The Effect of Priming on Seed Performance of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Under Drought Stress

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1 Americn-Eursin J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 9 (2): , 2010 ISSN IDOSI Publictions, 2010 The Effect of Priming on Seed Performnce of Cnol (Brssic npus L.) Under Drought Stress G.R. Mohmmdi nd F. Amiri Deprtment of Crop Production nd Breeding, Fculty of Agriculture, Rzi University, Postl code: , Kermnshh, Irn Abstrct: In order to investigte the effect of priming on cnol seed performnce under drought stress study ws crried out t the Seed Reserch Lbortory of Rzi University, Kermnshh, Irn. The experiment ws fctoril with three fctors rrnged in completely rndomized design with three replictions. The first fctor ws seed priming (control (untreted), KNO 3 nd distilled wter), the second ws drought stress levels (0.0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 nd -1.5 MP) nd the third ws cnol cultivrs (Okpi nd Tlyeh). Results indicted tht for both cultivrs germintion percentge (GP), men germintion rte (MGR), rdicle length (RL), plumule length (PL) nd seedling dry weight (SDW) were reduced when drought stress level were incresed from 0 to -1.5 MP. Although, the cultivrs showed different responses to the incresed drought stress level. For ll of the trits under study, the best results due to the priming tretments were obtined t the drought stress levels higher thn -0.6 or -0.9 MP. So tht, t the -1.5 MP of drought stress level, GP, MGR, RL, PL nd SDW were improved , 200, , 350 nd 69.94%, respectively by KNO 3nd 21.44, 71.43, , 100 nd 41.18%, respectively by distilled wter when compred with control. However, seeds primed with KNO 3 showed better performnce thn those primed with distilled wter. In generl, this study reveled tht seed priming especilly with KNO 3 improved cnol seed performnce under drought stress condition. However, the improvements were more obvious t the higher levels of drought stress. Key words: Cnol Drought stress Seed priming INTRODUCTION Cnol is one of the most importnt oil seed crops which its production hs been notbly extended during recent yers in Irn. Cnol seeds re common plnted in seedbeds hving unfvorble moisture (becuse of the lck of rinfll t plnting time). Drought stress is responsible for both inhibition nd delyed seed germintion nd seedling estblishment of cnol in mny res of Irn. This stress dversely ffects growth nd development of crop nd results into low cnol yield nd economic return. Under this stress condition there is decrese in wter uptke both during imbibition nd seedling estblishment [1]. It hs lso been shown tht the inhibition of rdicle emergence is minly becuse of decrese in wter potentil grdient between the externl environment nd the seeds [2]. Ky et l. [3] lso found tht seed germintion of sunflower delyed under drought condition. Seed priming hs been successfully demonstrted to improve germintion nd emergence in seeds of mny crops, especilly under stress conditions [4-6]. According to Sivritepe nd Dourdo [7] seed priming is one of the physiologicl methods, which improves seed performnce nd provides fster nd synchronized germintion. Singh nd Ro [8] stress tht potssium nitrte effectively improved germintion, seedling growth nd seedling vigor index of the seeds of sunflower vrieties with low germintion. Olouch nd Welbum [9] suggested tht priming cn be vluble process for improving germintion nd uniformity of heterogeneously mtured seed lots. Ro et l. [10] lso reported tht primed Brssic seeds my reduce the risk of poor stnd estblishment under unfvorble condition. Guzmn nd Olve [11] reported tht seed priming with nitrte solutions resulted in n improved germintion rte, rdicle growth nd germintion index. Ky et l. [3] suggested tht seed priming incresed germintion nd seedling growth of sunflower under drought stress. Corresponding Author: G.R. Mohmmdi, Deprtment of Crop Production nd Breeding, Fculty of Agriculture, Rzi University, Kermnshh, Irn, Postl Code:

2 The present study ws conducted to evlute the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION seed priming effect on germintion nd seedling growth of two cnol cultivrs under drought stress. Anlysis of vrince (Tble 1) indicted tht ll of the trits under study including germintion MATERIALS AND METHODS percentge (GP), men germintion rte (MGR), rdicle length (RL), plumule length (PL) nd seedling dry The experiment ws crried out t the Seed Reserch weight (SDW) were significntly influenced by drought Lbortory of Fculty of Agriculture of Rzi University, stress (t the 0.01 level of probbility). The evluted Kermnshh, Irn. The cnol cultivrs used were Okpi trits except PL were lso significntly ffected by seed nd Tlyeh (the cnol cultivrs which re widely priming nd cultivr (Tble 1). Moreover, the two-wy plnted in the region). The experiment ws fctoril with interction effects (seed priming drought stress nd three fctors rrnged in completely rndomized design drought stress cultivr) were sttisticlly significnt with three replictions. The first fctor ws seed priming for the studied trits except the PL, wheres, seed (control (untreted), KNO 3 nd distilled wter), the second priming cultivr interction ws only significnt for ws drought stress levels (0.0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 nd -1.5 GP nd MGR (Tble 1). However, the three-wy MP) nd the third ws cnol cultivrs (Okpi nd interction effect (seed priming drought stress Tlyeh). cultivr) ws not significnt for ll of the trits under For distilled wter tretment, cnol seeds were study (Tble 1). immersed in distilled wter t 25 C for 18 h under drk All of the trits under study were reduced when conditions. For KNO 3 tretment, the seeds were immersed drought stress level were incresed from 0 to -1.5 MP in 500 ppm KNO3 solution t 25 C for 2 h under drk (dt not shown). This is in gree with Murilloconditions [8]. Therefter, the seeds treted with KNO3 Amdor et l. [15] in cowpe, Demir nd Vn De Venter solution rinsed with distilled wter. Following this, the [16] in wtermelon, they ffirmed tht drought my primed seeds were dried between two filter ppers. Primed influence germintion by decresing the wter uptke. nd non-primed seeds were plced in 9 cm glss petri El-Midoui et l. [17] reported tht root nd shoot growth dishes on lyer of filter pper (Whtmn # 41). Twenty significntly decresed by osmotic stress t -0.6MP nd five seeds were plced in ech petri dish. The petri dishes bove induced by PEG Murillo-Amdor et l. [15] were moistened with 10 ml of PEG-6000 solution t wter lso found tht seedling growth of cowpe ws inhibited potentils of 0.0 (distilled wter), -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2 nd - by both NCl nd PEG, but higher inhibition occurred due 1.5 MP [12]. The petri dishes were plced in germintor to PEG. t 20±1 C. The cultivrs under study showed different Seed germintion ws recorded dily up to dy 7 fter responses to the incresed drought stress level (Tble 2) the strt of the experiment. A seed ws considered so tht, incresed drought stress level from 0 to -1.5 MP germinted when rdicle emerged by bout 2 mm in reduced GP, MGR, RL nd SDW by 71.92, 84.13, nd length. Then the men germintion rte ws clculted 84.38%, respectively for Tlyeh. Wheres, these ccording to the following eqution [13]: reductions were by 56.60, 79.41, nd 53.50%, respectively for Okpi. However, t -1.5 MP of drought MGR= n / Dn stress level both cultivrs filed to produce the plumule (Tble 2). Murillo-Amdor et l. [5] found tht Where MGR is the men germintion rte, n is the germintion nd emergence rte of two cowpe cultivrs number of seeds germinted on dy nd D is the number were delyed by PEG solution with differences between of dys from the strt of test. cultivrs. Sdeghin nd Yvri [18] lso reported tht Moreover, germintion percentge ws determined in seedling growth severely diminished with incresed the end of test. To determine the rdicle nd plumule drought stress nd genetic differences were found in th length fter the 7 dy, rdicles nd plumules produced in sugr beet. ech petri dish were seprted from the seeds, their In present study, both KNO 3 nd distilled wter lengths were mesured, then dried t 70 C to constnt tretments improved cnol seed performnce. The weight nd seedling dry weights were determined. Dt improvements were more notble t the higher levels of nlyses were crried out using SAS softwre [14]. drought stress (Tble 3). For ll of the trits under study, 203

