For:%Associa+on%of%Jesuit%Colleges%and%Universi+es%(AJCU)%
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1 Solidmasonry High#performanceBuildings For:%Associa+on%of%Jesuit%Colleges%and%Universi+es%(AJCU)% Presentedby: JohnStraubePh.D.P.Eng. UniversityofWaterloo/BuildingScienceCorporaIon BuildingScience.com 3 WetAppliedPlaster OldGrowthTimber BuildingScience.com 4 BuildingScience.com 5 Straube buildingscience.com 1 of 42
2 Pre#WWIIBuildings NoaddedinsulaIon(orveryliSle) HeaIngsystemsandsomenaturalvenIlaIon NoaircondiIoning Novaporbarriers Fewexplicitair#Ighteningor drax#stopping details Masonryandold#growthsolidImberstructures Plasteristhedominantinteriorfinish Pre#WWIIBuildings NoaddedinsulaIon(orveryliSle) HeaIngsystemsandsomenaturalvenIlaIon NoaircondiIoning Novaporbarriers Fewexplicitair#Ighteningor drax#stopping details Masonryandold#growthsolidImberstructures Plasteristhedominantinteriorfinish BuildingScience.com 6 BuildingScience.com 7 Changes Performance? ExpectaIonsarerising FasterdesignandconstrucIon Lowerriskofdelays/costoverruns LoweroperaIngcosts lessenergyconsumpion(codes) morecomfortandiaq Inshort be@er%buildings%at%less%total%cost% Morethanon#Ime,on#budget,tocode Safe Healthy Comfortable Agrowingclamorfor. Durable Low#energy Maintainable Modifiable Repairable Alldeliveredreliably,predictably Straube buildingscience.com 2 of 42
3 CommercialBuildingsEnergyUse R2% CEUS=CaliforniaEnergyUseSurvey 250 kwh/m 2 CEUS2006=72.5 MURBs BuildingScience.com 11 R2% R4% R2% R6% R4% BuildingScience.com 12 BuildingScience.com 13 Straube buildingscience.com 3 of 42
4 R2% R4% R6% R2% R4% R6% R8% R8% R8% BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com R2% R4% R6% R2% R4% R6% R6% R8% R8% R1.5% R8% R1.5% R2% BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 4 of 42
5 Whysuchpoorperformance? NotenoughinsulaIon,toomuchairleakage Thermalbridges(windowsR3,steelstudR5#R6) Notenoughsolarcontrol Windows!(toolarge,overhangs,trees) ToomuchvenIlaIon And/orpoorcontrolofit ToomanycomplexHVAC&controlsystems HVACsystemsnooneunderstands PrescripIonofHighPerformance Goodskin Rain,air,heat,vaporcontrol Simpletounderstand/analyzeassemblies GoodHVAC Controltemperature,RH,Freshairseperately Simpletounderstand/analyzesystems Gooddesign Daylight,view,program,enjoyment Assumefuturechangeswilloccur Thisseminar Enclosure Roofs Walls Windows HVAC#briefly Humidity VenIlaIon Energy Enclosure%Design%Principles% Straube buildingscience.com 5 of 42
6 Skin:EnclosuresinContext Enclosuresarekeytocomfortanddurability Enclosuresreduce%spaceheaIng/cooling andhelpwithlighing,venilaion WesIllneedenergy%forotherthings DehumidificaIon,cooling,lights,computers,etc But Bad%enclosures%ruin%good%HVAC% Bad%HVAC%can%ruin%good%enclosures% TheEnclosure:AnEnvironmental Separator Thepartofthebuildingthatphysically separatestheinteriorandexterior environments. Includesallofthepartsthatmakeupthewall, window,roof,floor,caulkedjointetc. SomeImes,interiorparIIonsalsoare environmentalseparators(pools,rinks,etc.) BuildingScience EnclosuresNo.23/ ClimateLoadModificaIon Building&Site(overhangs,trees ) Createsmicroclimate BuildingEnclosure(walls,windows,roof ) Separatesclimates PassivemodificaIon BuildingEnvironmentalSystems(HVAC ) Useenergytochangeclimate AcIvemodificaIon BasicFuncIonsoftheEnclosure 1.Support Resistandtransferphysicalforcesfrominsideandout 2.Control Functional Layers Controlmassandenergyflows 3.Finish Interiorandexterior surfacesforpeople DistribuIon abuildingfuncion BuildingScience Straube buildingscience.com 6 of 42
