Stop codons & Readthrough
|
|
|
- Derek Carson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Stop codons & Readthrough
2 Fidelity in protein synthesis DNA replication and transcription are based on complementarity and correctly matched base-pairing. During translation, each trna is covalently bound to an amino acid in order to be accomodated in the ribosomal A-site due to correspondence of codon (on mrna), anticodon (on trna), and amino acid. Three strategies ensure a balance between velocity (3-5 aa/sec) and accuracy (errorrate ~10-4 ): 1. Editing (trna/amino acid) 2. Kinetic proofreading (codon/anticodon) 3. Induced fit (codon/anticodon) Aa-tRNA synthetase Ribosome
3 1. Editing Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - ATP-dependent enzymes that covalently link amino acids to trnas - Specific for each amino acid and for the corresponding trna(s)
4 1. Editing Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - ATP-dependent enzymes that covalently link amino acids to trnas - Specific for each amino acid and for the corresponding trna(s) Double-sieve model (Alan Fersht, 1977): According to this hypothesis, the synthetic active site acts as a first coarse sieve, which can bind and activate the cognate substrate as well as isosteres and smaller amino acids while rejecting larger amino acids. The editing site serves as a second fine sieve to selectively hydrolyze the isosteric amino acid but not the cognate amino acid based on size and chemical discrimination
5 1. Editing Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - ATP-dependent enzymes that covalently link amino acids to trnas - Specific for each amino acid and for the corresponding trna(s) Double-sieve model Larger aa Aminoacylated-tRNA
6 Non-standardcodon/anticodon base pairingat the wobble position n aa = 20 n trna/cell = <61 n combinations = 64 (61 coding and 3 nonsense codons) Non-standard( wobble ) base-pairingbetweenthe first anticodon the the third codon bases 1 trna more than1 codon 1 aa more than1 trna Es. mrna: UUU, UUC (Phe) trna: AAG AAG
7 Non-standardcodon/anticodon base pairingat the wobble position n aa = 20 n trna/cell = <61 n combinations = 64 (61 coding and 3 nonsense codons) Non-standard( wobble ) base-pairingbetweenthe first anticodon the the third codon bases 1 trna more than1 codon 1 aa more than1 trna
8 2. Kinetic proofreading
9 2. Kinetic proofreading Non-cognate aa-trna Cognate aa-trna Near-cognate aa-trna
10 2. Kinetic proofreading Non-cognate aa-trna Cognate aa-trna Near-cognate aa-trna 3. Induced fit The correct aa-trna (named cognate aa-trna) induces a conformational change both in ribosome and trna (high rate of GTP hydrolysis) The energetic cost of accomodation-induced conformational changes of ribosome and trna are lower for cognate aa-trnas.
11 Translational reprogrammed genetic decoding (RECODING) during protein synthesis Recoding: regulatory mechanisms of protein expression that include several non-canonical events, opposite to the DNA RNA Protein central dogma of biology Recoding was found to be associated to elongation and termination phases: Elongation phase +1 Frameshifting -1 Frameshifting Ribosome hopping Termination phase Stop codon Readthrough (frequency: 10-4 ) Cobucci-Ponzano et al., Molecular Microbiology, 2005
12 Translational reprogrammed genetic decoding (RECODING) during protein synthesis Recoding: regulatory mechanisms of protein expression that include several non-canonical events, opposite to the DNA RNA Protein central dogma of biology (+1) Elongation phase (-1) Ribosomes switch to an alternative frame (±1) at a specific shift site Ribosomes suspend translation at a certain site and then resume translation downstream Cobucci-Ponzano et al., Molecular Microbiology, 2005
13 Translation termination In-frame stop codon (UAG, UGA, UAA) enters the ribosome A-site Recongition of the stop codon by release factor erf1 trna mimicry and competition Hydrolysis of the P-site-bound peptidyl-trna and release of the nascent polypeptide
