The impact of seed priming and integrated plant nutrition on yield and yield components of black mustard

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1 Journl of Biodiversity nd Environmentl Sciences (JBES) ISSN: (Print) (Online) Vol. 10, No. 4, p , RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS The impct of seed priming nd integrted plnt nutrition on yield nd yield components of blck mustrd Yghoub Rei *, Hjr vlipour, Kzem Ghssemi-Golezni Deprtment of Plnt Eco-physiology, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Tbriz, Tbriz, Irn Key words: Biologicl fertilizer, Blck mustrd, Grin yield, Abstrct Article published on April 30, 2017 A field experiment ws conducted to evlute the effects of seed priming (P1: unprimed, P2: hydro-priming nd P3: priming with 1% KNO3 for 8 hours t 20±1ºC) nd chemicl fertilizer of control (F1), 250Kg/h ure + 200Kg/h triple superphosphte (F2) nd bio-fertilizer levels of nitrogen fixing (Azoto Brvr 1) nd phosphte solubilizing bcteril (Brvr 2), 125Kg/h ure + 100Kg/h triple superphosphte (50%) + bio-fertilizer, respectively) on blck mustrd (Brssic nigr L.) performnce in A fctoril experiment ws rrnged with rndomized complete block design with three replictions. Results showed tht primed seeds significntly resulted in higher number of plnts per unit re, compred to unprimed seeds. nd fertilizers improved number of grins per plnt, biologicl nd grin yields per unit re of blck mustrd. Also, the highest biologicl nd grin yields, pods per plnt nd number of grins per plnt were chieved in integrted plnt nutrition contining the reduced chemicl fertilizer (50%) by ppliction of biologicl nitrogen nd phosphorus fertilizers (100%). Additionlly, integrted plnt nutrition resulted in decresing 50% chemicl fertilizer ppliction confirming its importnt role towrds environmentlly friendly cropping systems such s sustinble griculture nd orgnic frming systems. In this study, number of seeds per plnt hd more effect on grin yield, compred to 1000-grin weight. The highest positive correltion with grin yield ws recorded for biologicl yield, followed by grins per plnt, suggesting tht these trits hve the mjor roles in determining finl yield of this medicinl plnt. *Corresponding Author: Yghoub Rei yegoob@yhoo.com 129 Rei et l.

2 Introduction Medicinl plnts were considered s rich sources of secondry metbolites tht cn be used in phrmceuticl industry. Mustrd is n nnul plnt which belongs to the Brssiccee fmily (Abul-Fdl et l., 2011). The glucosinoltes (thioglucosides) in mustrd seeds re pseudo-thioglucosides contining nitrogen nd sulphur (Fhey et l., 2001). Mustrd seed is widely used s condiment; however, its dvntgeous chemicl composition nd reltively low price offer wide possibilities for utiliztion s dditives in humn food nd in niml feeds (Abul- Fdl et l., 2011). Different techniques could be used to enhnce crop yield. In crop production, stnd estblishment determines plnt density, uniformity nd mngement options (Cheng nd Brdford, 1999). is useful technique which cn be used to improve seedling estblishment field performnce of crops (Ghssemi-Golezni et l., 2011). Seed priming process is pre-sowing tretment tht exposes seeds to certin solution for certin period tht llows prtil hydrtion, but rdicle emergence does not occur (Rosentl et l., 2014). Fctors such s wter potentil, priming durtion, temperture, seed vigor, plnt species nd seed primed storge condition ffect the seed response to priming. Thus, the optimiztion of the priming technique is importnt to chieve the best results (Prer nd Cntliffe, 1994; Miti nd Prmnik, 2013). The positive effects of seed priming hve lso been reported in mny crops, such s mize (Ze mys L.) (Abrh nd Yohnnes, 2013), mung ben (Ghssemi-Golezni et l., 2014), chickpe (Cicer rietinum L.) (Ghssemi-Golezni nd Hosseinzdeh- Mhootchi, 2013), milk thistle (Silybumm rinum L.) (Ghssemi-Golezni et l., 2016). Integrted Plnt Nutrient Mngement (IPNM) is lso one of the most importnt methods tht increse plnt production (Fretz, 1976). The field level mngement prctices considered under the heding of IPNM would include the use of frmyrd mnures, nturl nd minerl fertilizers, soil mendments, gro forestry, green mnures, biologicl fertilizers, cover crops, intercropping nd crop rottions. They hve mde improvements in the biologicl, physicl nd chemicl proper ting of their soils tht frmers cn expect to get the full benefits from the supply of dditionl plnt nutrients, in the form of orgnic nd inorgnic fertilizer, to their crops. Chemicl fertilizers hve vrious negtive environmentl effects such s soil, wter nd ir pollution, which increse environmentl production cost (Mordi et l., 2011). Bio-fertilizer s essentil components of orgnic