7 BasicEnclosureFuncIons Support% Resist%&%transfer%physical%forces%from%inside%and%out% Lateral(wind,earthquake) Gravity(snow,dead,use) Rheological(shrink,swell) Impact,wear,abrasion Control Controlmassandenergyflows Finish Interiorandexteriorsurfacesforpeople Functional Layers BasicEnclosureFuncIons Support Resist&transferphysicalforcesfrominsideandout Control% Control%mass%and%energy%flows% Rain%(andsoilmoisture)% Drainageplane,capillarybreak,etc. Air% ConInuousairbarrier Heat% ConInuouslayerofinsulaIon Vapor Balanceofwenng/drying Finish Interiorandexteriorsurfacesforpeople Functional Layers BuildingScience EnclosuresNo.26/ BuildingScience.com EnclosuresNo.27/ OtherControl... BasicEnclosureFuncIons Support Control% Fire% Penetra+on% Propaga+on% Sound% Penetra+on% Reflec+on% Light% Diffuse/glare% View% Finish Functional Layers Support Resist&transferphysicalforcesfrominsideandout Control Controlmassandenergyflows Finish%% Interior%&%exterior%surfaces%for%people% Color,speculance PaSern,texture Functional Layers BuildingScience.com EnclosuresNo.28/ BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 7 of 42
8 History%of%% Control%Func+ons% Changes OlderBuildings Onelayerdoes everything NewerBuilding Separatelayers,...separatefuncIons BuildingScience.com No.30 BuildingScience.com 31 ThePerfectWall Finishofwhatever ControlconInuity Raincontrollayer Aircontrollayer Airbarrier Thermalcontrollayer AkainsulaIon,radiantbarriers Vaporcontrollayer Retarders,barriers,etc Structurecanbeanything The PerfectWall AddiIonalFireControlmaybeneeded AddiIonalSoundControlopIonal BuildingScience.com 32 BuildingScience.com 33 Straube buildingscience.com 8 of 42
9 Whatisahighperformance enclosure? Highlevelsofcontrol But,poorconInuitylimitsperformance &PoorconInuitycausesmostproblemstoo: E.g.airleakagecondensaIon Rainleakage SurfacecondensaIon Coldwindows Thus:con$nuity)+)high)levels)of)control) BuildingScience.com 35 BuildingScience.com 36 BuildingScience.com Roofs37 Straube buildingscience.com 9 of 42
10 BuildingScience.com 38 BuildingScience.com 39 BuildingScience.com 40 BuildingScience.com 41 Straube buildingscience.com 10 of 42
11 BuildingScience.com 42 BuildingScience.com 43 Window BuildingScience.com 44 BuildingScience.com 45 Straube buildingscience.com 11 of 42
12 Enclosure Design: Details Details demand the same approach as the enclosure. Scaled drawings required at - change in plane - change in material - change in trade Complexity%increases%detailing%effort,%risk%of%failure,%and%cost% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%and%reduces%performance% BuildingScience.com EnclosuresNo.46/ BuildingScience.com 47/175 ConnecIons:Whoisincharge PlanDimensions BuildingScience.com 48 Straube buildingscience.com 12 of 42
13 Baseplate% usually% wider%than% column%at% the%cri+cal% base%plate% PerfectWallexpanded FireControlmaybeneeded SoundControlopIonal BuildingScience.com 53 Straube buildingscience.com 13 of 42
14 Perfect:CondensaIon&Drying Compromise=Risks ASHRAE90.1nowrequiresSOMEexteriorinsulaIonjusttomeetcode Hybridsystems:BaS+exterior,havemoreriskthanallexteriorinsulaIon No%stud%cavity%insula+on%% =%perfect%wall% =%no%moisture%risk% Cavity%insula+on%% =%cold%sheathing% =%condensa+on%risk% =%slow%mee+ng% Compromise:walls Compromise:roofs Can%limit%risk% with%large% frac+on%of%% R\value%on% exterior% Decklevelairbarrier Replacemembraneevery15#25years Steel%studs% compromise% the%thermal% performance% Wood%studs,% not%so%much% RaIo: ExteriorR#value StudbayR#value controlsriskofcondensaion BuildingScience.com Roofs57 Straube buildingscience.com 14 of 42