14 Translation termination In-frame stop codon (UAG, UGA, UAA) enters the ribosome A-site Recongition of the stop codon by release factor erf1 trna mimicry and competition Termination phase Translation is continued beyond the stop codon
15 Translational READTHROUGH A regulatory mechanism of gene expression, extensively used by ssrna viruses, which provides the differential production of more than one polypeptide from a single mrna Virus (small genome) Readthrough Expansion of genetic information STOP STOP 126 KDa Beier and Grimm, Nucleic Acids Res (2001)
16 Translational READTHROUGH A regulatory mechanism of gene expression, extensively used by ssrna viruses, which provides the differential production of more than one polypeptide from a single mrna Virus (small genome) Readthrough Expansion of genetic information STOP STOP 126 KDa 183 KDa Beier and Grimm, Nucleic Acids Res (2001)
17 Termination codons can be Leaky stop signals Beier and Grimm, Nucleic Acids Res (2001)
18 Ribosome Decoding Site Region located within the A-site in the ribosomal small subunit The Decoding Site contains two adenine nucleotides(a1492 and A1493) that monitor codon/anticodon base pairing
19 The decoding site switches to a closed conformation when the correct (cognate) aa-trna enters the A-site open conformation closed conformation (Helix 34) (Helix 18) (Helix 44) (Helix 44) When the codon and a trna-asl bind in the A-site, A1492 and A1493 flip out to monitor the codon-anticodon interaction Ogle et al., Science (2001)
20 Experimental model: synthetic constructs bearing different termination signals are translated in-vitro in the presence of [ 35 S]-Met/Cys and resulting [ 35 S]-labeled polypeptides are analyzed by SDS-PAGE
21 Readthrough is influenced by the sequence context The termination signal is recognized as an extended tetranucleotide comprised of the stop codon and the first nucleotide that follows % Readthrough: 25 KDa product (25 kda + 35 kda) x 100
22 Readthrough is influenced by the sequence context The termination signal is recognized as an extended tetranucleotide comprised of the stop codon and the first nucleotide that follows % Readthrough: 25 KDa product (25 kda + 35 kda) x 100
23 Readthrough is influenced by the sequence context The termination signal is recognized as an extended tetranucleotide comprised of the stop codon and the first nucleotide that follows % Readthrough: 25 KDa product x 100 (25 kda + 35 kda) Basal Readthrough: UGA-C 3-4% UAG-U 1.6% Min termination efficiency Intermediate efficiency UAA(N) ~0.5% Max termination efficiency
24 Readthrough is influenced by the sequence context The termination signal is recognized as an extended tetranucleotide comprised of the stop codon and the first nucleotide that follows % Readthrough: 25 KDa product x 100 (25 kda + 35 kda) Basal Readthrough: UGA-C 3-4% UAG-U 1.6% Min termination efficiency Intermediate efficiency UAA(N) ~0.5% Max termination efficiency Termination efficiency UAA > UAG UGA READTHROUGH
25 The occurrence of a basal readthrough prepares the groundfortheuseofmoleculesthatareabletodecrease the efficiency of translation termination, thus increasing the efficiency of readthrough itself
26 Aminoglycosides A group of molecules belonging to the class of antibiotics Aminoglycosides bind the decoding site within the A-site in the ribosomal small subunit Mechanism of action Stabilization of the decoding site (A1492 and A1493) in a conformation similar to that induced by the incorporation of a cognate trna (loss of proofreading capacity) They alter the capacity of ribosome to discriminate between cognate and near-cognate aa-trna, thus leading to mis-incorporation of amino acids instead of binding release factors near-cognate trna cognate trna
27 Aminoglycosides bind the decoding site and reduce ribosome fidelity Normal - trna - mrna + trna + mrna Decoding site Ogle et al., Science (2001)
28 Aminoglycosides bind the decoding site and reduce ribosome fidelity Normal Aminoglycoside- bound - trna - mrna + trna Aminoglycoside-bound Decoding site + mrna Decoding site Ogle et al., Science (2001)
29 Aminoglycosides bind the decoding site and reduce ribosome fidelity Normal Aminoglycoside- bound - trna - mrna + trna + mrna near-cognate trna cognate trna Ogle et al., Science (2002)
