INDDOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Transcription

1 INDDOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

2 IEQ- P1: MINIMUM INDOOR AIR QUALITY PERFORMANCE To establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to enhance indoor air quality in buildings, thus contributing to the comfort and well-being of the occupants. PREREQUISITE REQUIREMENTS Meet ventilation requirements Naturally Ventilated Spaces For naturally ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is inactivated), determine the minimum outdoor air opening and space configuration requirements using the natural ventilation procedure from ASHRAE Standard Confirm that natural ventilation is an effective strategy for the project by following the flow diagram in the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Applications Manual AM10, March 2005, Natural Ventilation in Non-domestic Buildings, Figure 2.8, and meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard , Section 4. Mechanically Ventilated Spaces For mechanically ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is activated), determine the minimum outdoor air intake flow for mechanical ventilation systems using the ventilation rate procedure from ASHRAE ASHRAE Standard Meet the minimum requirements of ASHRAE Standard , Sections 4 7, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (with errata). All Spaces The indoor air quality procedure defined in ASHRAE Standard may not be used to comply with this prerequisite. POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES Design ventilation systems to meet or exceed the minimum outdoor air ventilation rates as described in the ASHRAE standard. Balance the impacts of ventilation rates on energy use and indoor air quality to optimize for energy efficiency and occupant comfort. 73

3 IEQ- P2: ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE CONTROL To prevent or minimize exposure of building occupants, indoor surfaces, and ventilation air distribution systems to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). PREREQUISITE REQUIREMENTS Prohibit smoking inside the building. Prohibit smoking outside the building except in designated smoking areas located at least 25 feet (7.5 meters) from all entries, outdoor air intakes, and operable windows. The nosmoking policy also applies to spaces outside the property line used for business purposes. If the requirement to prohibit smoking within 25 feet (7.5 meters) cannot be implemented because of code, provide documentation of these regulations. Signage must be posted within 10 feet (3 meters) of all building entrances indicating the no-smoking policy. POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES Prohibit smoking in commercial buildings or effectively control the ventilation air in smoking rooms. 74

4 IEQ- P3: CONSTRUCTION IAQ MANAGEMENT To reduce indoor air quality (IAQ) problems resulting from construction or renovation and promote the comfort and well-being of construction workers and building occupants. PREREQUISITE REQUIREMENTS OR OPTION 1 Construction IAQ Management Plan Demonstrate the development and implementation of a comprehensive Construction IAQ Management Plan. At a minimum the plan must address the following: Source Control Building Flush Out Resuming Normal Building Operation To demonstrate compliance the Client shall submit a report prepared by a suitably qualified person documenting effective implementation of a Construction IAQ Management Plan appropriate to the scale and extent of the development including, but not limited to, the following: A copy of the Plan Evidence of measures showing protection of ducts, on-site storage or protection of installed absorptive materials Checklists, worksheets, notifications, deficiencies or resolutions related to construction IAQ issues; Documentation that demonstrates implementation of construction IAQ management measures during construction Details of filtration media used during construction and installed immediately prior to occupancy Documentation for duct cleaning and testing. OPTION 2 Filter replacement and flush-out The Client shall submit a report prepared by a suitably qualified person detailing the technical information for the filtration media used during construction and installed immediately prior to occupancy. The report shall also detail building flush-out procedures including actual dates of the flush-out. Where it can be demonstrated that filtration media used had a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) of 13 as determined by ASHRAE performance specification, and a minimum one-week building flush-out with new filtration media at 50% outside air was carried out after construction and prior to occupancy, the credit shall be awarded. 75

5 REQUIRED SUBMISSION Assessment of the duration required for pre-occupancy flush-out as follows: Estimation of pre-occupancy flush-out based on likely ambient conditions according to the project schedule. Estimation of pre-occupancy flush-out based on the most onerous ambient conditions to demonstrate possible maximum impact of project delays. POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND STRATEGIES Adopt an IAQ management plan to protect the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system during construction, control pollutant sources, and interrupt contamination pathways. Sequence the installation of materials to avoid contamination of absorptive materials such as insulation, carpeting, ceiling tile and gypsum wallboard. 76