15 NextSteps ConInuityiskey! 1.RainControl mostimportant 2.AirControl Energy,health,humidity 3.ThermalControl Solarshading Thermalbridging Can%be%separate%% Or%% Combined%in%same% material%/%assembly% Mustensurenorainleaks,noholes AirflowcontrolshouldbeasconInuous aspracical Thermalcontrol WelivewithpenetraIons Minimizesteel&concretetosmalllocalpoints Vaporcontrol NotthatimportanttoensureconInuity Energy. Wall System 1 RainControl Joints Elements 1.%Rain%Control% Threepossibleapproaches Mass Drained PerfectBarriers Elementandjoint canbedifferentapproach Less mass and lower permeability Imperfect Barrier Mass or Storage Types More mass and more permeability Drained 2 or Screened Types Perfect Barrier Perfect Barrier Types PerfectBarriersarerisky Cavity 3 No Cavity Face Sealed Concealed Barrier Ventilated 4 Vented 5 Unvented Pressure moderated 6 Ventilated and pressure moderated Straube buildingscience.com 15 of 42
16 Historic:Mass/StorageWalls Nobuildingpaper,flashing,weepholes JohnStraube BuildingScience RainControl63 Surface%features%such%as%Overhangs,%Drips,%etc%are%important%for%mass%walls% PerfectBarrier/FaceSealed BuildingScience RainControl64 Straube buildingscience.com 16 of 42
17 Perfect%Barrier%Walls% Precast%is%o_en%a%func+onal% perfect%barrier%wall%..%but%the%joints%leak,%% exposed%sealant%fails!% It%is%all%about%joints,%transi+ons,%penetra+ons%% which%may%not%be%built,%or%remain%perfect% DrainedWalls Two\stage%joints% Drainedsystemspreferred AccountforjointsandpenetraIonsaswellas installaiondefectsandmaterialfailure BuildingScience.com 69 Straube buildingscience.com 17 of 42
18 shinglefashion lapping Five%parts%of%a% Rainscreen %or% Drained %System% BuildingScience.com 71 Fluid\applied%products% avoids%laps% Shingle%lap%is%the%best,% most%reliable% Air#WaterControlLayers Beware%ver+cal% installa+on%and%wrinkles!% Straube buildingscience.com 18 of 42
19 Flashingmustbewaterproof BuildingScience2008 RainControl74 BuildingScience.com WindowsandDoors Leakywindows AllpenetraIonsshouldbedrained,regardless oftheapproachtakentotheelement WindowsanddoorsarethemostcriIcal openingstodrain Roughopeningmustbedrained StudsandsheathingaresensiIvetoleaks Straube buildingscience.com 19 of 42
20 WindowInstall BuildingScience WindowsandCurtainwallsNo.7880 Backdams/SlopesareImportant Con+nuous%interior%angle% provides%backdam%and%airseal% con+nuity% BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 20 of 42
21 Curtainwall:RainControl Corners%are%weak%spot:% How%to%drain%corners% How%to%airseal?% BuildingScience.com CurtainwallIntegraIon Not% Seal%membrane/flashing% mechanically%to%inner% shoulder% Caulking%is%less%reliable!% Straube buildingscience.com 21 of 42
22 Mass%walls%changed% to%drained%walls% Architectural%Precast:% Punched%Window% Air#Water#Vapor OXenthinlayers Can)be)) 1. Watercontrol(vaporpermeable,notairIght),or% 2. Air&watercontrol(vaporpermeable),or% 3. Air,water&vapor(vaporimpermeable). Examples Buildingpaper,untapedhousewrap,sealedand supportedhousewrap,fluidapplied,peelandsick Air#Water ControlLayers Sloped%and%complex% surfaces%demand%very% high%performance% Straube buildingscience.com 22 of 42
23 Fully#adheredair#waterbarrier Vapor%Permeable!% Spray/TrowelAppliedAir/water Semi#permeable BuildingScience.com 91 Closed\cell%spray% polyurethane%foam:% ccspf% # Rain%control% # Air%Control% # Thermal%Control% # %Vapor%Control% Non\adhered% =modest%performance% Supported%flexible% membrane%is%be@er% Fully\adhered%is%best Straube buildingscience.com 23 of 42
24 Airflowcontrol 2.%Air%Flow%Control% AirIghtnesscriIcalforallclimates ControlcondensaIon(summerandwinter)and energywaste AirflowControlLayer PracIcally,anairbarriersystem CantbeTOOIght ButmustprovidevenIlaIon 95/175 AirIghtness Materialsnotimportant,systemis GSAandArmyCorprequiringtesIngto Ightnesstargetsnow IECC/IRClikelytorequiresoon Measuredat50Painhouses Beware: Aroundwindows Canopies Parapets Air+WaterBarrier BuildingScience.com 96 Straube buildingscience.com 24 of 42
