Housing Policies* *that save (and improve) lives, protect assets and shield economies. Luis Triveño.
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1 Housing Policies* *that save (and improve) lives, protect assets and shield economies Luis Triveño
2 Housing Policies THE DREAM OF OWNING YOUR OWN HOME
3 Housing Policies THE DREAM OF LIVING IN THE CITY
4 Housing Policies THE DREAM OF MAKING ENDS MEET
5 Housing Policies THE DREAM OF LIVING WITH DIGNITY
6 Housing Policies THE DREAM THAT TURNS INTO A NIGHTMARE
7 Housing Policies The Facts
8 Housing Policies The Facts World housing gap: US$ 900 billion trillion per year (without land). US$ 1.6 trillion (including land). World infrastructure gap: US$ 800 billion per year
9 Housing Policies The Facts 81%of housing price increases explained by rising land prices.
10 Housing Policies The Facts Role of the State, with or without natural disasters: - Regulation. (eg. land use, zoning, building codes, competition, consumer protection, financial supervision). - Credit promotion. (eg. through mortgage banks, second-tier banks, guarantee funds and deposit insurance). - Direct Financing. (eg. through national housing funds or provident funds). - Insurance against mortgage default. (eg. Collateral and other risk enhancers for the securitization of mortgages). - Demand Subsidies. (eg. to increase affordability for homeownership or rental and for encouraging home improvement). - Reconstruction, etc.
11 Housing Policies The Facts Does not Can purchase Can purchase Live in informal have a formal formal housing and/or low-quality housing housing with a with a mortgage housing. problem. mortgage. and government subsidy.
12 Housing Policies The Facts budget 98%of the allocated to housing policies is used for housing purchase subsidies.
13 Housing Policies The Facts The bias toward the promotion of new housing can end up benefiting a segment of the population that does not need government help. Can purchase a home with a bank mortgage. Can purchase a home with a mortgage and government subsidy.
14 Housing Policies The Facts Each year, households invest >30x what the government invests in housing.
15 Housing Policies The Facts The home represents between 50% - 90% of a family s assets.
16 Housing Policies The Facts 80% of the years of life lost to natural disasters are concentrated in low -and middle- income countries
17 Housing Policies The Facts 4% 60% percent of natural disasters are earthquakes. of deaths from natural disasters are caused by earthquakes.
18 Housing Policies The Facts >40% of the damage and private losses from earthquakes are concentrated in housing. Haití Chile [2010] M 7.0 Cost: US$ 8.8 billion. [2010] M 8.8 Cost: US$ 32.6 billion. Ecuador [2016] M 7.8 Cost: US$ 3.3 billion.
19 Housing Policies The Facts Reconstruction costs >4x what prevention costs. The bill is paid by the government.
20 Housing Policies The Facts Poor-quality housing is: - a matter of life and death; - families most important, and sometimes only, asset. - a source of economic instability.
21 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing
22 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing Is it affordable? Is it technically feasible? Is it scalable? Can it be financed with a combination of public and private funding? Can it be combined with additional home improvements that enhance the quality of life of families? Can it be combined with a program of formalization of informal constructions?
23 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing Key components 1. Housing Triage. 2. Affordable structural strengthening solutions. 3. Redesign of home improvement subsidies. 4. Incentives for households and microfinance institutions to invest in additional improvements. 5. Regularization of informal constructions for land owners who invest in the structural strengthening of their homes.
