Introduction WATER. Because of that, much research is focused on extreme events, such as ... DROUGHTS. Water in the Environment GEOGRAPHY 405

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1 Water in the Environment GEOGRAPHY 405 Tom Giambelluca University of Hawai i at Mānoa Course Web Page: Introduction Syllabus Grades Term Project Participation Text Book WATER This is a course on hydrology: the study of water processes in our environment Water touches every aspect of human existence Abundant water sets earth apart from other known planets The importance of understanding hydrological processes becomes clear when we have too little or too much water Because of that, much research is focused on extreme events, such as... DROUGHTS 1

2 Current Flooding in Pakistan... and FLOODS Current Flooding in Pakistan Current Flooding in Pakistan Worst floods in at least 80 years Magnitude of disaster exceeds the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2010 Haiti earthquake 20% of the country directly affected 1.7 Million acres of farmland inundated 20 Million people affected 4 Million people homeless 720,000 dwellings destroyed Death toll around 1500 as of last Friday $Billions needed for food, clean water, shelter, and medical care 2

3 The Hydrological Cycle The Hydrological Cycle A simple introduction: Nice animation: HAWAI I HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Important Research Questions in Hydrology How do natural and human-induced changes in the land surface affect hydrological processes and climate? How do natural and human-induced changes in climate affect hydrological processes? How will future changes in hydrological processes affect water availability for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses? 3

4 Some of the Hydrological Issues my Lab Addresses ALTERED TROPICAL FOREST Pang Khum, northern Thailand Pang Khum THAILAND Altered Hydrology Roads Farming steep slopes Soil Erosion Sediment Delivery Igarapé-Açu, BRAZIL 4

5 Secondary Vegetation Landscape Fragmentation Ban Tat Hamlet Ban Tat Hamlet, Vietnam How is the pattern of land cover related to the pattern of topographic controls on overland flow? 5

6 Land Cover Pattern of Tan Minh Village, Hoa Binh, Northern Vietnam Hydrological Research HYDROLOGICAL FIELDWORK Scenes from the field SOIL & VEGETATION OBSERVATIONS Some Parameters of Interest: Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Bulk Density Porosity Soil Moisture Characteristic Curve 6

7 RUBBER RUBBER Jeff Fox, EWC, 2010 RUBBER Tower Sites Rapid Expansion of Rubber Cultivation in MMSEA Replacing secondary forest Phenology different from native trees Water uptake in dry season Possible changes in carbon exchange Som Sanuk CRRI Jeff Fox, EWC,

8 Instruments and Observations The following instruments are installed at our station in Kampong Cham, Cambodia, at the Cambodia Rubber Research Institute Micrometeorological instruments installed at two monotypic Havea brasiliensis stands to measure water, energy, and carbon exchange between the vegetation and soil and the atmosphere. Som Sanuk, NE Thailand Planted in 1992 Tower installed February 2009 CRRI, Planted in 2004 Tower installed September dimensional sonic anemometer (CSAT3, Campbell Scientific) infrared gas analyzer (LI- 7500, Licor) Wind speed and direction (05106, RM young) 4 component radiation (NR01, Hukseflux) PAR sensor (LI-190, Licor) Temperature and relative humidity (HMP45, Vaisala) 3 wind speed sensors for wind height profile (014A, Met one) 2 Rain gauges (TI-525, Texas Instruments) 3 air temperature sensors (TC wire, Omega) 10 biomass temperature sensors (TC wire, Omega) Underground sensors 2 soil temperature sensors (20 cm TC probes, Campbell Scientific) 4 soil heat flux plates (HFP01, Hukseflux) 5 TDR soil moisture probes 30 cm (CS616, Campbell Scientific) 4 cm horizontal 30 cm vertical 1 m vertical 2 m vertical 3 m vertical 5 ADR soil moisture sensors (Theta Probe, DeltaT) in 2 stands (2001 and 2004) 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 cm all horizontal Hydrological Questions in Hawai i: Importance of Cloud Water (Fog) Interception Effect of Invasive Trees on Hydrological Processes Ecological and Hydrological Implications of Global Warming Restoration of Degraded Areas 8

9 Canopy Water Balance Hydrological Impacts of Invasive Species Rainfall Throughfall Stemflow Evaporation Strawberry Guava Hydrological Impacts of Invasive Species Hydrological Impacts of Invasive Species Kiawe Miconia Photo credit: Forest & Kim Starr 9

10 Tahiti Miconia in Tahiti Field Sites Invaded Forest Site ohia forest invaded by Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) Jean-Yves Meyer Native Forest Site Metrosideros polymorpha ( ohia) Cibotium spp. (hapu u; tree fern) Thurston Tower Ola a Tower Installing Tower at Ola a Second tower installed to measure fluxes over invaded forest at Ola a 10

11 Kaho olawe: Effectiveness of revegetation strategies in rehabilitating hydrologic processes on degraded land HYDROLOGICAL MODELS DHSVM (Wigmosta, Vail, and Lettenmaier, 1994) VIC Variable Infitration Capacitiy Model (Wood, Lettenmaier and Zartarian, 1992) 11

12 MIKE-SHE A Simple Water Balance INPUT = OUTPUT + Δ Storage RF + CWI = RO + ET + GWR + Δ SM Source: Danish Hydraulic Institute, GEOG 405 Term Project: Water Balance of Mānoa Valley Before Next Time: Sign up for field station installation Go to course web site Review the slides in this presentation Go to hydrological cycle web sites Look up information on the Pakistan floods Read Dunne & Leopold pp