25 Details Air&water&vapor transiionmembranes Findtheair leak BuildingScience.com AirflowControlNo.98/79 Tampa%hotel,%above% bathroom%ceiling% Straube buildingscience.com 25 of 42
26 Leakage above ceilings Dropped#CeilingReturnPlenum Building Science.com Airflow Control No. 102/79 Commercial%Buildings:%O_en%exterior%air%barrier%is%only%prac+cal%solu+on%% BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 26 of 42
27 AirBarriersarecoming Morestringentnumericaltargets ArmyCorp0.25 TesIngofwholebuildingsbecomingcommon 3.%Thermal%Control% Thermalcontrol EnsureComfort Avoidhot/coldinteriorsurfaces Warmssurfaces=durability AvoidscondensaIoninhotandcoldweather hence,adurabilityandhealthstrategy Keepstructurewarmanddryandstable SaveEnergy Reduceheatflow ThermalControl InsulaIon(conducIon) Slowsheatflowinandout Windows(conducIon,radiaIon) Slowheatflowinandout Controlsolargain:alloworreject? cool roofs Reducesolargain Radiantbarriers Shading(radiaIon) 12#04#03 Straube buildingscience.com 27 of 42
28 SolarShading Reducewindowarea Provideshading(doanalysis!) Low#solargain windows InsulaIon Howmuch?Usemuchmore)than)normal)prac$se) Comfort&condensaIonresistance: TrueR5#10isusuallyenough,but.. Forenergy/environment: AsmuchaspracIcal,egR10#R20 True R#valueiswhatmaSers Controlthermalbridging! IncreasedinsulaIonshouldreduceHVACcapitalas wellasoperaing! BuildingScience ThermalConInuity/ThermalBridges Find the thermal bridge SomeshortcircuiIngisnormallytolerated. High#performancewallstoleratefewbridges Majoroffenders/weakspots PenetraIngslabs(<R1) Steelstuds(<<R1) Windows(R2#R3) ProductofAreaandU\value%defines significancetoenergyandcondensaion BuildingScience2008 InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo.113/65 Straube buildingscience.com 28 of 42
29 Find%the%thermal%bridge% BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo. 115/65 ThermalBridging Best#caseR#valuesforstudwalls %Steel%is%400%+mes%more%conduc+ve%than%wood% %Steel%studs%are%about%40%+mes%thinner% R<0.3% Cold% R=4+% 3.5 %wall% BuildingScience2008 Hot% InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo.116/65 Straube buildingscience.com 29 of 42
30 ThermalBridgeExamples Aluminumframed Balconies,Exposedslabedges Can%we%air\cool%our%buildings?% BuildingScience BuildingScience2008 InsulaIonandThermalBridgesNo.119/65 PerfectWall Examples% CMU/concrete backup BuildingScience.com 121 Straube buildingscience.com 30 of 42
31 Interior%finish\whatever% Structure:%Concrete%Block% Drainage%Air%Vapor%Barrier:%Asphalt%% Rockwool%Insula+on% Finish\%whatever% EnclosuresNo.122/49 SteelStud Backup PerfectWall No%stud%cavity%insula+on%% =%perfect%wall% =%no%moisture%risk% BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 31 of 42
32 Any%R\value,%e.g.% 4 %PIC=R25% 5 XPS%=R25% 6 MFI=R25% BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 JosephLsIburek127 BuildingScienceCorporaIon BuildingScienceCorporaIon 129 Straube buildingscience.com 32 of 42
33 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 JosephLsIburek130 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 2010 JosephLsIburek131 BuildingScienceCorporaIon 132 Straube buildingscience.com 33 of 42
34 Universityof Harword BuildingScience2008 Straube buildingscience.com 34 of 42
35 Closed\cell%spray% polyurethane%foam:% ccspf% # Rain%control% # Air%Control% # Thermal%Control% # %Vapor%Control% EIFS:%no%longer%a%four%le@er%word% DrainedEIFSisHP Straube buildingscience.com 35 of 42
