. VEGETABLE CROPS : Brinjal, Cucumber, Lettuce, Pepper, Potato, Pea, Tomato. FIELD & OTHER CROPS: Corn, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Betel vine, Mulberry. OIL SEEDS : Groundnut, Sunflower, Jojoba, Castor. FORAGE CROPS : Lucerne, Pastures, Turfs, Fodder. PLANTATION CROPS : Cardamom, Coffee, Tea, Rubber, Spices, Oil Palm, Coconut. ORNAMENTALS : Floricultural Plants; Rose, Gerbera, Carnation, Gladioli, Poinsettias, Chrysanthemum. FOREST TREES : Eucalyptus, Casuarinas, Teak, Acacia, Bamboo, Neem, Dalbergia. (Partial list of crops for which drip irrigation has been successfully commercialised. Crops of species similar to the above will also be ideally suitable for drip irrigation systems.)

22 Micro Irrigation Case Studies (Onion) ECONOMICS OF ONION CULTIVATION WITH DRIP IRRIGATION Comparison with Conventional Practices, Case from Akola 1 Area, acres 1 2 Drip type: Turboline with integral drippers spaced at 0.75 m S.No. Particulars Drip Conventional 1 Fixed Cost a. Life (years ) 10 0 b. Depreciation, Rs (10% of [1]) 10% c. Interest rate, Rs (15% of [1]) 15% d. Repair & Maintenance, Rs (2% of [1]) 2% e. Total (1b+1c+1d) f. Fixed cost for the season Rs =(1e/Area)* g. Fixed cost per acre, Rs =(1e/Area) Cost of Cultivation per acre, Total Cost of Cultivation, Rs = (2)*Area Seasonal Total Cost (1e+3), Rs

23 Micro Irrigation Case Studies (Onion) contd 5 Water Consumption,mm Yield of Produce, MT/acre Total Yield of Produce, MT (6)*Area Selling Price,Rs./Ton Gross Income from produce,rs = (7x8) Net Seasonal Income,Rs = ( 9-4 ) Additional Area Cultivable due to saving in water,ac Additional Expenditure due to Additional 12 Area,Rs=[(11)*(2+1f)] Additional Income due to Additional Area,Rs = 13 (6x11x8) Additional Net Income,Rs = (13-12 ) Gross Cost of Production,Rs = (4+12) Total Gross Income,Rs = (13+9) Output to Input Ratio = (16/15) Total Net Income, Rs = (14+10) Benefit Cost Ratio = (18/1)# Net Extra Income Due To Drip Over Conventional Irrigation 21 Pay-Back Period, Years =(1/18) Water Use Efficiency, kg/ha mm

24 Micro Irrigation Case Studies (Sugarcane) Farmer- K.K.R. Tamilarasu, Chokkanathapuram, Sivagangai, TN ** ( ) 1 Area, acres 1 2 Row to Row Spacing, ft Spacing between pairs of Rows, ft 5 4 Drip type: Turboline with integral drippers spaced at 0.75 m S.No. Particulars Spacing:2.5'x3.5'x2.5' Drip Flood 1 Fixed Cost a. Life (years ) b. Depreciation, Rs (10% of [1]) 10% c. Interest rate, Rs (15% of [1]) 15% d. Repair & Maintenance, Rs (2% of [1]) 2% e. Total (1b+1c+1d) f. Fixed cost per acre, Rs =(1e/Area) Cost of Cultivation per acre, Total Cost of Cultivation, Rs = (2)*Area Seasonal Total Cost (1e+3), Rs Water Consumption,mm Yield of Produce, MT/acre Total Yield of Produce, MT (6)*Area Selling Price,Rs./Ton Gross Income from produce,rs = (7x8) Net Seasonal Income,Rs = ( 9-4 ) Gross Cost of Production,Rs Total Gross Income,Rs Gross Benefit Cost Ratio = (12/11) Net Extra Income Due To Drip Over Conventional Irrigation = [10drip conventional] 15 Pay-Back Period, Years =(1/14) Water Use Efficiency, kg/ha mm ** The Mill reports a recovery % of under drip and only under conventional Irrigation

25 Enhancing coverage of MIS Micro Irrigation Provide infrastructure status to Micro Irrigation. No Lift without Drip Watershed / Command area to be integrated with Micro Irrigation. JAIN Integrated Model

26 On Demand Irrigation Objectives Irrigation as per crop need Substitution of open canal conveyance losses by pipe network, followed by on-farm micro irrigation system. Increase coverage by integrating micro irrigation with lift irrigation. Saving water upto 50%. Higher yield/productivity.

27 MORE CROP PER DROP Thank you