30 Treatment with aminoglycosides(g418) enhances readthrough The context and/or stop codon with the highest basal readthrough (UGAC or UGA in general) display the most efficient G418-induced readthrough. basal basal
31 Treatment with aminoglycosides(g418) enhances readthrough The context and/or stop codon with the highest basal readthrough (UGAC or UGA in general) are those with the most efficient G418-induced readthrough. Basal: UGAC 3-4% vs UAA(N) ~ 0,5% G418-induced: UGAC 63% vs UAA(N) 6-18%
32
33 Mutagenesis-based analysis of yeast(s. cerevisiae) decoding site
34 Mutagenesis of yeast decoding site Mutagenesis analysis of nucleotides involved in codon/anticodon monitoring (universally conserved) E. coli H. sapiens/yeast A 1493 A 1492 G 530 A 1756 A 1755 G 577 Mutagenesis analysis of nucleotides involved in aminoglycoside binding (non-conserved) E. coli H. sapiens/yeast G 1491 A 1408 A 1754 G 1645 (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
35 Mutagenesis or deletion of conserved nucleotides Decoding site Conserved nucleotides E. coli H. sapiens/yeast A 1493 A 1492 G 530 A 1756 A 1755 G 577 Mutagenesis of the yeast decoding site residues led to lethal phonotypes Result: G577, A1755 and A1756 are essential for cell viability (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
36 Mutagenesis or deletion of non-conserved nucleotides Decoding site Non-conserved nucleotides E. coli Uomo/lievito G 1491 A 1408 A 1754 G 1645 (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
37 Mutagenesis or deletion of non-conserved nucleotides Decoding site Non-conserved nucleotides E. coli Uomo/lievito G 1491 A 1408 A 1754 G 1645 Eukaryotic Prokaryotic conversion of yeast decoding site (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
38 Mutagenesis or deletion of non-conserved nucleotides Decoding site Non-conserved nucleotides E. coli Uomo/lievito G 1491 A 1408 A 1754 G 1645 Eukaryotic Prokaryotic conversion of yeast decoding site Single G A (G1645A) and A G (A1754G) or double (G1645A/A1754G) substitutions of non-conserved A/G nucleotides led to viable phenotypes Result: The non-conservednucleotides, involved in aminoglycoside binding, are not essential for cell viability and ribosome activity (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
39 Decoding site mutations at non-conserved nucleotides alter aminoglycoside resistance in yeast (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
40 Decoding site mutations at non-conserved nucleotides alter aminoglycoside resistance in yeast The double mutant G1645A/A1754G showed a sensivity to aminoglycosides similar to that of prokaryotic (E. coli) decoding site Results indicate that nucleotide divergence at both G1645 and A1754 is responsible for the differential sensitivity to aminoglycosides observed between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (Fan-Minogue and Bedwell, RNA (2008)
41
42 trna soppressori (suppressor trnas) Presenti nelle cellule, sfruttano gli appaiamenti non standard tra codone e anticodone UAG/UAA trna Tyr trna Gln trna Leu trna Lys UGA trna Trp trna Cys trna Arg
43 Incorporation of selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, occurs at in-frame UGA codons Whenever a stop codon enters the ribosomal A site, a competition occurs between the class I release factor(s) and near-cognate trnas (that can base pair at 2 of the 3 nucleotides of the stop codon). The release factor normally wins this competition >99% of the time, but this efficiency can be reduced by the sequence context around the stop codon, the relative level of the release factor, and the presence of downstream elements that can stimulate suppression. Selenocysteine incorporation requires a selenocysteine insertion element (SECIS). In eubacteria, the specialized translation elongation factor SelB binds both the SECIS just downstream of the SECIS and trna (ser)sec. In eukaryotes, the SECIS is located in the 3 -UTR of the mrna. Association of mselb (also known as eefsec) to the SECIS element requires the adaptor protein SBP2.