6 IEQ- 1: ENHANCED INDOOR AIR QUALITY STRATEGIES To promote occupants comfort, well-being, and productivity by improving indoor air quality. 4 S REQUIREMENTS OR OPTION 1 (4 S) Enhanced IAQ Strategies Comply with the following requirements, as applicable. Mechanically ventilated spaces Interior cross-contamination prevention Filtration Naturally ventilated spaces Entryway systems Natural ventilation design calculations Mixed-mode systems Interior cross-contamination prevention Filtration Natural ventilation design calculations Mixed-mode design calculations A. Interior Cross-Contamination Prevention Sufficiently exhaust each space where hazardous gases or chemicals may be present or used (e.g., garages, HVAC rooms, generator and fuel storage spaces), using the exhaust rates determined in EQ Prerequisite Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance. B. Filtration Each ventilation system that supplies outdoor air to occupied spaces must have particle filters or air-cleaning devices that meet one of the following filtration media requirements: Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of 13 or higher Replace all air filtration media after completion of construction and before occupancy. C. Natural Ventilation Design Calculations Demonstrate that the system design for occupied spaces employs the appropriate strategies in Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Applications Manual AM10, March 2005, Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings, Section 2.4. D. Mixed-Mode Design Calculations Demonstrate that the system design for occupied spaces complies with CIBSE Applications Manual , Mixed Mode Ventilation. 77

7 OPTION 2 (4 S) Additional Enhanced IAQ Strategies Comply with the following requirements, as applicable. Mechanically ventilated spaces Exterior contamination prevention Increased ventilation Carbon dioxide monitoring Additional source control and monitoring Naturally ventilated spaces Exterior contamination prevention Additional source control and monitoring Natural ventilation room by room calculations Mixed-mode systems Exterior contamination prevention Increased ventilation Additional source control and monitoring Natural ventilation room-by-room calculations A. Exterior Contamination Prevention Design the project to minimize and control the entry of pollutants into the building. Ensure through the results of computational fluid dynamics modeling, Gaussian dispersion analyses, wind tunnel modeling, or tracer gas modeling that outdoor air contaminant concentrations at outdoor air intakes are below the thresholds listed in Nigeria Ambient Air Quality Standards. B. Increased Ventilation Increase breathing zone outdoor air ventilation rates to all occupied spaces by at least 30% above the minimum rates as determined in EQ Prerequisite for Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance. C. Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Monitor concentrations within all densely occupied spaces. CO2 monitors must be between 3 and 6 feet (90 and 180 centimeters) above the floor. CO2 monitors must have an audible or visual indicator or alert the building automation system if the sensed CO2 concentration exceeds the set point by more than 10%. Calculate appropriate CO2 set points using methods in ASHRAE D. Additional Source Control and Monitoring For spaces where air contaminants are likely, evaluate potential sources of additional air contaminants besides CO2. Develop and implement a materials-handling plan to reduce the likelihood of contaminant release. Install monitoring systems with sensors designed to detect the specific contaminants. An alarm must indicate any unusual or unsafe conditions. E. Natural Ventilation Room-by-Room Calculations Follow CIBSE AM10, Section 4, Design Calculations, to predict that room-by-room airflows will provide effective natural ventilation. OR 78