36 BuildingScience.com Roofs142 BuildingScience.com Roofs143 BestUVProtecIon:rocks White%roofs:%the%coming%storm% But,youneedtoholddowntoresistwind A% tradi+onal %roof% Whatairbarrier BuildingScience.com Roofs144 BuildingScience Roofs145 Straube buildingscience.com 36 of 42
37 Whiteroofs Lowerheatgain:great! Reducestressonexposedroofmembranes But:Reducesdryingoutofroof Thus:RequirebeSermoisturecontrol! Airbarrier ConstrucIonmoisture BuildingScience.com Roofs146 BuildingScience2008 JosephLsIburek Roofs147 Whatanairbarrier? Whyfullyadhered? BuildingScience.com Roofs148 BuildingScience Roofs149 Straube buildingscience.com 37 of 42
38 Conclusions ConInuousdrainageandraincontrollayer ConInuousaircontrollayer(airbarrier) ConInuousthermalcontrollayer Limitthethermalbridges GoodMechnicals Theotherhalfofthepie FuncIons Whatdoyouneedtodeliver? FiveCriIcalfuncIonsareneeded VenIlaIon freshair Dilute/flushpollutants HeaIng Cooling HumidityControl AirfiltraIon/pollutantRemoval RemoveparIclesfrominsideandoutsideair Removepollutantsinspecialsystems 12#04# Allrequiremetereddeliveroffreshair,andsomeexhaustofpollutedair Straube buildingscience.com 38 of 42
39 CommonAir#basedSysems CAVsystems highenergyconsumersbutprovideoutdoorair VAV decentenergyperformance,butrarelysupply desiredvenilaion(fresh)airrates DOAS:DedicatedOutdoorAirSystems providevenilaion(+almostalways dehumidificaion)only separateterminalequipmentdoesheaingand cooling Highestperformance,easytodesign&fix ConstantAirVolume GreatRH&Tcontrol(Dewpointof55alltheIme) Terribleenergyperformance(reheaIngalmostalltheair,alltheIme) OXennodesignedexhaustair: pressurize building 12#04# #04# VariableAirVolume VAV:FixingHowitworks PoorIAQ:venIlaIoncontrolledbythermostat Poor/noRHcontrol:dependsoncoolingcoiloperaIon Eithergoodenergyperformance/poorRH,orgoodRH/poorenergy OXennodesignedexhaustair: pressurize building 12#04# Pre#treatalloutdoorairtoreducehumidity Targetleavingairdewpointof<50F Cannotuse cooling only,needdehumidificaion VenIlaIonairsIllisuncertain ThermostatcontrolsvenIlaIon! RequirereheaIngtoavoidcoldroomsatmin.flow InmulI#zonesystem,onezone svenilaionneeds aredifferentthananothers Hence,eitherover#venIlaIonorunder#venIlate Straube buildingscience.com 39 of 42
40 Designer squesion Howisindoorhumiditycontrolledwhenitis 65#80Foutdoorsandraining(100%RH)? Sensibleloadisverylow(lights+people) Latentloadhigh(venIlaIon+people) ACdoesnotrun,ordoesnotrunmuch Answerusuallyis not Reheatisenergyintensivebutworks ERVsreducehumidityload,theydon teliminateit DOAS DedicatedOutdoorSupply Suppliesallrequireddryairandfreshair AllvenIlaIonaircanbepretreated Airshouldbedriedto<50FDewpoint Supplyofdryairtoeachspacecontrolled independent)of)thermostat) Keyistodecouplehumiditycontrol/ venilaionfromtemperaturecontrol EnergyrecoveryvenIlaIon DOAS Reducesequipmentpeakcapacity(saves capital$) ReducesloadonheaIng/cooling/ dehumidificaion(savesenergy/operaing$) Usuallymakessenseforanylargemechanical venilaionflow Straube buildingscience.com 40 of 42
41 BSI#022PerfectHVAC Conclusions Keytogoodmechanicalsistoseparate venilaionfromheaing/cooling Considerhumiditycontrolinclimateswhereit isneeded ThermostatcontrolsheaIng/coolingbyzone VenIlaIoncontrolledbyoccupancy(CO 2 ) Allairisdelivereddry(humiditycontrol) Nore#circulatedair(improvedIAQ) Coming%soon,%April%2012% On\line%@% buildingscience.com% Curtainwall:Anatomy&Jargon BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 41 of 42
42 Structure AirFlowControl Structure%could%be%steel,%wood,% concrete,%etc.% Structure AirBarrier BuildingScience.com BuildingScience.com Straube buildingscience.com 42 of 42
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