44 Bacterial selenoprotein biosynthesis SelB: elongation factor carrying Sec and GTP Sec: Sec-tRNA Sec with a UCA anticodon SElenoCys Inserting Sequence Metanis et al., Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2014
45 Selenocysteineisthe 21 st aminoacidin the geneticcode Structurally identical to Cys, but with the thiol group replaced by a selenol group. Discovered as a unique amino acid in 1976 Found to be co-translationally inserted into growing peptides in 1986 Incorporated into proteins by translational redefinition of UGA codons. Sec: Sec-tRNA Sec with a UCA anticodon complementary to UGA stop codon SelB: specialized translation elongation factor carrying Sec and GTP Selenocysteine decoding and insertion during translation Prokaryotes SElenoCy s Inserting Sequence (SECIS) Eukaryotes SECIS- Binding Protein 2 Cobucci-Ponzano et al., Molecular Microbiology, 2005
46 The human selenoproteome Hatfield et al., Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 2014
Genes and How They Work. Chapter 15
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15 The Nature of Genes They proposed the one gene one enzyme hypothesis. Today we know this as the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. 2 The Nature of Genes The central
CH 17 :From Gene to Protein
CH 17 :From Gene to Protein Defining a gene gene gene Defining a gene is problematic because one gene can code for several protein products, some genes code only for RNA, two genes can overlap, and there
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW. Overview of Biomolecules. Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis
BIOCHEMISTRY REVIEW Overview of Biomolecules Chapter 13 Protein Synthesis 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Are You Getting It?? Which properties are characteristic of the normal genetic code? (multiple answers) a) A
Gene function at the level of traits Gene function at the molecular level
Gene expression Gene function at the level of traits Gene function at the molecular level Two levels tied together since the molecular level affects the structure and function of cells which determines
Translation BIT 220 Chapter 13
Translation BIT 220 Chapter 13 Making protein from mrna Most genes encode for proteins -some make RNA as end product Proteins -Monomer Amino Acid 20 amino acids -peptides -polypeptides -Structure of Amino
The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. Genes and How They Work. Chapter 15/16
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15/16 The Nature of Genes Beadle and Tatum proposed the one gene one enzyme hypothesis. Today we know this as the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis. 2 The Nature of Genes
From Gene to Protein. How Genes Work
From Gene to Protein How Genes Work 2007-2008 The Central Dogma Flow of genetic information in a cell How do we move information from DNA to proteins? DNA RNA protein replication phenotype You! Step 1:
MOLECULAR GENETICS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1
AP BIOLOGY MOLECULAR GENETICS ACTIVITY #2 NAME DATE HOUR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 1 GENETIC CODE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Molecular Genetics Activity #2 page 2 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Degenerate Code. Translation. trna. The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism
Translation The Code is Degenerate trna / Proofreading Ribosomes Translation Mechanism Degenerate Code There are 64 possible codon triplets There are 20 naturally-encoding amino acids Several codons specify
Gene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis
Gene Expression Transcription/Translation Protein Synthesis 1. Describe how genetic information is transcribed into sequences of bases in RNA molecules and is finally translated into sequences of amino
Lecture for Wednesday. Dr. Prince BIOL 1408
Lecture for Wednesday Dr. Prince BIOL 1408 THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Genes are expressed as proteins A gene is a segment of DNA that
Hello! Outline. Cell Biology: RNA and Protein synthesis. In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information. 6.
Cell Biology: RNA and Protein synthesis In all living cells, DNA molecules are the storehouses of information Hello! Outline u 1. Key concepts u 2. Central Dogma u 3. RNA Types u 4. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Nature of Genes. The Genetic Code. Genes and How They Work
Genes and How They Work Chapter 15 Early ideas to explain how genes work came from studying human diseases. Archibald Garrod studied alkaptonuria, 1902 Garrod recognized that the disease is inherited via
Protein Synthesis. Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy
Protein Synthesis Presented by Dr. Mohammad Saadeh The requirements for the Pharmaceutical Biochemistry I Philadelphia University Faculty of pharmacy STRUCTURE OF RNA RNA, adenine forms a base pair with
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis Archibald Garrod 1 st to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions ; alkaptonuria Beadle
FROM GENE TO PROTEIN. One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis 3/12/2013. Basic Principles of Transcription & Translation