8 OPTION 3 (4 S) Monitoring Indoor Air Quality Mechanically Ventilated Spaces For mechanically ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is activated), monitor outdoor air intake flow as follows: For variable air volume systems, provide a direct outdoor airflow measurement device capable of measuring the minimum outdoor air intake flow. This device must measure the minimum outdoor air intake flow with an accuracy of +/ 10% of the design minimum outdoor airflow rate, as defined by the ventilation requirements above. An alarm must indicate when the outdoor airflow value varies by 15% or more from the outdoor airflow set point. For constant-volume systems, balance outdoor airflow to the design minimum outdoor airflow rate defined by ASHRAE Standard (with errata but without addenda2), or higher. Install a current transducer on the supply fan, an airflow switch, or similar monitoring device. Naturally Ventilated Spaces For naturally ventilated spaces (and for mixed-mode systems when the mechanical ventilation is inactivated), comply with at least one of the following strategies: Provide a direct exhaust airflow measurement device capable of measuring the exhaust airflow. This device must measure the exhaust airflow with an accuracy of +/ 10% of the design minimum exhaust airflow rate. An alarm must indicate when airflow values vary by 15% or more from the exhaust airflow set point. Provide automatic indication devices on all natural ventilation openings intended to meet the minimum opening requirements. An alarm must indicate when any one of the openings is closed during occupied hours. Monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations within each thermal zone. CO2 monitors must be between 3 and 6 feet (90 and 180 centimeters) above the floor and within the thermal zone. CO2 monitors must have an audible or visual indicator or alert the building automation system if the sensed CO2 concentration exceeds the set point by more than 10%. Calculate appropriate CO2 set points using the methods in ASHRAE

9 IEQ- 2: INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS To minimize building occupant exposure to potentially hazardous particulates and chemical pollutants. 2 S REQUIREMENTS AND AND Encourage the use and specification of healthy materials and finishes which contain low volatile organic compounds (VOC) and formaldehyde. Use low VOC paint and coating throughout the building. Paints and Coatings to comply with requirements specified in international labeling schemes. Use low VOC carpet or flooring throughout the building. Use low VOC adhesive and sealant or no adhesive or sealant used. Use products with no added urea formaldehyde. These include: Composite wood and agrifiber products defined as: particleboard, medium density fiberboard (MDF), plywood, wheatboard, strawboard, panel substrates and door cores, AND Laminating adhesives used to fabricate on-site and shop-applied composite wood and agrifiber assemblies REQUIRED SUBMISSION Summary report identifying areas where the low VOC materials will be installed and how the credit compliance is to be me (Design Assessment). As built drawings showing where low VOC materials or products are used. List of products installed that meet the credit requirements, and their specifications. Manufacturer s information including data sheets, certificates or test reports to demonstrate credit compliance Photographic evidence of each typical low VOC installation Describe any deviations or additions to the Design Assessment 80

10 IEQ- 3: INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT BEFORE AND DURING OCCUPANCY Develop and implement an Indoor Air Quality Management Plan for the building. 1 S REQUIREMENTS OR Encourage the use and specification of healthy materials and finishes which contain low volatile organic compounds (VOC) and formaldehyde. Pre-Occupancy Phase OPTION 1 Perform a building flush-out by supplying outdoor air to provide not less than 10 air changes/ hour (ACH) for at least 30 minutes operation before occupancy and continuous minimum 1 ACH during the initial 14 days occupancy of the completed building. OPTION 2 If low VOC materials and low formaldehyde composite wood are used (EQ4 is achieved), then building flushout can be performed by supplying outdoor air to provide not less than 10 ACH for at least 15 minutes operation or not less than 6 ACH for at least 30 minutes operation and continuous 1ACH during the initial 7 days occupancy of the completed building. During Occupancy Phase Install a permanent air flushing system of at least 10 ACH operation for use during occupancy stage. REQUIRED SUBMISSION Summary report outlining the strategies and procedures to be taken to meet the credit requirements (Design Assessment) Report on building flush-out procedure including the actual dates of the flush-out. If IAQ testing is carried out, a report to outline the procedures undertaken and the results of the testing to verify if the credit requirements are met or not should be provided. If not, corrective measures must be taken Describe any deviations or additions to the Design Assessment. 81