3 Tble 1: Anlysis of vrince of the trits under study. Men Squre Source of Vrince GP MGR RL PL SDW Seed priming (S) ** ** ** ns ** Drought stress (D) ** ** ** ** ** Cultivr (C) ** ** ** ns * S D * * ** ns * S C * * ns ns ns D C * * * ns ** S D C ns ns ns ns ns Error Abbrevitions: GP, germintion percentge; MGR, men germintion rte; RL, rdicle length; PL, plumule length; SDW, seedling dry weight.ns, * nd **: Non significnt nd significnt t the 0.05 nd 0.01 level of probbility, respectively. Tble 2. Mens comprison of the drought stress level cultivr interction for the trits under study. Trit Germintion percentge Men germintion rte Rdicle length (cm) Plumule length (cm) Seedling dry weight (mg) Drought stress level (MP) Tlyeh Okpi Tlyeh Okpi Tlyeh Okpi Tlyeh Okpi Tlyeh Okpi b b c bc b 89.9 b b d 2.64 b cd b c 88.7 b 0.46 bc 0.51 bc 2.00 b 2.13 b 0.84 e 0.87 e de bc c 77.9 b 0.37 d 0.45 c 1.07 c 1.16 c 0.46 f 0.86 e e c d 66.4 bc 0.24 e 0.26 e 0.80 d 0.84 d 0.00 e 0.29 f f d d 43.4 c 0.10 f 0.14 f 0.70 d 0.81 d 0.00 e 0.00 e g de LSD (0.05) The sme letters t ech column indicte n insignificnt difference t the 0.05 level of probbility. LSD, lest significnt difference Tble 3: Mens comprison of the drought stress level seed priming interction for the trits under study Trit Germintion percentge Men germintion rte Rdicle length (cm) Plumule length (cm) Seedling dry weight (mg) Drought stress level (MP) KNO3 DW C KNO3 DW C KNO3 DW C KNO3 DW C KNO3 DW C bc bc bc 0.53 b 0.56 b b 3.35 b cd 0.31 d b b 0.50 bc 0.55 b 0.57 b 2.61 c 2.37 cd 2.17 cd 0.45 b 0.31 d 0.30 d b b b b bc 0.56 b 0.57 b d 2.05 d 1.60 de 0.40 c 0.32 d 0.30 d b b b bc bc c 0.44 c 0.41 c 0.42 c 1.22 e 1.14 ef 0.99 fg 0.36 cd 0.27 de 0.16 f cd d d d ef ef 0.33 cd 0.28 d 0.23 d 0.85 gh 0.84 gh 0.39 h 0.30 d 0.20 e 0.10 g de e e de ef 9.33 f 0.21 de 0.12 ef 0.07 f 0.84 gh 0.83 gh 0.26 h 0.09 g 0.04 h 0.02 h e e f LSD (0.05) Abbrevitions: KNO3, potssium nitrte; DW, distilled wter; C, control (untreted). The sme letters t ech column indicte n insignificnt difference t the 0.05 level of probbility. LSD, lest significnt difference. the best results due to the priming tretments were stress with cler effectiveness of seed priming in obtined t the drought stress levels higher thn -0.6 or - improving the germintion percentge t low wter 0.9 MP (Tble 3). So tht, t the -1.5 MP of drought potentil. stress level, GP, MGR, RL, PL nd SDW were improved Overll, for most trits under study, seeds , 200, , 350 nd 69.94%, respectively by KNO3 primed with KNO 3 showed better performnce thn those tretment nd 21.44, 71.43, , 100 nd 41.18%, primed with distilled wter. This ws more obvious respectively by distilled wter tretment when compred especilly t the higher levels of drought stress (Tble 3). with control (untreted) (Tble 3). In other words, the Demir nd Vn De Venter [16] reported the beneficil positive effects of priming tretments were incresed t effects of KNO 3 on seed germintion of wtermelon. In high levels of drought stress (Tble 3). Ky et l. [3] lso their study, hydropriming shortened men germintion found both hydro- nd osmopriming gve better rte, however, finl germintion ws higher from KNO 3, performnce thn control (untreted) under drought suggesting nontoxicity of KNO due to ion ccumultion 3 204