frming, ply vitl role in mintining long term fertility nd sustinbility of soil (Mishr et l., 2013). Bio-fertilizers hve the bility to ccess mjor prt of nutrients for growing plnt long with growth promoting fctors (Cordovill et l., 1999). Rhizobium nd phosphte solubilizing bcteri significntly incresed yield of fb ben (Vici fb L.) nd synergetic effect ws observed when the two types of microorgnisms were combined (Rugheim nd Abdelgni, 2012). Crop yield nd growth incresed 20 to 30% by replcing chemicl nitrogen nd phosphorus with bio-fertilizers (Vessey, 2003). Thus, the objective of this reserch is to investigte the effects of seed priming nd integrted plnt nutrition on grin yield nd yield components of blck mustrd in the field. Mterils nd methods Field conditions The experiment ws conducted in 2016 t the Reserch Frm of the Fculty of Agriculture, University of Tbriz, Irn (Ltitude N, Longitude E, Altitude 1360m bove se level with the men nnul rinfll of 285mm). Some physicl nd chemicl properties of soil in experimentl re were shown in Tble 1. Tble 1. Some physicl nd chemicl properties of soil in experimentl re. Texture EC ph CCO3 OC N P K Sndy Lom 0.77 ds/m % 0.9 % 0.1 % 13 mg/kg 3.82 mg/kg 130 Rei et l.

3 Plnts (m2) J. Bio. & Env. Sci Experimentl design nd tretments A fctoril set of tretments were rrnged bsed on RCBD with three replictions. Fctors were three levels of seed priming (P1, P2, P3: control nd primed with distilled wter nd 1% KNO3 solution, respectively) nd four fertilizer levels [F1, F2, F3, F4: control, 250Kg/h ure + 200Kg/h triple super phosphte (100%), nitrogen fixtion (Azoto Brvr 1) + phosphte solubilizing (Brvr 2) bcteri, nd 125Kg/h ure + 100Kg/h triple superphosphte (50%) + two biologicl fertilizers, respectively]. Rtes of chemicl fertilizers were determined on the bsis of soil nlysis (Tble 1). Seeds were divided into three sub-smples, one of which ws kept s control (non-primed, P1) nd two other smples were soked in distilled wter (P2) nd 1% KNO3 (P3) solution in n incubtor djusted on 20±1 C in drk conditions for 8 hours nd then seeds were dried t C for 3 hours. Ech unprimed nd primed seed lots were divided into two prts, one of which ws kept s control (non-inoculted). The other prt ws inoculted ccording to instruction on their pckge. Chemicl fertilizers were pplied s strip method. Results nd discussion The highest number of plnts per unit re ws chieved from the primed seeds with wter. However, the differences between P2 nd P3 plnts were not sttisticlly significnt (Fig. 1). Reduction of germintion imbibition periods, fster nd higher emergence s result of seed priming led to better stnd estblishment. The efficiency of seed priming for improving seedling emergence ws lso reported in Lllemnti (Lllem ntiiberic Fish et My) (Ayyri et l., 2016) A b b Control Wter KNO3 Fig. 1. Men plnts/m 2 of blck mustrd ffected by seed priming. Different letters indicting significnt difference t p All the seeds were treted with Benomyl t rte of 2g/kg nd then were sown by hnd in bout 1-2cm depth of sndy lom soil with density of 80 seeds m 2 on 26th April Ech plot consisted of 8 rows of 2.5m length; spced 25cm prt. All plots were immeditely irrigted fter sowing nd subsequent irrigtions were crried out fter 70mm evportion from clss A pn. Weed control ws frequently crried out by hnd during crop growth durtion. Mesurements At mturity, plnts in 1m 2 of the middle prt of ech plot were hrvested nd number of pods per plnt, grins per pod, grins per plnt, 1000-grin weight nd grin yield per unit re were determined. Above ground biomss ws oven-dried t 75 C for48 hours nd then, biologicl yield per unit re ws recorded. Sttisticl nlysis Dt nlysis nd men comprisons were conducted using MSTAT-C softwre nd Duncn multiple rnge tests t P Excel softwre ws used to drw figures. Between fctors, only fertilizer significntly influenced the number of pods per plnt nd grin weight (Tble 2). Biologicl nd grin yields nd the number of grins per plnt were significntly ffected by seed priming nd fertilizer. The number of pods per plnt ws incresed s fertilizer ws pplied. The highest pods per plnt were obtined from chemicl fertilizer (100%) nd 50% chemicl fertilizer + bio-fertilizers. Minimum number of pods per plnt ws observed in control. Although, seed inocultion with bio-fertilizers (Brvr 1 nd Brvr 2) resulted in enhncing pods per plnt compred to control, but it ws no significnt. Incresing number of pods per plnt s result of ppliction of fertilizer could be ttributed to the enhncing nutrients uptke, reducing competition, importnt photosynthesis nd reduce the percentge of flower shedding in this condition. Soyben seed inocultion ws lso incresed pods per plnt (Zhng et l., 2002). 131 Rei et l.

