Modern genetics part 2

Transcription

1 Modern genetics part 2

2 Mutation = Permanent change in the DNA of an organism Mutagens UV light chemicals Mutations can involve: just one nucleotide or a large section of DNA

3 Nucleotides are building blocks for DNA. The order of the nucleotides is the genetic code. Each nucleotide has three parts: A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Mutations cause changes in the genetic code

4 Read the sentence: Put the book on the desk. Change the o in on to an i Change the b in book to a z A gene mutation is a change to the genetic code (sequence of nucleotides in DNA). This can affect the traits of an organism.

5 Genes are instructions to make proteins. A mutation is a change in the genetic instructions. Recipe analogy: Gene = Chocolate chip cookie recipe Protein = Protein = The chocolate chip cookie itself Mutation = Mutation = Change in the recipe Ex. change chocolate chips to raisins Ex. change sugar to salt

6 Mutations may result in different proteins being produced. Some mutations are beneficial Some mutations are harmful Some mutations are neutral

7 Examples-Could be beneficial, harmful or neutral A mutation in a gene that makes a plant more drought tolerant Beneficial mutation in environments where there is not a lot of water; Neutral mutation in environments where water is plentiful. A mutation in a gene that makes a beetle a brighter color green than the other beetles. Beneficial mutation if predators avoid bright color, or if bright color blends in with environment better. Harmful mutation if predators are more likely to eat brighter green beetles or if prey of beetle avoids beetles. Cells have proteins which find and repair DNA mutations, but not all mutations are repaired. Mutations

8 If a mutation in gene disrupts the function of a protein disease Mutated gene Breast cancer (BRCA) Cystic fibrosis Hereditary Deafness Disrupted Function DNA repair Ion transport Myosin (ear hair cell formation) When DNA repair does not function properly: Increased chance of breast cancer in humans

9 Causes of mutations 1. Random errors during DNA replication 2. Mutagens Chemical or physical agents which cause mutations UV light X rays Chemicals in cigarette smoke Asbestos

10 Think, pair, share When will mutations be passed on to the next generation? Mutations will be passed on to the next generation if they occur in gametes (egg or sperm cells), but not if they occur in somatic (body) cells.

11 Sickle Cell Anemia Mutated version of gene for hemoglobin Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in blood

12 Sickle Cell Anemia People with two copies of the sickle cell allele have the disease The mutatated hemoglobin clumps together, leading to sickle -shaped red blood cells.

13 Genetic Technology What does genetic technology mean? Discuss: technology Genetic Techniques used to understand and/or modify DNA and genes.

14 Group project on Genetic Technologies Stem cell research Genetic cloning Genetic testing and gene selection Genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms in food and agriculture Genome editing for human medicine/crispr

15 Create a PowerPoint presentation with your group (Work online in office 365 for sharing) 1. Explain how your group s genetic technology works 2. Give an example of how it is used 3. Why is it important? What is the relevance to society? 4. How does this technology influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms? 5. What are some challenges and/or downsides to using it?

16 Make sure that you: 1. Make everyone in your group feel valued. Be kind. 2. Explain your topic so that the rest of your classmates can understand it. 3. Understand the vocabulary words you use. 4. Use visuals that are appealing and helpful to your audience 5. Cite all references used and use your own words. 6. Check spelling and grammar. Proofread for errors. After your presentation, you will write a reflection on: 1. What went well? 2. What could you have done differently to have made it better? 3. What did your group to do make everyone in the group feel valued?