Course Description: Course Web Page: ourses/geog402.
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1 GEOG 402 (Forest and) Agricultural Climatology: Land-Atmosphere Interaction Geography Department, University of Hawai i at Manoa Fall 2009 Tom Giambelluca Course Web Page: ourses/geog402 Course Description: Although titled Agricultural Climatology, this course covers all the processes of interaction between the atmosphere and land surfaces of the earth (not just agricultural land). The topic of land-atmosphere interaction is one of great importance in the environmental change arena. Contacting me: Saunders 417 Tel thomas@hawaii.edu Web: Land cover change, such as desertification, deforestation, and urbanization have pronounced effects on climate and hydrology at all scales from local to global. In this course, we will investigate the processes controlling exchanges of energy, water, carbon dioxide, and other materials within the atmosphere-vegetation-soil continuum. A large portion of the course will be focused on understanding and analyzing field measurements. 1
2 Required Text: Bonan, G.B Ecological climatology, concepts and applications. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. xvi+550 pp. Reference Texts: Rosenberg, N.J., Blad, B.L., and Verma, S.B Microclimate, the biological environment. Second Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons. xxiii+495 pp. Oke, T.R Boundary layer climates. Second Edition. London: Methuen. xxiv+435 pp. Arya, S.P Introduction to micrometeorology. Second Edition. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 79. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press. xxv+420 pp. Grade Basis: Exams: 40% Data analysis assignments 50% 1. Introduction 2. Components of the Earth system 3. Global cycles 4. Atmospheric radiation 4. Atmospheric radiation Hilo Trip 4. Atmospheric radiation 4. Atmospheric radiation 6.3 Regional climates 6.3 Regional climates 6.4 Forests and clearings 9.3 Soil temperature 9.4 Soil water Midterm Arizona Trip Arizona Trip 13. Surface energy fluxes 13. Surface energy fluxes 13. Surface energy fluxes 13. Surface energy fluxes 14. Turbulent fluxes 14. Turbulent fluxes 14. Turbulent fluxes 14. Turbulent fluxes 16. Leaf energy fluxes 16. Leaf energy fluxes 17. Leaf photosynthesis Thanksgiving Holiday 17. Leaf photosynthesis 18. Plant canopies 18. Plant canopies Class participation (quizzes?) 10% 32 12/10/2009 Final Exam Review Assignment 5 Due Preliminary Syllabus /25/2009 8/27/2009 9/1/2009 9/3/2009 9/8/2009 9/10/2009 9/15/2009 9/17/2009 9/22/2009 9/24/2009 9/29/ /1/ /6/ /8/ /13/ /15/ /20/ /22/ /27/ /29/ /3/ /5/ /10/ /12/ /17/ /19/ /24/ /26/ /1/ /3/ /8/2009 Assignment 1 Assignment 1 Due Assignment 2 Assignment 2 Due Assignment 3 Assignment 3 Due Assignment 4 Assignment 4 Due Assignment 5 My Research Focus: Land-Atmosphere Interaction Influence of land-cover change on hydrologic and climatic processes (China, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Brazil) Forest evapotranspiration and cloud-water interception in Hawai i (Maui, Big Island) Effects of global warming on high elevation ecosystems (Maui, Big Island) Effects of soil water redistribution by roots on regional energy and water fluxes in savanna (Brazil) Land-Cover Change Research: SE Asia Deforestation effects on local hydrological processes (streamflow and soil erosion) Forest fragmentation effects on hydrological processes (transpiration and overland flow) Effects of forest roads on hydological processes (streamflow and soil erosion) Effects of land-cover change and climate change on watershed processes Impacts of rapidly expanding rubber cultivation on energy, water, and carbon dynamics 2
3 Pang Khum THAILAND Lisu Landscape Fragmentation Streamgage Karen Flux tower Shifting cultivation Ban Tat Hamlet VIETNAM Pang Khum THAILAND Altered Hydrology Roads Farming steep slopes Soil Erosion Sediment Delivery 3
4 NASA PROJECT CHINA: Nam Ken Field Sites NASA PROJECT CHINA: Nam Ken Field Sites 67 Km 2 67 Km 2 THAILAND: Mae Sa Field Sites 85 Km 2 Maite Guardiola found an unusual dip in soil moisture in the dry season at the rubber site. NASA-Rubber PROJECT Given the rapid expansion of rubber occurring in the region, Maite s finding had interesting implications. NORTHEASTERN THAILAND: Som Sanuk Tower CAMBODIA: CRRI Tower Cloud Forests, Global Warming, & Alien Species Invasion: Hawai i How will climate change impact Hawai i s native ecosystems? How much water input is added by direct fog interception in Hawai i s cloud forests? How much water do Hawai i forests lose to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration? How much of forest ET is due to wet canopy evaporation? How does invasion of alien trees affect hydrological functioning of Hawai i s forests? 4
5 Climate Change in Hawai i Vegetation and climate across the treeline ecotone, Maui Source: Chu and Chen (2005) Source: Giambelluca et al. (2008) Source: Cao et al. (2007) Shelley Crausbay Sara Hotchkiss Dept. of Botany, U Wisconsin Maui Montane cloud forest Trade Winds Subalpine Forestline Alpine Lakes 5
6 Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Hydrology Haleakala Maui Evapotranspiration Source: Giambelluca et al. (2009) Wet-Canopy Evaporation Alien Tree Invasion Invaded Forest Site ohia forest invaded by Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) 0.25 Source: Giambelluca et al. (2009) Native Forest Site Metrosideros polymorpha ( ohia) Cibotium spp. (hapu u; tree fern) Wet-canopy Evap Merged ET Stand Transpiration sap flux density :30 3:30 6:30 9:30 12:30 15:30 18:30 21:
7 Comparing ET for Native and Invaded Forest Wet Canopy: LE invaded 8% higher Dry Canopy: LE invaded 53% higher Impacts of the Invasive Tree Miconia: Ground Cover Comparison Transpiration enhanced at invaded site. Thurston: Native Forest Onomea: Miconia Stand DROP SIZE MEASUREMENTS Onomea Kazuki Nanko Univ. Tsukuba IPIF Measuring Root Exposure Using LiDAR Root exposure is an obvious sign of soil erosion. Ground-based LiDAR imaging may allow precise measurements of soil loss Laser disdrometer 7
8 Scale Leaf Scale In general, we will emphasize microscale processes However, the importance of these processes is seen at all spatial scales Individual Tree Scale Canopy Scale 8
9 Stand Scale Local Scale Watershed Scale Regional Scale 67 Km 2 9
10 Continental Scale Global Scale GEOG 402 is a good place to start if you are interested in getting involved in the kinds of research my graduate students and I do. Let s get started. Some of my former students who got started in GEOG
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