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1 Second Wednesdays 1:00 2:15 pm ET USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
2 Eric Kuehler Science Delivery/Technology Specialist USDA Forest Service Aarin Teague Senior Engineer, Watershed Engineering San Antonio River Authority
3 Give Me the Numbers: How Trees and Urban Forests Really Affect Stormwater Runoff Eric Kuehler Science Delivery/Technology Specialist USDA Forest Service
4 Throughfall Evaporation Forests and the Water Cycle: Interception Evapotranspiration Infiltration Soil Water Storage Subsurface Flow Surface Runoff Groundwater
5 Typical Urban Development Remove tree canopy cover Remove ground cover Vegetative Detritus (mulch) Remove permeable top soil Leaving dense subsoil Disturb/compact/pave over remaining soil Grass sod over subsoil Image courtesy of Google Earth
6 Research Basis for Forest Systems and Stormwater Mitigation Forest Flat River Tributary 2.95 km 2 Size 0.70 km 2 99% Forest/Open Space 56% 1% Impervious 44% Peak flow rate: 5.8 (mm/day) 76.6 UR > 13x Storm flow volume: 7.1 (mm/day) 77.9 UR > 11x 77% Mean ET 58% Urban Pigeon House Creek Boggs & Sun (2011) Urbanization alters watershed hydrology in the Piedmont of North Carolina, Ecohydrology, 4,
7 Various Ways Urban Forest Systems Impact Rainfall and Stormwater 1. Rainfall Retention 2. Stemflow 3. Throughfall 4. Infiltration/percolation 5. Transpiration 1. Rainfall Retention 2. Stemflow 5. Transpiration 3. Throughfall 4. Infiltration/ Percolation
8 Tree Canopy Retains Rainfall ~20% annual retention under canopy 14 61% range depending on region Depends on volume and intensity Canopy holds first 2-4mm of rainfall Xiao et al. (2000); Livesley et al. (2014) 1 25% cover = ft 3 / event gallons More leaf area = more retention Larger trees Evergreen trees
9 Tree Canopy Retains Rainfall Leaf area drives rainfall retention Static storage (Keim et al., 2006) Water held after rain event ends ~0.2 mm per m 2 leaf area Dynamic storage Temporary water storage during rain event Broadleaf = 0.77 mm Coniferous = 1.25 mm Xiao and McPherson (2016) Large trees can have hundreds of m 2 of leaf area
10 Storage/Leaf Area (mm) Static vs. Dynamic Storage Keim et al. (2006) Dynamic Storage Static Storage
11 Tree Canopy Retains Rainfall Hackberry example 14 DBH 50 HT 35 crown width Leaf area ~ 7000 ft 2 Static storage = ~34 0.2mm/m 2 Dynamic storage = ~ mm/m 2
12 Stemflow Slows runoff rate Funnels stormwater to base of tree Encourages infiltration Leaf-on season 3-8% of rain falling on tree canopy Leaves encourage throughfall Leaf-off season 9-15% of rain falling on canopy Typical winter rainfall intensity less than summer intensity Credit: City of Kamloops, BC, Canada
13 Tree Canopy Temporarily Detains Rainfall Delayed throughfall via dynamic storage Depends on storm intensity Crown surface area From 10 min. to > 3 hours Aston (1979) in Australia Asadian and Weiler (2009) in Vancouver, BC Canopy cover increases lag time Xiao et al (2000) Keim (2003) Livesley et al (2014)
14 Canopy Cover Reduces Rainfall Intensity 15%-21% reduction in deciduous forest Trimble and Weitzman (1954) 21%-52% reduction in Oregon Keim and Skaugset (2003) May be greater for urban trees Canopy cover acts as volume control measure Increases BMP efficiency?
15 Infiltration and Percolation Soils store, delay, and filter Urban soils typically compacted Tree roots penetrate compacted soil % greater water infiltration under tree canopy Zadeh & Sepaskhah (2016) Infiltration rates increased by 800% in clay loam soils under canopy Root mass is credited with higher infiltration
16 Transpiration Allows More Storage in Soil Highly dependent on environmental factors and species ~1.5 mm/day/m 2 canopy cover Chen et al. (2011) Wang et al. (2012) mm/day/m 2 leaf area Kjelgren & Montague (1998) Fair et al. (2012) 7000 ft 2 leaf area = 7-60 ft mm/m 2 /day gallons/day
17 Where to find more details Stormwater Magazine Forester Media October foliar-rainfall-factors/ Ecohydrology Quantifying the benefits of urban forest systems as a component of the green infrastructure stormwater treatment network doi: /eco.1813
18 Urban Forest Management Strategies to Maximize Stormwater Mitigation Layered structure mimics forest systems (reduce/delay runoff) Over story canopy Dominant species Mid-story canopy Shade tolerant species Ground cover (veg/mulch) Provide adequate rooting volume for growth and health Suspended pavement systems Gravel under pavement?
19 Give Me the Numbers: How Trees and Urban Forests Really Affect Stormwater Runoff Eric Kuehler Science Delivery/Technology Specialist USDA Forest Service
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