Warm up: Hox Genes Hox genes

Transcription

1 Warm up: Hox Genes Hox genes (from an abbreviation of homeobox) are a group of related genes that control the body plan of the embryo along the anterior posterior (head tail) axis. After the embryonic segments have formed, the Hox proteins determine the type of segment structures (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different types of vertebrae in humans) that will form on a given segment. Hox proteins thus confer segmental identity, but do not form the actual segments themselves 1

2 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation 2

3 AP Biology Agenda 1. Warm Up 5 2. Review/Collect pglo Lab Report Start Chapter 22 Notes Review for upcoming test/chapter 18 Notes 50 Announcements Due Today: Bacterial Transformation Lab Due Friday, March 7: Study Guide and Week 5 Spring Assignments Review session Wednesday, March 5 from 3:00 4:00 pm in room 326. Unit 4 Test Friday, March 7 Due Monday, March 10: Evolution Pre Assessment 3

4 Bacterial Transformation Lab 4

5 I. Historical Context a. Darwin s ideas with the Judeo Chrisan idea that the Earth was only a few years old, populated by unchanging life forms that had been individually made during the single week in which God created the enre universe. b. In the 1700s biology was dominated by, a philosophy dedicated to discovering God s plan by studying nature. c. i. Studied taxonomy. ii. Grouped species into various genera. d. Lamarck Placed fossils in an evoluonary context by developing idea the idea of, or use and disuse of characteriscs were inherited. e. Wallace poor Wallace *Darwin beat him to publicaon f. Malthus human populaon is growing faster than food 5

6 Chapter 22 Notes Jean Baptiste Lamarck 6

7 Chapter 22 Notes Carl Linnaeus Alfred Wallace Thomas Malthus 7

8 II. Darwin ( ) a. On the Origin of Species (1859) i. Species have evolved from species ii. Proposed mechanism = selecon b. Voyage on the Beagle (1831), Galapagos Islands show geographic barriers species (Finches) 8

9 The Beagle 9

10 Video Intro to Darwin Video in sequence

11 III. Natural Selecon and Adaptaon Principles: 1. Producon of individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle with only a fracon of offspring surviving/ generaon 2. Survival depends on factors. Those individuals whose inherited characteriscs fit them best to their environment produce more offspring with traits similar to their parents. (Natural selecon only amplifies or diminishes heritable variaons already present). 3. The unequal ability to survive and leads to a change in the with favorable characteriscs accumulang over me 4. A populaon is the smallest unit that can evolve (but they do feel the effects of natural selecon) 5. Natural selecon does not produce variaon in a populaon, but selects for those traits that are best adapted. 11

12 IV. Evidence of Evoluon a. Biogeography geographic distribuon of species eg). b. The, most of which is found in sedimentary rock. c. (earth has changed slowly over a long me) and uniformitarianism (geological process remain constant) borrowed from the geologists James Huon and Charlyes Lyell. d., the study of the branching tree of life that represents relatedness of all species e. Comparave Anatomy eg) structure. Example: Arm of a human, leg of a cat, flipper of a whale, and the wing of a bat. f. Comparave, similar development between related species Example: All vertebrate embryos have pharyngeal pouches in their throat regions at the same stage in their development. g. similar DNA and proteins between related species 12

13 Test Review Options 1. Class Discussion 2. Teacher Led 3. Independent Study Time 13

14 Test Review Options: 1. Teacher Directed 2. Class Discussion 14

15 Mitosis and Meiosis 15

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20 Is Morgan's experimental data statistically significant? 20

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23 Griffith Experiment 23

24 Avery Experiment Add to Notes Builds on Griffith's work:) 24

25 Hershey Chase Experiment 25

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27 mtlxpgjhl0 27

28 Warm Up HindIII (pronounced "Hin D Three") is type II a site specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the palindromic DNA sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg 2+ via hydrolysis. The cleavage of this sequence between the AA's results in 5' overhangs on the DNA called sticky ends: 5' A A G C T T 3' 3' T T C G A A 5' Restriction endonucleases are used as defense mechanisms in prokaryotic organisms in the restriction modification system. Their primary function is to protect the host genome against invasion by foreign DNA, primarily bacteriophage DNA. HindIII as well as other type II restriction endonucleases are very useful in modern science, particularly in DNA sequencing and mapping. Unlike type I restriction enzymes, type II restriction endonucleases perform very specific cleaving of DNA. 28

29 DNA Fingerprinting Lab There's been a murder in the library. Mr. Boddy was found laying on the floor of the library with a knife through the chest. You have already ruled out Mrs. Peacock. To solve the mystery, DNA evidence is collected at the scene of the crime. Then suspect DNA was collected from each of the characters below. Your task is to use the DNA to determine who committed the crime. Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Suspect 3 Suspect 4 Suspect 5 29

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33 Point Mutations Types 33

34 Point Mutations Effects 34

35 Chapter 18 Notes Start 35

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38 Plasmid 38

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40 The trp operon an example of a repressible system 40

41 The lac operon an example of a inducible system 41

42 Exit Question How does the lytic cyle differ from the lysogenic cycle? Reminders Due Friday, March 7: Study Guide and Week 5 Spring Assignments Review session Wednesday, March 5 from 3:00 4:00 pm in room 326. Unit 4 Test Friday, March 7 42