4 Tble 2. Anlysis of vrince of field trits of blck mustrd ffected by seed priming nd fertilizer. MS Source of Df Pods per 1000-grin Grins Grins per Biologicl Grin Hrvest Vrition plnt weight per pod plnt yield yield Index Repliction (A) ** ** ** 4.98 Fertilizer (B) ** 1.22** ** ** ** 2.33 A*B * * 0.77 Error CV (%) * nd **: significnt t p 0.05 nd p 0.01 respectively No significnt difference in grin weight of plnts from primed nd unprimed seeds suggest tht grinweight of plnts from primed seeds ws not chnged by higher density of plnts per unit re (Fig. 1) nd more grins per plnt (Tble 3) grin weight ws reduced by ppliction of fertilizers. The highest reduction ws cused by chemicl fertilizer rther thn by bio-fertilizers. Mximum 1000-grin weight ws chieved in control (F1). Reducing seed weight of plnts by ppliction of fertilizer could be ttributed to more number of pods per plnt, grins per plnt (Tble 3) nd thus reduce the shre ssimilte for ech grin. Reducing seed weight by incresing ppliction of N fertilizer ws reported by Rthke et l Tble 3. Mens of yield components nd grin yield of blck mustrd ffected by seed priming nd fertilizer. Tretment Pods per plnt 1000-grin weight (gr) Grins per pod Grins per plnt Hrvest Index (%) P b P P b Fertilizer F c b F bc F bc 3.69b b F b 3.10c Different letters indicte significnt difference t p P1, P2, P3: Control, with wter nd KNO3 respectively F1, F2, F3, F4: Control (0%), Chemicl fertilizers (100%), Biologicl fertilizers (100%) nd Chemicl fertilizers (50%) + Biologicl fertilizers (100%) respectively The highest grins per plnt were produced by plnts from primed seeds. However, the differences between P2 nd P3 plnts were not sttisticlly significnt. techniques incresed grins per plnt by 19.28% (P2) nd 10.28% (P3), compred with plnts from unprimed seeds. Incresing grins per plnt from primed plnts could be ttributed to fster emergence, efficient use of resources s soil nutrient nd production of vigorous plnts with high efficiency. Seeds primed improved number of grins per plnt in fennel (Foeniculum vulgre Mill.) (Shbbir et l., 2013). Mximum number of grins per plnt ws produced by plnts from 100% chemicl fertilizer (F2). However, the differences between F2 nd F4 plnts were not sttisticlly significnt. Appliction of 100% chemicl fertilizer (F2), bio-fertilizer (F3) nd 50% chemicl fertilizer + bio-fertilizer (F4) incresed the number grins per plnt up to 43.75, nd 38.68% in comprison with plnts from control (F1), respectively. Increment in number of grins per plnt s result of ppliction of chemicl nd bio fertilizer cn be ttributed to the production of plnt growth promoting hormones, 132 Rei et l.