24 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 1. Housing Triage. Types of housing in the City of Guatemala, Guatemala 36% 1 floor, confined masonry with a 32% 1 floor, confined masonry with a 17% 2 floors, confined masonry with a 15% 2 floors, confined masonry with a lightweight roof sturdy roof lightweight roof sturdy roof Types of housing in Yogyakarta, Indonesia 34% Unreinforced masonry 42% 1 floor, confined masonry 21% 2 floors, confined masonry 3% 1 floor wood frame
25 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 2. Affordable structural strengthening solutions. Cost of structural strengthening in the City of Guatemala, Guatemala 1 floor, confined masonry 1 floor, confined masonry 2 floors, confined masonry 2 floors, confined masonry with a lightweight roof with a sturdy roof with a lightweight roof with a sturdy roof US$ 4,000 US$ 1,900 US$ 3,400 US$ 3,300 Cost of structural strengthening in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Unreinforced 1 floor, confined 2 floors, confined 1 floor wood masonry masonry masonry frame US$ 3,150 US$ 2,900 US$ 1,950 US$ 3,900
26 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 2. Affordable structural strengthening solutions. Cost of structural strengthening in the United States Between 1% and 3% of the initial value of the structure: US$ 4,000 - US$ 5,000
27 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 2. Affordable structural strengthening solutions. Nepal
28 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 2. Affordable structural strengthening solutions. Haiti
29 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 2. Affordable structural strengthening solutions. Guatemala
30 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 3. Redesign of home improvement subsidies. The incremental process of housing construction Income Bedrooms Change of job Family
31 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 3. Redesign of home improvement subsidies. COLOMBIA - Construction of new housing (266,800) is very close to the creation of new households (282,600). - Cost of the Free Housing Program = US$ 1.5 billion = 30,376 emergencies, 1.6 million houses damaged and lost, estimated cost = US$ 5.6 billion percent of houses are exposed to seismic risks.
32 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 3. Redesign of housing improvement subsidies. COLOMBIA - Structural reinforcement subsidy = US$ 2, participants, 62 requirements, 117 steps in 705 days. - 12,732 structural reinforcement subsidies, out of a total of 504,507 housing solutions. - Regular inspections replace construction licenses (1 floor). - No link to formalization and microfinance.
33 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 4. Incentives for households and microfinance institutions to invest in additional improvements.
34 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 4. Incentives for households and microfinance institutions to invest in additional improvements. Home improvements or expansions requested by households: - Improvement of ventilation, bathrooms, kitchens, windows, interior partitions, natural light and electrical systems. - Improvement of the roof to make it more resistant to earthquakes and waterproof. - Vertical expansion.
35 Housing Policies Resilient Retrofit of (Informal) Housing 5. Regularization of informal constructions. Legal Condition of the Housing Unit Occupant with formal title Occupant with tenancy that can be formalized Occupant with tenancy that CANNOT be formalized Earthquake proof housing NON-earthquake proof housing Earthquake proof housing NON-earthquake proof housing NON-earthquake proof housing Vivienda NO sismo resistente Can be Strengthened CANNOT be Strengthened Can be Strengthened CANNOT be Strengthened Can be Strengthened CANNOT be Strengthened Improvement (rooms, additional bathroom, etc.) Formalization + Improvement Relocation, or demolition and construction of new housing Formalization + Improvement Formalization + Improvement Relocation, or demolition and construction of new housing Pending (for the passage of time to resolve the title issue) Relocation
36 Housing Policies The Time to Act
37 Housing Policies El momento de actuar NOW
38 Housing Policies Time to Act The 10 natural disasters causing the most property damages and losses have occurred since 2005.
39 Housing Policies Time to Act - The chance of being involved in a traffic accident on each trip you make is 1 in 100, Over a period of 50 years, the chance of being involved in a traffic accident is 1 in 3. - The chance that a home will be affected by flooding this year is 1 in Over a period of 25 years, the likelihood of being affected by flooding is 1 in 5.
40 Housing Policies Time to Act Housing Policies can: - Save (and improve) lives and help close the housing gap. - Combine public and private investment to protect assets and improve the housing stock. - Shield economies against the risk of disasters at a fraction of the cost.
41 Housing Policies THANK YOU! REFERENCES: This presentation was prepared by way of illustration based on the results of the Knowledge Management Product Resilient Retrofit of Informal Housing, produced by the World Bank. The information presented was obtained from sources that are considered reliable and are available upon request. Photo Credits: Build Change, Xavier Conesa, Shutterstock.
42 Housing Policies Luis Triveño
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