4 Germintion percentge Okpi Tlyeh bc c b control distilled wter KNO3 b Seed priming Fig. 1: The effect of different seed priming tretments on germintion percentge of two cnol cultivrs Okpi Tlyeh Men germintion rte cd d b bc 0 control distilled wter KNO3 Seed priming Fig. 2: The effect of different seed priming tretments on men germintion rte of two cnol cultivrs. in the embryo. According to Mohmmdi [19] different Golezni et l. [20] lso reported tht rpeseed cultivrs seed tretments led to improved seed germintion respond differently to seed priming. percentge, germintion rte nd seedling growth of In fct, improved seed performnce induced by seed soyben. Among the seed tretments, KNO3 showed the priming my be due to ltered physiologicl condition better results for ll of the trits under study. Similr of the embryo. It my be lso due to librtion of enzymes, findings lso suggested by Ghssemi-Golezni et l. [20]. thus rpidly incresing in the production of soluble food This cn be ttributed to more nitrogen nd potssium nutrients, the whole system is lredy in motion so tht ccumultion in seeds treted with KNO 3 [21, 22]. For when the seeds re sown developmentl processes go both cultivrs, seed priming enhnced GP nd MGR on more rpidly thn in cse of non-primed seeds [23]. (Fig. 1 nd 2). Although, Tlyeh responded better to There re severl indictions tht mny physiologicl seed priming, especilly when seeds primed with KNO3 mechnisms re involved in seed priming, the repir of the (Fig. 1 nd 2). For Tlyeh, seed priming with KNO3 ge relted cellulr nd sub-cellulr dmge tht could enhnced GP nd MGR by nd 56.25%, respectively, ccumulte during seed development [24, 25] nd n s compred with control, wheres, these enhncements dvncement of metbolic events during the prolonged were nd 41.67%, respectively for Okpi. Ghssemi- lg phse-ii imbibition tht repirs the rdicle protrusion 205

5 [26]. Some morphologicl chnges lso occur in the 6. Mohmmdi, G.R., 2009b. The influence of NCl primed seeds which re helpful in the lter growth of priming on seed germintion nd seedling growth embryo, e.g. portion of the seed endosperm is of cnol (Brssic npus L.) Under slinity hydrolyzed during priming tht permits fster embryo conditions. Americn-Eursin J. Agric. nd growth [25]. There re reports tht seed priming permits erly DNA repliction, increse RNA nd protein 7. Environ. Sci.. 5: Sivritepe, H.O. nd A.M. Dourdo, The effects synthesis, enhnces embryo growth, repirs deteriorted seed prts nd reduces lekge of metbolites [27]. In present study, correltion nlysis of the trits indicted the positive nd significnt correltions (t the 0.01 level of probbility) between GP with MGR nd SDW (r = 0.87 nd 0.72, respectively). Moreover, there ws positive nd significnt correltion between MGR nd SDW (r = 0.77). It is concluded tht improved MGR of cnol seeds due to seed priming cn be led to the higher seedling dry weight produced. of priming tretments on the vibility nd CONCLUSION Overll, the present study reveled tht cnol seed performnce ws diminished s drought stress level ws enhnced. Although, the cnol cultivrs showed different responses to drought stress. Seed priming especilly with KNO 3 improved cnol seed performnce under drought stress condition. The improvements were more obvious t the higher levels of drought stress. Therefore, seed priming cn be used s n efficient method to improve seed performnce of cnol under drought stress condition. REFERENCES 1. Prisco, J.T. nd J.W. O Lery, Osmotic nd toxic effects of slinity on germintion of Phseolus vulgris L. seeds. Turrilb 20: Enes Filho, J., O. Brilhnte de Oliveir Neto, J. Trquinio Prisco, E. Gomes Filho nd C. Monteiro Nogueir, Effects of slinity in vivo nd in vitro on cotyledonry glctosidses from Vign unguicult (L.) Wlp. during seed germintion nd seedling estblishment. R. Brs. Fisiol. Veg., 7: Ky, M.D., G. Okcu. M. Atk. Y. Ik l nd O. Kolsr c, Seed tretments to overcome slt nd drought stress during germintion in sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.). Europ. J. Agr., 24: Prer, C.A. nd D.J. Cntliffe, Presowing