5 Grin yield (gr/m2) d c c b bc b b b b Biologicl yield (gr/m2) e d d bcd cd b bc bc bc J. Bio. & Env. Sci higher nd better uptke of wter nd minerl by roots, enhncing photosynthetic efficiency nd produce more pods per plnt (Tble 3). Enhncing number of grins per plnt in inoculted seeds of soyben ws lso reported by Kzemi et l. (2005). Biologicl nd grin yields per unit re of plnts from unprimed nd primed seeds were incresed under ll fertilizer levels. The highest biologicl nd grin yields were chieved by the fertilized nd nonfertilized plnts from hydro-primed seeds. Plnts from unprimed seeds (P1) with no fertiliztion (F1) hd the lowest plnt biomss nd grin yield. Biologicl nd grin yields of P1, P2 nd P3 plnts were enhnced by ppliction of ll fertilizers, prticulrly by chemicl fertilizers. However, the difference between 100% chemicl fertilizer (F2) nd 50% chemicl fertilizer + bio-fertilizer ws not sttisticlly significnt. No significnt differences between chemicl nd bio-fertilizers in plnt biomss nd grin yield of plnts from hydro-primed seeds were observed (Fig. 2). Improving grin yield of blck mustrd due to seed priming (Fig. 2B) could be relted with higher number of plnts per unit re (Fig. 1), the number of grins per plnt (Tble. 3) nd biomss (Fig. 2B) of the resultnt plnts. The superiority of plnts from hydro-primed seeds in grin yield per unit re resulted from higher seedling estblishment nd production of more grins per unit re, compred to those from unprimed seeds (Ghssemi-Golezni et l., 2012; Ayyri et l., 2016). Shbbir et l. (2013) lso found tht different priming techniques improve number of umbels per plnt, grins per umbel, grin weight, biologicl nd grin yields in fennel. Enhncing grin yield of blck mustrd due to ppliction of ll fertilizers (Fig. 2B) could be relted with more pods per plnt, grins per plnt (Tble 3) nd biomss (Fig. 2B) of the resultnt plnts. Biofertilizers nd nitrogen nd phosphte fertilizers re ctivtor of some enzymtic systems nd cn influence plnts growth nd production. In the field trils, single nd dul N-fixing B. subtilis nd P. solubilizing, B. megterium inocultions significntly incresed pods number, grin yield nd totl biomss of chickpe compred with the control tretment, equl to or higher thn N, P, nd NP tretments (Elkoc et l., 2008). In this study, grins number per plnt hd more effect on grin yield, compred with 1000-grin weight A Control Wter KNO3 F1 F2 F3 F4 B Control Wter KNO3 F1 F2 F3 F4 Fig. 2. Men biologicl yield (A) nd grin yield (B) per unit re for plnts from primed nd unprimed seeds of blck mustrd under different fertilizer ppliction. Different letters indicte significnt difference t p P1, P2, P3: Control, with wter nd KNO3 respectively F1, F2, F3, F4: Control (0%), Chemicl fertilizers (100%), Biologicl fertilizers (100%) nd Chemicl fertilizers (50%) + Biologicl fertilizers (100%) respectively Correltion of pods per plnt nd grins per pod with grins per plnt nd correltion of pods per plnt, grins per plnt, biologicl yield nd hrvest index with ech other nd with grin yield were positive nd significnt. The highest positive correltion with grin yield ws recorded for biologicl yield, followed by grins per plnt (Tble 4). This suggests tht grins per plnt nd biologicl yield hd the mjor roles in determining finl grin yield of blck mustrd. 133 Rei et l.

6 Tble 4. Correltion coefficients of different field trits. Pods per plnt 1000-grin weight Pods per plnt grin weight -0.63** 1 Grins per pod Grins per plnt Biologicl yield Grins per pod Grins per plnt 0.86** -0.83** 0.70** 1 Biologicl yield 0.66** ** 1 Grin yield Grin yield 0.63** ** 0.95** 1 Hrvest Index 0.42* * 0.79** 0.71** 1 *nd**: Sttisticlly significnt t p 0.05 nd p 0.01 respectively Hrvest Index Conclusion, prticulrly hydro-priming nd fertilizer levels improved grin yield of blck mustrd vi higher number of plnts per unit re, grins per plnt nd biologicl yield per unit re. Appliction of 50 % chemicl fertilizer + bio-fertilizers cn reduce the use of chemicl fertilizer. In this study, seed number per plnt hd more effect on grin yield, compred with 1000-grin