Danilo Domingues Millen Mario De Beni Arrigoni Rodrigo Dias Lauritano Pacheco. Editors. Rumenology

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1 Rumenology

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3 Danilo Domingues Millen Mario De Beni Arrigoni Rodrigo Dias Lauritano Pacheco Editors Rumenology

4 Editors Danilo Domingues Millen Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil Rodrigo Dias Lauritano Pacheco Mato Grosso State Agricultural Research and Extension Company (EMPAER) Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil Mario De Beni Arrigoni Breeding and Animal Nutrition Department Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

5 We would like to dedicate this book to everybody who is passionate about the rumen.

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7 Foreword Ruminants thrive from the tropics to the Arctic Circle and serve mankind by making something from nothing. By readily harvesting and digesting diverse forage resources from inaccessible and nonarable land and forests, and converting otherwise wasted agricultural and industrial by-products and low-cost grain surpluses into milk, meat, and fiber, ruminants make products that are highly prized by humans worldwide. For optimum economic efficiency of production, ruminant producers must assure that both the host ruminant and the microbial population within the rumen receive an adequate but not excessive supply of essential nutrients and energy, appropriate rumen modifiers, and proper animal care, management, and attention to maintain health and productivity. This text includes information and concepts compiled by specialists in microbiology, rumen function, and animal health around the globe. It is intended to supply both students and livestock producers with a framework in rumenology that when applied will help make ruminants more productive and sustainable by enhancing the efficiency of conversion of energy and nutrients from land devoted to either grazing or crop production into useful and valued products while minimizing the adverse effects of ruminant production on the environment. Fredric N. Owens vii

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9 Preface The motivation for writing and organizing the Rumenology book was based on the lack of literature that reunited all basic and detailed information focusing only on the rumen itself. In order to accomplish this tough task, we invited some of the most renowned Rumenologists in the world to write some of the chapters, such as Dr. Fred Owens, Dr. TG Nagaraja, and Dr. Clint Krehbiel. Moreover, this book was organized to support graduate and undergraduate students, as well as scientists, in theirs studies involving the rumen in several disciplines, such as anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, digestive metabolism, and animal nutrition. The book starts describing basic features of the rumen like anatomy and physiology and ends showing how rumen models and metabolism studies may play an important role to explore and understand the ruminal dynamics. In addition, chapters from 1 to 11 were organized on purpose in a sequence to make the learning process easier. The Rumenology book will provide to the reader all the basic aspects related to the rumen, and it will help and encourage students and scientists to further understand this fantastic compartment. Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil Danilo Domingues Millen ix

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11 Acknowledgements We would like to thank our friends and fine scientists Andre Luiz Nagatani Rigueiro and Daniel Hideki Mariano Watanabe for helping us organizing, editing, and translating the chapters of this book. Also, we would like to thank Phibro Animal Health that financially supported part of this project. xi

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13 Contents 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Rumen... 1 Claudia Maria Bertan Membrive 2 Microbiology of the Rumen T.G. Nagaraja 3 Ruminal Fermentation Fredric N. Owens and Mehmet Basalan 4 Lipid Metabolism in the Rumen Mário De Beni Arrigoni, Cyntia Ludovico Martins, and Marco Aurélio Factori 5 Ruminal Acidosis Danilo Domingues Millen, Rodrigo Dias Lauritano Pacheco, Luciano da Silva Cabral, Lia Locatelli Cursino, Daniel Hideki Mariano Watanabe, and André Luiz Nagatani Rigueiro 6 Control and Manipulation of Ruminal Fermentation Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues 7 Use of Virginiamycin in Cattle Feeding Davi Brito de Araújo, Lucas F.S.P. Barbosa, Cesar A.A. Borges, Richard Coulter, Enrico Boselli, Danilo V. Grandini, MiltonA. Gorocica, and Francis Gosselé 8 Grain Processing for Beef Cattle Flávio Augusto Portela Santos, Rodrigo da Silva Marques, and João Ricardo Rebouças Dórea 9 Net Nutrient Flux Across the Portal-Drained Viscera and Liver of Ruminants Clinton R. Krehbiel, Rufino Lopez, and Matt J. Hersom xiii

14 xiv Contents 10 Rumen Models Gustavo D. Cruz, Danilo Domingues Millen, and André Luiz Nagatani Rigueiro 11 Planning and Analyzing Digestibility Experiments Nicolas DiLorenzo Index

15 Contributors Davi Brito de Araújo Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Lucas F.S.P. Barbosa Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Mehmet Basalan Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey Mario De Beni Arrigoni São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil Cesar A.A. Borges Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Enrico Boselli Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Richard Coulter Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Gustavo D. Cruz Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, Shoreview, MN, USA Lia Locatelli Cursino São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil Nicolas DiLorenzo North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, USA João Ricardo Rebouças Dórea Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil Marco Aurelio Factori São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil Milton A. Gorocica Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Francis Gosselé Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Danilo V. Grandini Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, Brazil Matt J. Hersom Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Clinton R. Krehbiel Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA xv

16 xvi Contributors Rufino Lopez Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Texcoco, Mexico Cyntia Ludovico Martins São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil Claudia Maria Bertan Membrive São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil Danilo Domingues Millen São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil T.G. Nagaraja Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA Fredric N. Owens Professor Emeritus, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA Rodrigo Dias Lauritano Pacheco Mato Grosso State Agricultural Research and Extension Company (EMPAER), Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil André Luiz Nagatani Rigueiro São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil Paulo Henrique Mazza Rodrigues University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil Flavio Augusto Portela Santos Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil Luciano da Silva Cabral Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil Rodrigo da Silva Marques Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil Daniel Hideki Mariano Watanabe São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Dracena, Brazil