11 IEQ- 4: THERMAL COMFORT AND CONTROLS To provide a high level of thermal comfort system control by individual occupants or groups in multi occupant spaces and promote their productivity, comfort and well-being. 2 S REQUIREMENTS OPTION 1 (1 ) Thermal Zoning Demonstrate that all spaces within the building(s) have been modeled to determine zonal cooling demand and designed to have separately controllable thermal zones, as follows: Design for separate zones and controls for a maximum of 35m2 of open plan space on the perimeter of the building and a maximum of 70m2 of open plan space in the internal areas of the building. Each thermal zone must have thermostats that allow control over air speed or temperature as a minimum. For private enclosed spaces intended for individual use, one thermostatic controller must be provided that allows control over air speed or temperature as a minimum. Multi-occupant spaces intended for group must at least have one thermostatic controller. In the case where these spaces have movable internal partitions intended to sub-divide spaces, each space must have at least one thermostatic controller. OR OPTION 2 (1 ) Meet the requirements for both thermal comfort design and thermal comfort control. Design to ASHRAE 55 standards in conjunction with the relevant localized parameters Provide individual comfort control for 50% of the building occupants to enable adjustments to suit individual task needs and preferences. AND Provide comfort system control for all shared multi-occupant spaces to enable adjustments to suit group needs and preferences. OR OPTION 3 (1 ) Occupant Control Demonstrate individual control as follows: 82

12 Mechanical Ventilation The ventilation/temperature control system allows for occupant control over at least air temperature and / or air speed as follows: Provide occupancy sensors linked to HVAC control systems that automatically modulate temperature and air flow-rate based on occupancy down to a minimum design setback in all multi-occupant spaces. Comfort control can be provided by thermostatic controllers linked to on-floor plant or via supply air terminals directly controllable and easily accessible by occupants that allow control of temperature and/or flow-rate (such as terminals located at floor level, within workstations or via overhead terminals). Where thermostatic controllers are used in conjunction with on-floor plant, the plant must be capable of serving no more than two occupants. For private enclosed spaces intended for individual use, one thermostatic controller must be provided that allows control over air speed or temperature as a minimum. Any fully enclosed individual space that is less than 35m2 need only have one ventilation / temperature control system. In all space types, multi-occupant spaces intended for group activities (meeting rooms, conference halls) must have at least one thermostatic controller. Where these spaces have movable internal partitions intended to sub-divide spaces, each space must have at least one thermostatic controller. REQUIRED SUBMISSION Brief narrative describing how the project will meet the Credit Requirements. Zoning must match that in Prerequisite EA-P1 Minimum Energy Performance; Drawings of the mechanical ventilation systems, clearly indicating zone boundaries and zone references. Drawings must also highlight locations for thermostatic controllers intended for occupant control; Pearl Building Rating System: Design & Construction, Version 1.0, April of 223 Spreadsheet listing of each zone including its reference name, zone floor area, zone air temperature, zone resultant or operative temperature, zone peak cooling loads and floor peak simultaneous cooling loads; and Submission of spreadsheet results and associated plans for typical floors will only be accepted where equivalency can be demonstrated. 83

13 IEQ- 5: INTERIOR LIGHTING To promote occupants productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing high-quality lighting. 2 S REQUIREMENTS OR OPTION 1 (2 S) Lighting Control For at least 90% of individual occupant spaces, provide individual lighting controls that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to suit their individual tasks and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Midlevel is 30% to 70% of the maximum connected lighting load. For all shared multi-occupant spaces, meet all of the following requirements. Provide multi-zone control systems that enable occupants to adjust the lighting to meet group needs and preferences, with at least three lighting levels or scenes (on, off, midlevel). Lighting for any presentation or projection wall must be separately controlled. Locate switches or manual controls in the same space with the controlled luminaires. A person operating the controls must have a direct line of sight to the controlled luminaires. Achieve the prescribed lighting performance in each type of premises in respect of luminance and lighting quality. It is required to fulfill the following: Prescribed lighting performance in respect of maintained luminance and luminance variation is achieved; and The limiting unified glare rating is achieved and light sources have an appropriate color rendering index. Install occupancy sensors in all rooms intended for individual occupancy, conferencing or meeting rooms, open plan offices spaces and hallways or corridors. OPTION 2 (2 S) Electric lighting levels Demonstrate that office lighting design maintains a luminance level of no more than specified in MS1525:2007 for 90% of NLA as measured at the working plane (800 mm above the floor level). The ambient lighting level should be designed in accordance with the illuminance level recommended in MS1525:2007. Task lighting may be provided for occupants who require a higher lighting level either for their own preference or for various task needs. 84