One Gene One Enzyme Hypothesis FROM GENE TO PROTEIN C H A P T E R 1 7 Archibald Garrod 1 st to suggest that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions ; alkaptonuria
Text Reference, Campbell v.8, chapter 17 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
AP BIOLOGY Text Reference, Campbell v.8, chapter 17 ACTIVITY 1.22 NAME DATE HOUR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS GENETIC CODE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OVERVIEW PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSLATION
BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.17 - GENE EXPRESSION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: GENES Beadle and Tatum develop the one gene one enzyme hypothesis through their work with Neurospora (bread mold). This idea was later revised as the one gene one polypeptide
From Genes to Protein
From Genes to Protein Transcription and Translation Metabolism Teaches Us About Genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from
Chapter Twelve Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message
Mary K. Campbell Shawn O. Farrell international.cengage.com/ Chapter Twelve Protein Synthesis: Translation of the Genetic Message Paul D. Adams University of Arkansas 1 Translating the Genetic Message
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific
The Central Dogma. DNA makes RNA makes Proteins
The Central Dogma DNA makes RNA makes Proteins TRANSCRIPTION DNA RNA transcript RNA polymerase RNA PROCESSING Exon RNA transcript (pre-) Intron Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM FORMATION OF
From DNA to Protein. Chapter 14
From DNA to Protein Chapter 14 What do genes code for? How does DNA code for cells & bodies? How are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA? DNA proteins cells bodies The Central Dogma Flow
From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each
Chapter 8. Microbial Genetics. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Structure and Function of Genetic Material Learning Objectives 8-1 Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype,
CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN. Section C: The Synthesis of Protein
CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Section C: The Synthesis of Protein 1. Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look 2. Signal peptides target some eukaryotic polypeptides to
From Gene to Protein. How Genes Work (Ch. 17)
From Gene to Protein How Genes Work (Ch. 17) What do genes code for? How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the instructions in DNA DNA proteins cells bodies The Central
From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype
12 From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype 12.1 What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? The gene-enzyme relationship is one-gene, one-polypeptide relationship. Example: In hemoglobin, each
Chapter 14 Active Reading Guide From Gene to Protein
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 14 Active Reading Guide From Gene to Protein This is going to be a very long journey, but it is crucial to your understanding of biology. Work on this chapter a single
From RNA To Protein
From RNA To Protein 22-11-2016 Introduction mrna Processing heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnrna) RNA that comprises transcripts of nuclear genes made by RNA polymerase II; it has a wide size distribution
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein. AP Biology
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein Metabolism teaches us about genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from alkapton) PKU (phenylketonuria)
Bioinformatics. ONE Introduction to Biology. Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Biology/CS 123A Fall 2012
Bioinformatics ONE Introduction to Biology Sami Khuri Department of Computer Science San José State University Biology/CS 123A Fall 2012 Biology Review DNA RNA Proteins Central Dogma Transcription Translation
2. From the first paragraph in this section, find three ways in which RNA differs from DNA.
Name Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein Begin reading at page 328 Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation. Work on this chapter a single concept at a time, and expect to spend at least 6 hours
Transcription steps. Transcription steps. Eukaryote RNA processing
Transcription steps Initiation at 5 end of gene binding of RNA polymerase to promoter unwinding of DNA Elongation addition of nucleotides to 3 end rules of base pairing requires Mg 2+ energy from NTP substrates
Protein Synthesis ~Biology AP~
Protein Synthesis ~Biology AP~ A Meridian Study Guide by David Guan, Jennifer Zheng [Edited by Lei Gong] Introduction: - DNA and RNA are essential for life because they code for enzymes, which regulate
C. Incorrect! Threonine is an amino acid, not a nucleotide base.
MCAT Biology - Problem Drill 05: RNA and Protein Biosynthesis Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following bases are only found in RNA? Question #01 (A) Ribose. (B) Uracil. (C) Threonine. (D) Adenine.