seed priming. Hort. Rev., 16: Singh, B.G., Effect of hydrtion-dehydrtion seed tretments on vigour nd yield of sunflower. Indin J. Plnt Physiol., 38: ccumultion of chromosoml dmge in ged pe seeds. Ann. Bot., 75: Singh, B.G. nd G. Ro, Effect of chemicl soking of sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.) seed on vigour index. Indin J. Agric. Sci., 63: Olouch, M.O. nd G.E. Welbum, Effect of posthrvest wshing nd post-storge priming on vibility nd vigour of 6-yer old muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) seeds from eight stges of development. Seed Sci. Technol., 24: Ro, S.C., S.W. Aker nd R.M. Ahring, Priming Brssic seed to improve emergence under different tempertures nd soil moisture conditions. Crop Sci., 27: Guzmn, M. nd J. Olve, Response of growth nd biomss production of primed melon seed(cucumis melo L. cv. Priml) to germintion slinity level nd N-forms in nursery. J. Food Agric. Environ, 4: Michel, B.E. nd M.R. Kufmnn, The osmotic potentil of polyethylene glycol Plnt Physiol., 51: Ellis, R.H., T.D. Hong nd E.H. Roberts, Comprison of cumultive germintion nd rte ofgermintion of dormnt nd ged brley seed lots tdifferent content tempertures. Seed Sci. Technol., 15: SAS Institute, SAS / STAT, Guide for personl computer, Relese SAS Institute Inc. Cry, NC. 15. Murillo-Amdor, B., R. Lopez-Aguilr, C. Ky, J. Lrring-Myorl nd A. Flores-Hernndez, Comprtive effects of NCl nd polyethylene glycol on germintion, emergence nd seedling growth of cowpe. J. Agron. Crop. Sci., 188: Demir, I. nd H.A. Vn De Venter, The effect of priming tretments on the performnce of wtermelon (Citrillus lntus (Thunb.) Mtsum. nd Nki) seeds under temperture nd osmotic stress. Seed Sci. Technol., 27:

6 17. El-Midoui, M., H. Serieys, Y. Griveu, M. Benbell, 22. Bellti, P., S. Lnteris nd S. Lotito, Priming of A. Tlouizte, A. Berville nd F. Kn, Effects of Ppver nudicl seeds for germintion t low osmotic nd wter stresses on root nd shoot temperture. Hort. Sci., 4: morphology nd seed yield in sunflower (Helinthus 23. Kttimni, K.N., Y.N. Reddy nd B. Rjeswr Ro, nnuus L.) genotypes bred for Morocco or issued Effect of pre-sowing seed tretment on from introgression with H. rgophyllus T.ndG. nd germintion, seedling emergence, seedling vigour H. debilis Nutt. Heli, 26: nd root yield of Ashwgndh (Withni somnifer 18. Sdeghin, S.Y. nd N. Yvri, Effect of Dunl.). Seed Sci. Technol., 27: wter-deficit stress on germintion nd erly 24. Bry, C.M., Biochemicl processes during the seedling growth in sugr beet. J. Agron. Crop Sci., osmopriming of seeds. In seed development nd 190: germintion, (eds. J. Kigel nd D. Glili), pp: Mohmmdi, G.R., The effect of seed priming New York, Bsel, HongKong, Mceldekker. on plnt trits of lte-spring seeded soyben 25. Burgss, R.W. nd A.A. Powell, Evidence for (Glycine mx L.). Americn-Eursin J. Agric. nd repir processes in invigortion of seeds. Annls Environ. Sci., 5: Bot., 53: Ghssemi-Golezni, K., S. Jbbrpour, S. Zehtb- 26. Dell' Aquill, A. nd J.D. Beweley, Protein Slmsi nd A. Mohmmdi, Response of synthesis in the xes of polyethylene glycol treted winter rpeseed (Brssic npus L.) cultivrs to slt pe seed nd during subsequent germintion. J. Exp. priming of seeds. Africn J. Agric. Res., 5: Bot., 40: Alevrdo, A.D. nd K.J. Brdford, Priming 27. McDonld, M.B., Seed priming. In: Seed nd storge of tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum) Technology nd Biologicl Bsis, Blck, M nd seeds, effect of storge temperture on germintion Bewley JD (Eds.). Sheffield Acdemic Press. rte nd vibility. Seed Sci. Technol., 16: Englnd. Chpter 9, pp:

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Osmopriming improves tomato seed vigor under aging and salinity stress Africn Journl of Biotechnology Vol. 11(23), pp. 6305-6311, 20 Mrch, 2012 Avilble online t http://www.cdemicjournls.org/ajb DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.3740 ISSN 1684 5315 2012 Acdemic Journls Full Length Reserch