14 IEQ- 6: DAYLIGHT GLARE CONTROL To connect building occupants with the outdoors, reinforce circadian rhythms, and reduce the use of electrical lighting by introducing daylight into the space. 3 S REQUIREMENTS Ensure day-lighting system is designed with adequate and proper glare control in order not to negate the benefits of day-lighting. Reduce discomfort of glare from natural light. Where blinds or screens are fitted on glazing and atrium as a base building, incorporate provisions to meet the following criteria; Eliminate glare from all direct sun penetration and Eliminate glare from diffused sky radiation for occupant workspace at viewing angles of 15 to 60 from the horizontal at eye level (typically 1.2m from floor level); Install daylight sensors to light fittings that receive sufficient daylight illuminance. Install occupancy sensors in all rooms intended for individual occupancy, conferencing or meeting rooms, open plan offices spaces and hallways or corridors. Demonstrate that glare control devices have been designed and installed, such as: Automated or manually controlled internal or external glare control devices to all windows Automated glare control devices must be connected to the building management system All manually controlled internal glare control devices must be no wider than 4 linear meters and be directly controllable by occupants. REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR DESIGN ASSESSMENT Typical floor plans and sections showing variable position of glare control system. Brief description of proposed control mechanism to be provided Summary report to describe how view and daylight is assured when glare control system is engaged REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR POST CONSTRUCTION ASSESSMENT As-Built drawings and specifications to confirm that building is constructed according to design drawing and specifications. Typical As-Built floor plans and sections showing position of glare control system. Description of control mechanism installed. Manufacturer s Information on the blind and control systems provided. Summary report to describe how view and daylight is assured when glare control system is engaged. Furnish photographs of each type of typical glared control system installed. Describe any deviations or additions to the DA submission. 85

15 IEQ- 7: ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE To promote occupants productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing quality acoustic comfort. 2 S REQUIREMENTS Demonstrate that 90% of the NLA do not exceed the following ambient internal noise level: OR Within the entire building general office, space noise does not exceed 40dBAeq Within the baseline building office space, the sound level does not exceed 45dBAeq for open plan and does not exceed 40dBAeq for closed offices. Excessive noise can cause discomfort to occupants. Some of the solutions to ensure acceptable noise level is maintained include: Specify acoustical ceiling Specify furniture with sound absorbing surfaces on both sides Locate photocopiers, fax machines away from the main office areas in a separate area Insulate partition cavities Mechanical equipment room to be located away from office and conference rooms REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR DESIGN ASSESSMENT Design report on strategies to ensure internal noise level is maintained at the prescribed levels. Floor plans showing location of Core, M&E, and equipment rooms. REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR POST CONSTRUCTION ASSESSMENT Report describing the measured internal and external noise sources and features installed to achieve required noise level. As built drawings showing noise control features. Manufacturer s data sheets of the acoustic materials used in building. Describe any deviations or additions to the DA submission. 86

16 IEQ- 8: CO2 MONITORING AND CONTROL To promote occupants productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing a safe and pollutant free working environment. 1 REQUIREMENTS Install carbon dioxide (CO2) monitoring and control system with at least one (1) CO2 sensor at main return air points on each floor to facilitate continuous monitoring and adjustment of outside air ventilation rates to each floor, and ensure independent control of ventilation rates to maintain CO2 level < 1,000 ppm. REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR DESIGN ASSESSMENT Submission of ventilation and control schematics together with description of how CO2 monitoring and controls are integrated into the ventilation design. REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR POST CONSTRUCTION ASSESSMENT As-Built drawings showing the installed sensors and controls. Summary report on the ventilation design and CO2 monitoring and control system including information regarding the location, quantity of installed sensors, the operational parameters and setpoints. Manufacturer s information confirming the specifications of the CO2 sensors. Photographic evidence of typical installations. Describe any deviations or additions to the DA submission. 87