con t. Chapter 32 The Genetic Code Nature of the Genetic Code BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 32 Lecture Notes Slide 1 Slide 2
BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 32 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 32 The Genetic Code 2 Nature of the Genetic Code Gene and protein structures are colinear Tryptophan synthetase mutations (Yanofsky) A cipher Nucleotide
Structure. Structural Components of Nucleotides Base. Sugar. Introduction Nucleotide to Cells & Microscopy and Nucleic Acid. Phosphate Glycosidic bond
11 Structural Components of Nucleotides Base Sugar Introduction Nucleotide to Cells & Microscopy and Nucleic Acid Structure Phosphate Glycosidic bond H NUCLEOTIDE H Nucleic acid polymer of nucleotides
BEADLE & TATUM EXPERIMENT
FROM DNA TO PROTEINS: gene expression Chapter 14 LECTURE OBJECTIVES What Is the Evidence that Genes Code for Proteins? How Does Information Flow from Genes to Proteins? How Is the Information Content in
GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Gene expression Gene function at the level of traits Gene function
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
Name Period This is going to be a very long journey, but it is crucial to your understanding of biology. Work on this chapter a single concept at a time, and expect to spend at least 6 hours to truly master
Chapter 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
Chapter 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein This is going to be a very long journey, but it is crucial to your understanding of biology. Work on this chapter a single concept at a time, and expect
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Describe the structure of DNA. What is its elemental makeup? Name the subunit that makes up DNA. What components make up the DNA molecule? How are the two strands related
Gene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code
Lecture 28-29 Gene Expression: Transcription, Translation, RNAs and the Genetic Code Central dogma of molecular biology During transcription, the information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a
RNA : functional role
RNA : functional role Hamad Yaseen, PhD MLS Department, FAHS Hamad.ali@hsc.edu.kw RNA mrna rrna trna 1 From DNA to Protein -Outline- From DNA to RNA From RNA to Protein From DNA to RNA Transcription: Copying
Analyzed Fungi Neurospora crassa mutants. Mutants were UNABLE to grow without Arginine (an amino acid) Other biochemical experiments indicated:
From Gene to Protein Beadle and Tatum Analyzed Fungi Neurospora crassa mutants Mutants were UNABLE to grow without Arginine (an amino acid) Other biochemical experiments indicated: Precursor Ornithine
DNA is the MASTER PLAN. RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan
Sec. 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Roles of DNA and RNA DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan 1 RNA uses the information from DNA to make proteins Differs from DNA: 1. Ribose
Protein Synthesis Honors Biology
Protein Synthesis What do we know? Metabolism is controlled by enzymes enzymes are proteins DNA contains the genetic information to build proteins. DNA is only in the nucleus. Ribosomes are not. How then
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein Question? How does DNA control a cell? By controlling Protein Synthesis. Proteins are the link between genotype and phenotype. For tests: Name(s) of experimenters Outline
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Flow of Genetic Information The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as: DNA RNA Protein This is also known as: The central dogma of molecular biology Protein Proteins are made
Chapter 8: DNA and RNA
Chapter 8: DNA and RNA Lecture Outline Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill. 1 8-1 DNA and the Importance of Proteins Proteins play
DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA, RNA, and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 DNA DNA contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases The genes code for polypeptides (proteins) Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
Year Morgan and fellow researchers found that chromosomes contained DNA, RNA, and protein.
DNA Year 1920 Morgan and fellow researchers found that chromosomes contained DNA, RNA, and protein. Which one actually carries the genetic information? The stuff that gets passed on from generation
From Gene to Protein. Chapter 17
From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 What you need to know: The key terms: gene expression, transcription, and translation. The major events of transcription. How eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription.
BIO 311C Spring Lecture 36 Wednesday 28 Apr.
BIO 311C Spring 2010 1 Lecture 36 Wednesday 28 Apr. Synthesis of a Polypeptide Chain 5 direction of ribosome movement along the mrna 3 ribosome mrna NH 2 polypeptide chain direction of mrna movement through
DNA. Essential Question: How does the structure of the DNA molecule allow it to carry information?
DNA Essential Question: How does the structure of the DNA molecule allow it to carry information? Fun Website to Explore! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/ DNA History Griffith Experimented
AP Biology
Chapter 17. From Gene to Protein Metabolism teaches us about genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from alkapton) PKU (phenylketonuria)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Chapter 17 Genes to Proteins Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. The following questions refer to Figure 17.1, a simple metabolic
DNA Structure DNA Nucleotide 3 Parts: 1. Phosphate Group 2. Sugar 3. Nitrogen Base
DNA,, RNA,, AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Enables cells to have different forms and perform different functions Primary functions of DNA: Store and transmit genetic information that tells
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch 17 Practice Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Garrod hypothesized that "inborn errors of metabolism" such as alkaptonuria