weight. Thus, replcing prt of the chemicl fertilizer by bio-fertilizer could improve blck mustrd yield. Finlly, it ws concluded tht hydro-priming nd bio-fertilizer cn reduce the environmentl risk nd increse field performnce of medicinl plnts such s blck mustrd. References Abrh B, Yohnnes G The role of seed priming in improving seedling growth of mize (Ze mys L.) under slt stress t field conditions. Agriculturl Science 4, Abul-Fdl MM, El-Bdry N, Ammr MS Nutritionl nd chemicl evlution for two different vrieties of mustrd seeds. World Applied Sciences Journl 15, Ayyri M, Zehtb-Slmsi S, Ghssemi-Golezni K Effects of seed priming nd supplementry irrigtion on yield nd yield component of Lllem ntiiberic. Journl of Medicinl Plnts Studies 4, Cheng Z, Brdford KJ Hydrotherml time nlysis of tomto seed germintion responses to priming tretments. Journl of Experimentl Botny 33, Cordovill MP, Berrido SI, Ligero F, Lluch CL Rhizobium strin effects on the growth nd nitrogen ssimiltion in (Pisum stivum L.) nd (Vici fb L.) plnts. Plnt Science Limerick 140, Elkoc E, Kntr F, Shin F Influence of nitrogen fixing nd phosphorus solubilizing bcteri on the nodultion, plnt growth, nd yield of chickpe. Journl of Plnt Nutrition 31, Fhey JW, Zlcmnn AT, Tlly P The chemicl diversity nd distribution of glucosinoltes nd isothiocyntes mong plnts. Phytochemistry 56, Fretz TA Effect of photoperiod nd nitrogen on the composition of Juniperus horizontlis Moench. cv. Plmos. Journl of the Americn Society for Horticulturl Science 101, Ghssemi-Golezni K, Frshbf-Jfri S, Shfgh-Kolvngh J nd field performnce of soyben (Glycine mx L.) in response to wter limittion. Notule Botnice Horti Agrobotnici Cluj-Npoc 39, Ghssemi-Golezni K, Hssnpour-Bourkheili S, Bndeh-Hgh A, Frhnghi-Abriz, S Seed hydro-priming, simple wy for improving mungben performnce under wter stress. Interntionl Journl of Biosciences 4, Rei et l.

7 Ghssemi-Golezni K, Hosseinzdeh-Mhootchy A, Zehtb-Slmsi S, Tourchi M Improving field performnce of ged chickpe seeds by hydro-priming under wter stress. Interntionl Journl of Plnt, Animl nd Environmentl Sciences 2, Ghssemi-Golezni K, Hosseinzdeh-Mhootchy A Influence of Hydro-Priming on Reserve Utiliztion of Differentilly Aged Chickpe Seeds. Seed Technology 35, Ghssemi-Golezni K, Yghoubin I, Rei Y The impct of hydro priming durtion on seed invigortion nd field emergence of milk thistle. Journl of Biodiversity Environmentl Science 2, Kzemi S, Ghnbri S, Ghnbri A, Kinoush GE Effects of plnting dte nd seed inocultion by the bcteri on the yield nd yield components of two soyben vrieties. Agriculturl Sciences nd Nturl Resources 12, Miti R, Prmnik K Vegetble seed priming: low cost, simple nd powerful techniques for frmers livelihood. Interntionl Journl of Bio- Resource nd Stress Mngement 4, Mordi R, Rezvni-Moghddm P, Nsiri- Mhllti M, Nezhdli A Effects of orgnic nd biologicl fertilizers on fruit yield nd essentil oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgre vr. dulce). Spnish Journl Agriculturl Reserch 9, Prer CA, Cntliffe DJ Pre-sowing seed priming. Horticulturl Reviews 16, Rthke GW, Behrens T, Diepenbrock W Effect of timing nd nitrogen fertilizer ppliction on winter oilseed rpe (Brssic npus L.) nitrogen uptke dynmics nd fertilizer efficiency. Crop Science 190, Rosentl L, Nonogki H, Fit A Activtion nd regultion of primry metbolism during seed germintion. Seed Science Reserch 24, Rugheim AME, Abdelgni, ME Effect of microbil nd chemicl fertilizer on yield nd seed qulity of fb ben (Vici fbl.). Interntionl Food Reserch Journl 19, Shbbir I, Shkir M, Ayub M, Thir M, Tnveer A, Shhbz M, Hussin M Effect of seed priming gents on growth, yield nd oil contents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgre Mill.). Advnces in Agriculture nd Biology 1, Vessey JK Plnt growth-promoting rhizobcteri s biofertilizers. Plnt nd Soil 255, Zhng H, Chrles TC, Driscoll B, Prithivirj T, Smith DL Low temperture-tolernt Brdyrhizobium jponicum strins llowing improved soyben yield in short-seson. Agronomy Journl 94, Rei et l.

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