17 IEQ- 9: MOLD PREVENTION To promote occupants productivity, comfort, and well-being by providing a safe and pollutant free working environment. 1 REQUIREMENTS Design systems which reduce the risk of mold growth and its associated detrimental impact on occupant health in accordance with the WHO guidelines for indoor air quality. Demonstrate that the air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system will maintain a positive indoor air pressure relative to the exterior, and can actively control indoor air humidity to be no more than 70% RH without the use of primary active reheat system (which consumes additional energy). Ensure that excessive moisture in building is taken into consideration during design, and be controlled and monitored during construction and operation stages by control of the following: OR Rainwater leakage through roof and walls Infiltration of moist air Diffusion of moisture through walls, roof and floors Groundwater intrusion into basements and crawl spaces through walls and floors Leaking or burst pipes Indoor moisture sources Construction moisture The above mentioned measures are not necessary or applicable if the building is fully naturally ventilated. REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR DESIGN ASSESSMENT Summary report outlining the strategies adopted to meet the credit requirements. A copy of specifications for the strategies to be carried out. REQUIRED SUBMISSION FOR POST CONSTRUCTION ASSESSMENT As-Built drawings or as-built specifications confirming that the building has been constructed in accordance with the design stage drawings/specifications. Manufacturer s information on all relevant materials specified for mold prevention and/or resistance, to verify credit compliance. Documentation evidence during construction of the precautions taken for mold prevention, e.g. photographs of material storage and protection for items that are susceptible to mold growth as identified in the DA submission stage. Provide 24-hour record (during full occupancy) of Temperature-Relative Humidity measurements for at least two (2) areas acceptable to the GBI Certifier. Describe any deviations or additions to the DA submission. 88

18 IEQ- 10: QUALITY VIEWS To give building occupants a connection to the natural outdoor environment by providing quality views. 1 REQUIREMENTS Achieve a direct line of sight to the outdoors via vision glazing for 75% of all regularly occupied floor area. View glazing in the contributing area must provide a clear image of the exterior, not obstructed by frits, fibers, pattern glazing or added tints that distort color balance. Additionally, 75% of all regularly occupied floor area must have at least two of the four kinds of views: Multiple lines of sight to vision glazing in different directions of at least 90 degrees apart Views that include at least two of the following Flora and fauna or sky Movement Objects at least 8 meters from the exterior of the glazing Unobstructed views located within the distance of three times the head height of the vision glazing Include in the calculations any permanent interior obstructions. Moveable furniture may be excluded. Views into interior atria may be used to meet 30% of the required area. 89

19 IEQ- 11: POST OCCUPANCY COMFORT SURVEY To verify occupant satisfaction with the quality of the indoor environment. 1 REQUIREMENTS Conduct a post-occupancy comfort survey of building occupants within 12 months after occupancy/building completion. This survey should collect anonymous responses about thermal comfort, visual comfort and acoustic comfort in a building. It should include an assessment of overall satisfaction with thermal, visual and acoustic performance and identification of thermal-related, visual-related and acoustic-related problems. Develop a plan for corrective action if the survey results indicate that more than 20% of occupants are dissatisfied with the overall comfort in the building. This plan should include measurement of relevant environmental variables in problem areas. The relevant environmental variables include: Temperature, relative humidity, air speed and mean radiant temperature Lighting level and glare problem Background noise level Odor problem, CO2 level, VOCs, and particulate concentration REQUIRED SUBMISSION Summary report of the strategies that will be undertaken to meet the credit compliance. (Design Assessment) Survey questionnaire used to collect responses from the occupants. Objective measurement plan illustrating the areas and measurements undertaken. Analysis report of the results of the survey and measurements. Corrective action plan and measures undertaken to rectify the problem. Describe any deviations or additions to the Design Assessment. 90