5. Which of the following enzymes catalyze the attachment of an amino acid to trna in the formation of aminoacyl trna?
Sample Examination Questions for Exam 3 Material Biology 3300 / Dr. Jerald Hendrix Warning! These questions are posted solely to provide examples of past test questions. There is no guarantee that any
1. DNA, RNA structure. 2. DNA replication. 3. Transcription, translation
1. DNA, RNA structure 2. DNA replication 3. Transcription, translation DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous
TRANSCRIPTION. Renáta Schipp
TRANSCRIPTION Renáta Schipp Gene expression Gene expression: - is the process by which information from a gene is used for the synthesis of gene products. These products are proteins, but in the case of
From Genes to Protein
From Genes to Protein Transcription and Translation Metabolism Teaches Us About Genes Metabolic defects studying metabolic diseases suggested that genes specified proteins alkaptonuria (black urine from
8/21/2014. From Gene to Protein
From Gene to Protein Chapter 17 Objectives Describe the contributions made by Garrod, Beadle, and Tatum to our understanding of the relationship between genes and enzymes Briefly explain how information
I. Gene Expression Figure 1: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
I. Gene Expression Figure 1: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Central Dogma: Gene Expression: RNA Structure RNA nucleotides contain the pentose sugar Ribose instead of deoxyribose. Contain the bases
3'A C G A C C A G T A A A 5'
AP Biology Chapter 14 Reading Guide Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein Overview 1. What is gene expression? Concept 14.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation Basic Principles of
Protein Metabolism (Chap 27)
Protein Metabolism (Chap 27) Translation: nucleic acid language amino acid language The Genetic Code is the basis for this translation: aminoacyl-trna synthetase xxx xxx xxx trna + amino acid xxx amino
Ch 12.DNA and RNA.Biology.Landis
Identity Section 12 1 DNA (pages 287 294) This section tells about the experiments that helped scientists discover the relationship between genes and DNA. It also describes the chemical structure of the
DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review
DNA Structure and Replication, and Virus Structure and Replication Test Review What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is what type of macromolecule? DNA is a nucleic acid The building blocks
Ch. 10 From DNA to Protein. AP Biology
Ch. 10 From DNA to Protein Protein Synthesis Metabolism and Gene Expression n Inheritance of metabolic diseases suggests that genes coded for enzymes n Diseases (phenotypes) caused by non-functional gene
Griffith and Transformation (pages ) 1. What hypothesis did Griffith form from the results of his experiments?
Section 12 1 DNA (pages 287 294) This section tells about the experiments that helped scientists discover the relationship between genes and DNA. It also describes the chemical structure of the DNA molecule.
Highlights Translation I
Highlights Translation I 1. Prokaryotic ribosomes are a 70S multi-protein, multi-rna complex, consisting of a large 50S subunit (31 proteins + 23S rrna + 5S rrna) and a smaller 30S subunit (21 proteins
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 08: Transcription, Translation and the Genetic Code
Molecular Cell Biology - Problem Drill 08: Transcription, Translation and the Genetic Code Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which of the following statements about how genes function is correct? Question #1 (A)
Fig Ch 17: From Gene to Protein
Fig. 17-1 Ch 17: From Gene to Protein Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for which they code Transcription is the synthesis of RNA
Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene
Biology Textbook Notes Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the Gene p. 214-219 The Genetic Material (12.1) - Genetic Material must: 1. Be able to store information that pertains to the development, structure,
Flow of Genetic Information_ Genetic Code, Mutation & Translation (Learning Objectives)
Flow of Genetic Information_ Genetic Code, Mutation & Translation (Learning Objectives) Demonstrate understanding of the genetic code, codon, start and stop codons, redundancy of the genetic code, and
Chapter Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms
Chapter 5-2 - Fundamental Molecular Genetic Mechanisms 5.1 Structure of Nucleic Acids 5.2 Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes and Formation of Fun ctional mrna 5.3 The Decoding of mrna by trnas 5.4 Stepwise
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein
Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein The Flow of Genetic Information The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits
Chapter 11. Gene Expression and Regulation. Lectures by Gregory Ahearn. University of North Florida. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc..
Chapter 11 Gene Expression and Regulation Lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.. 11.1 How Is The Information In DNA Used In A Cell? Most genes contain
SCBC203 Gene Expression. Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318
SCBC203 Gene Expression Assoc. Prof. Rutaiwan Tohtong Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science PR318 Rutaiwan.toh@mahidol.ac.th 1 Gene Expression Gene expression is a process where by the genetic
Translation Mechanisms
Translation Mechanisms Biology I Hayder A. Giha Translation The translation is the process of protein synthesis, where information in nucleotides sequences of a mrna is translated into amino acids sequence
4/3/2013. DNA Synthesis Replication of Bacterial DNA Replication of Bacterial DNA
4/3/03 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics Terminology Genetics: The study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated Gene: A segment
Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
Name Period Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein This is going to be a very long journey, but it is crucial to your understanding of biology. Work on this chapter a single concept at a time, and expect to
Big Idea 3C Basic Review
Big Idea 3C Basic Review 1. A gene is a. A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein. b. A sequence of amino acids that codes for a protein. c. A sequence of codons that code for nucleic acids. d. The end
Flow of Genetic Information_Translation (Learning Objectives)
Flow of Genetic Information_Translation (Learning Objectives) Demonstrate understanding of the genetic code, codon, start and stop codons, redundancy of the genetic code, and reading frame by figuring
Neurospora mutants. Beadle & Tatum: Neurospora molds. Mutant A: Mutant B: HOW? Neurospora mutants
Chapter 10: Central Dogma Gene Expression and Regulation Mutant A: Neurospora mutants Mutant B: Not made Not made Fact 1: DNA contains information but is unable to carry out actions Fact 2: Proteins are
Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation
Chapter 10: Gene Expression and Regulation Fact 1: DNA contains information but is unable to carry out actions Fact 2: Proteins are the workhorses but contain no information THUS Information in DNA must
BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D. Steve Thompson:
BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Fall 2009 Sections B & D Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu http://www.bioinfo4u.net 1 DNA transcription and regulation We ve seen how the principles
THE SYNTHESIS OF LIVING MATTER: ENERGY AND INFORMATION
THE SYNTHESIS OF LIVING MATTER: ENERGY AND INFORMATION Lectures 10/16, 10/21. Respiration Make a "black box" diagram showing the inputs and outputs of the three main reaction blocks in aerobic respiration;
Molecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL
Name: Molecular Genetics Quiz #1 SBI4U K T/I A C TOTAL Part A: Multiple Choice (15 marks) Circle the letter of choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. One mark for each correct
Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene
Ch 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene For Next Week Lab -Hand in questions from 4 and 5 by TUES in my mailbox (Biology Office) -Do questions for Lab 6 for next week -Lab practical next week Lecture Read
Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein
Protein Synthesis DNA to RNA to Protein From Genes to Proteins Processing the information contained in DNA into proteins involves a sequence of events known as gene expression and results in protein synthesis.
1/4/18 NUCLEIC ACIDS. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids. ECS129 Instructor: Patrice Koehl
NUCLEIC ACIDS ECS129 Instructor: Patrice Koehl Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA Structure RNA Synthesis Function Secondary structure Tertiary interactions Wobble hypothesis DNA RNA Replication Transcription
NUCLEIC ACIDS. ECS129 Instructor: Patrice Koehl
NUCLEIC ACIDS ECS129 Instructor: Patrice Koehl Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA Structure RNA Synthesis Function Secondary structure Tertiary interactions Wobble hypothesis DNA RNA Replication Transcription
Section 14.1 Structure of ribonucleic acid
Section 14.1 Structure of ribonucleic acid The genetic code Sections of DNA are transcribed onto a single stranded molecule called RNA There are two types of RNA One type copies the genetic code and transfers
No growth: Mutant cells cannot grow and divide. Classes of Neurospora crassa. Class I mutants Class II mutants Class III mutants
XPRIMNT Growth: Wild-type cells growing and dividing Minimal medium No growth: Mutant cells cannot grow and divide RSULTS Condition Minimal medium (MM) (control) MM + ornithine MM + citrulline Wild type
DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E
DNA & Protein Synthesis UNIT D & E How this Unit is broken down Chapter 10.1 10.3 The structure of the genetic material Chapter 10.4 & 10.5 DNA replication Chapter 10.6 10.15 The flow of genetic information
Chem 465 Biochemistry II
Chem 465 Biochemistry II Name: 2 points Multiple choice (4 points apiece): 1. Which of the following is not true of trna molecules? A) The 3'-terminal sequence is -CCA. B) Their anticodons are complementary
Independent Study Guide The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein (Chapter 7)
Independent Study Guide The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein (Chapter 7) I. General Principles (Chapter 7 introduction) a. Morse code distinct series of dots and dashes encode the 26 letters of the